1. Why human group is formed?

Some groups are intentionally formed into organizations and some are unintentionally or involuntary formed. There are psychological groups and several social organizations wherein the members are related to each another by different yardsticks. When two or more people come together in some interdependent way where each member's behavior influences the behavior of the others', this group can be called a psychological group. This relationship is enhanced when the members share a set of beliefs and values. When they work together on common jobs, the members become unified in a way that sets them apart from members of other groups. We can take families, political clubs and various educational groups as examples: Social organizations are interrelated groups formed to accomplish stated goals. Political clubs, community leaders and group of friends may all join together to form a political party. Similarly, attitudes and career ambitions bring people together. Colleges and Universities are changing as social organizations. A social organization can comprise of diverse groups. Some groups come together specifically to achieve the wants of their members. For example a fraternal organization. This group may form for power and protection as in a labor union. A new- born child automatically becomes a member of the family group. 2. Illustrate how social facilitation operates in an individuals?

The earliest published research on social facilitation was conducted by Norman Triplett in 1898. Triplett observed that among bicycle racers, the presence of other cyclists tended to increase performance, leading to faster race times. Research on social facilitation progressed slowly over the next few decades as the presence of others seemed to increase performance in some situations, and decrease it in other situations. In 1965, Robert Zajonc breathed new life into social facilitation research by accounting for the previously unexplained dual nature of the phenomenon. According to Zajonc, the presence of others serves as a source of arousal. Arousal increases the likelihood of an organism making habitual or well learned responses. This improves performance at simple tasks and impairs performance at complex or difficult tasks (see Yerkes-Dodson Law). Zajonc demonstrated this effect in several different species, including laboratory rats and cockroaches. More recently, Baron (1986) proposed an alternative view of social facilitation, one that is based on attention and distraction. He suggested that task performance is dependent upon the number of cues or distractions present in the situation. Today, most social psychologists

believe that social facilitation in humans is influenced by both arousal (as in Zajonc's theory) and cognitive processes (such as distraction, and also evaluation apprehension). 3. Enumerate some problem that arise from bureaucracy?

Statements have been voiced with a common negative image of bureaucracy, such as ;

Government official is a person who is too self-important and preoccupied to solve problems . He or she, dodges responsibility by hiding behind office rules and procedures Problems dont get resolved. The low-level official takes no responsibility A line of people sit waiting for answers Bureaucrats are insensitive to the people.
The other problem with bureaucracies is that not all people will have the interests of the organization in mind. They may enter the office hoping to learn and/or eventually gain political power or influence and enter counter-productive organizational policies. There may be more management departments than people working therefore producing slow and very little results. Control and power become goals and in the wrong hands can be damaging to the organization and leadership. Monies get spent that could be effectively used helping goals of the organization and the public, rather than in the pockets of management. Strategies are being developed to get corporate organization goals back on track with work groups, employee and/or public participation and ownership incentives. Government offices may use oversight mechanisms such as unscheduled audits and administrative procedures against suspect bureaucrats but are they truly, using it enough? Should the public have some sort of mechanism in place?