Cailin Bader Feminist Theory Gussman Final Paper Third World Women and Their Impact on Environmental Issues

Environmental impacts are at their highest in developing nations where socio-economic, racial, political, and cultural factors play a role in holding these countries back in the developing environmental field. There remains one silent factor that ultimately decides the fate in issues such as water pollution, conservation and wildlife trafficking; the role women play in the environment. Long misunderstood and ignored, not much stock has been put into women and the various effects they have on the environment that stem from patriarchal rule. Certain environmental catastrophes must also be outlined to show the effects they are having on the population as a whole and the very complicated chain of events that one simple act can cause. Through a feminist, third world lens, the role of women must be looked at and only then can we as a society, truly begin to fix the planet while simultaneously improving the lives of women and the countries they live in. The fact of the matter is that about around two billion people lack access sanitation facilities that can help clean up much of the disease and filth found in much of the water in third world countries. Of those two billion, one billion will not have access to any sanitation facilities at all, leaving a large chunk of the world at risk for disease. Westerners take for granted the ability to turn on the faucet and make use of clean water. Up to ninety five percent of cities worldwide end up dumping their raw sewage into their own water supply which leads to the

development of diseases such as Cholera and dysentery. These diseases can end up plaguing large groups of people in a short amount of time when water is taken from a contaminated source, leading to the deaths of millions. Up to eighty percent of ailments that effect third world nations can blame the polluted water they drink from (Global Water Supply n.d.). Water scarcity is another problem that cont ributes to developing nations monumentous problem of rebuilding its infrastructure. It is projected that water loss is going to increase up to six times in certain countries within the coming years (Global Water Supply n.d.). In the country of Yemen, water is on its way to completely disappearing within a few years. Many developing nations are facing these issues because of poor irrigation practices that drain aquifers and groundwater reservoirs before they can be replenished. Worse yet is that up to half of this water is used to grow narcotic plants that serve no purpose as food and barely bring in any income. This keeps everyone poor and hungry while also preventing them from having access to sustainable water resources (Time Running Out For 2012). Water itself is a politically charged entity that is controlled by a tiny percent upper class men, this brings the issue of patriarchy to light when people begin to understand that traditional values instilled upon third world women makes them the biggest users of water (Sultana 2011). When domestic chores and childcare are placed upon women as they are done so here, this forces women to become the fetchers of water. Most water related activities including collecting the water, washing clothes and cooking all are done by women. Therefore it is women that end up bringing home contaminated water and facilitating the spread of contagious diseases (Sultana 2011). Water collection is a gendered task that ends up keeping women in a second class position; women have to walk many miles to even find a source of water to take from and this

can take hours to do. This means less time for women to be able to hold down jobs that could provide income and give them a source of power. Young girls of their mothers often have to forego education and stay at home to watch younger siblings while their mother fetches water further prohibiting girls from getting an education. This makes it harder for the younger girls to break free over the traditional roles placed upon them because they cannot hold down jobs and make a life for themselves outside of water collecting tasks (Truelove 2011). In India it was noted that the hardships that came with collecting water such as physical wear and tear, and diseases that often could leave one sick for days often played a role in making the precious jobs women worked even more devalued and for the women to rely on their employers at times for water. This gave the employer the upper hand in holding wages hostage and forcing the women to work longer more stressful hours then the men. Once again, this was something that kept womens income down, made them more dependent on their husbands an d men in general, and perpetuated a feeling of great stress and hopelessness in women (Truelove 2011.) In accessing water in many areas, this access comes from the owner of the land the water sits on and it is the educated, wealthier men that have complete claim over the water as well as the means to purchase technology that can help them gain more access to water. Rarely is this technology ever good for the environment, it is usually practices that sap up water resources at such a pace that they cannot be replaced, environmental safety has no place in a world of big business. The billions without this luxury are forced to negotiate access to water, which usually comes down to women. This helps keep women oppressed by having them be even more dependent on men. Even when building structures such as tube wells to carry water into their homes, it is the men who control the tube wells and the women who are supposed to be the ones

using them. It all comes down to control with women having to sometimes beg for water from people their village may deem unsavory (due to politics) and then having the woman humiliated for doing what she is supposed to. This makes it impossible for women to see themselves in a better light and her village will only see her as a second class citizen (Sultana 2011). More restrictions are placed on women when it is observed how easily women can experience violence when simply making their trek to collect water. By having to walk long stretches this puts them at risk for kidnapping, rape, and even murder. This can also apply to many areas where running water is unheard of and therefore women must travel into the jungle to relieve themselves. Thanks to all the wonderful diseases that these women end up contracting as the collect water, this often forces them to make this travel frequently, putting them more and more at risk. Other times women will simply teach themselves to hold it in, while men can freely walked around and do as they please because they do not fear being raped and murdered. If women cannot hold it in at night, they may go outside but with great shame and humiliation as punishment for performing a basic human right (Truelove 2011). Women are generally the ones who do most agricultural tasks to grow food for their families, the men will allow them to till and micromanage the land while the men reap the income received from the womens work. With agriculture comes even more dependency for water (Ndey-Isatou Njie, and Tacko Ndiaye 2013). Since women do not usually have land rights, they often have to resort to gaining water from unsustainable aquifers (owned by men of course) and due to their lack of education they will use irrigation methods that take up way too much water for too little plant growth and profit. These kinds of irrigation practices often to lead to disastrous results with people steadily running more and more out of water with no way to fix the problem (Truelove 2011).

It is due to all these restrictions placed on women that their role as a second class is further entrenched in these peoples cultures and way of life. The women have no way of standing up for themselves and trying to create change because no one will listen to them, women are seen but not heard in many developing nations; even if they might have good ideas. It is this silencing that prevents women from having access to safe water, and practices that would be sustainable for a healthy environment. The education and income rate also prevents women from creating or purchasing technologies that would give them the ability to make change and rally together for rights to water. Furthermore, until the idea of feminist political ecology was introduced, no one even bothered to look at these issues in a gender specific way. There is no doubt that gender might be one of the biggest contenders that effects the facilitation of disease and water loss because it is women that use the water and have no say in how it should be delegated and kept cleaned (Elmhirst 2011). This doesnt mean that women are completely helpless; many females in Harlem, Africa protested the construction of a sewage treatment plant that would end up causing more harm than good. The plant would end up creating more disease spread such as asthma and bronchitis and the women worked nicely with men to bring the plants construction to a halt . It is also important to note that men and women worked alongside one another; an important factor in establishing equal rights for women. (Rocheleau et al. 1998). The United Nations (UN) is also beginning to do steady work in developing countries to help women because they understand that women are the biggest stakeholders in agriculture and if they wish to get at the heart of the matter in water conservation they need to help the women first. The UN is working towards resource management plans that include men and womens views and help in their planning and

construction. With over seventy percent of the worlds water going towards agriculture, this is an important step in creating sustainable resources. The UN is taking steps to improve female leadership and address the multiple gender related divisions of labor the encompass water resources. This will have the trickle-down effect of allowing women more time to work and gain an income instead of spending long hours trying to find water and alleviating the fear of getting killed in the process. This will also lead to increased education in girls, as they wont be stuck at home watching their siblings and instead will have access to education that can get them jobs with more income. Both education and money lead to power and with power comes the ability to voice ones own opinion on the delegation of water, how it is procured, and at what rate the water is being drained (Ndey-Isatou Njie, and Tacko Ndiaye 2013). Care 2 is another organization that seeks to educate women on water resource planning and also helps with constructing sanitation facilities and indoor running water. This too helps cut the time back need to collect water and also helps in stopping disease spread amongst communities. By giving women an education on these various things, women are once again able to rally for better rights in water planning and being able to coherently back up their claims with sustainable knowledge that will inevitably improve the future (Samuels 2011). Another more overlooked environmental issue that is plaguing third world nations is the lucrative and often times illegal business of wildlife trade. Though revenue is very difficult to track it is estimated that wildlife trade is generating billions of dollars every year (Illegal Wildlife Trade2013). The wildlife trade often deals in distributing bush meat (meat harvested from animals hunted in various ecosystems), animal parts used for medicine and fur, plants and animals for horticulture and pets and tourist ornaments. This has lead to extinction and serious endangerment of various animals such as tigers, elephants, rhinos, and timber forests which are

cut down to provide wood worldwide (United States of Amer ica2012). Other times wildlife is killed on accident while in the process of harvesting other more valuable species. Another problem being posed is that the animals that are allowed to be harvested are being taken at unsustainable rates and will soon cause the collapse of ecosystems and the little income these people have (Bush Meat Pushes2012). Worse yet is that many laws and regulations concerning these practices are poorly enforced or have no teeth to them in doling out punishments, thereby completely obliterating the point of having them in the first place (United States of America2012). The role of women in the wildlife trade may seem unsubstantial but when examined more closely the evidence is harrowing. Women are being seen more and more in this devastating practice as the smugglers, wholesalers, suppliers and consumers of various animals and plant products that were derived through unsustainable means. As noted in the previous sections, many women in third world countries are treated as second class citizens that leave them with a low amount of income and forced to perform domestic tasks. Without any good means to make money, particularly in places such as Africa where growing things is more difficult these women turn to the business of dealing in the wildlife trade. It is the men who get the prestige of hunting the animals and plants, and it is the men who benefit most from income. Poachers know that poor people and women in particular are desperate to make a few bucks and will often employ them to distribute their products (Babatope 2012). Smuggling animals can be profitable with just one animal selling for thousands even if most of the animals die in the process, this makes idea of getting a small cut of that share worth it to women even though most of them know the practices are bad for the environment (Illegal Wildlife Trade2013).

Most of the wildlife trade both legal and non-legal is often run by criminal organizations headed by men that deal in drugs and ammunition (United States of America2 012). These patriarchal organizations no doubt pose a very real risk of endangerment of anyone employed within them. Just like any crime ring there are more risks of violence posed to women who can be put in danger of being raped, murdered, beaten or coerced into more and more dangerous practices because they are dependent on men for a means of income. It is common sense to link up the various chains of oppression and desperation when it comes to women who are apart of these organizations. Many of them know that what they are doing is bad for the environment but they are without a voice because they are considered sub-human. Many women are more likely to express distaste for hunting and show more care than men when it comes to conservation. But they have families to care for and no other ways of providing for them, and so a vicious cycle of dependency seen in the delegation of water is seen here as well (Gore 2012). There are many aspects that need to be looked at within the realm of wildlife trade that are generally overlooked when it comes to hot button issues such as global warming, what people fail to realize is the domino effect this trading practice has and how it can damage entire ecosystems and the people who depend on them for income. With lowered income always comes the greater stresses put on people and the rise in violence when this occurs; violence that often leaves women silent and battered. Loss in biodiversity is one of the larger effects on an ecosystem that is used to have thousands if not millions of different plant and animal species. As more species continue to shrink due to over harvesting this decreases the genetic pool in species. This can then lead to inbreeding and greater susceptibility to being wiped out by disease or catastrophic weather and natural events (Illegal Wildlife Trade2013). Deforestation also leads to species loss and habitat

loss for many different kinds of wildlife which all can lead to less food and natural resources for the people that live there and pushes women into the wildlife trade even more (Women Hold Key2011). The spread of disease is another factor when talking about the wildlife trade. The places where many of these items are sold are often cramped and help facilitate cross species contamination such as Avian Flu Virus and the SARS epidemic of 2003 (which came from harvested civet cats). These diseases have a chance of getting spread worldwide as species are smuggled and shipped overseas with tourists and people in organized crime. There is a very real possibility of an outbreak contaminating livestock and causing an economic crisis in the countries attempting to sell legal bush meat and being unable to. Once again, women will be drastically affected by this as they have very few means of economic support. Since women are the ones generally selling the animal parts to tourists and community dwellers, this also means they get the luxury of contracting these diseases more often and with the effect of putting them out of work or even killing them (another similarity seen in water conservation) (Travis 2011). The wildlife trade also aids in the spread of invasive species worldwide by transporting them from various places and having them escape and procreate. Other times people simply want a fancy looking plant that ends up dispersing its seeds and spreading like wildfire. Florida is not over run by Burmese Pythons thanks to stupid people buying them as babies in Thailand (where they are native) realizing that they got big enough to a small crocodile and then promptly released them into the wild. Invasive species create stress and competition on native species and can cause the extinction of many plants and animals people harvest for meat and agriculture (Illegal Wildlife Trade2013).

Invasives even have the ability to destroy entire communities in developing countries and further widen the gender gap, such is the case with an invasive fish called the Nile Perch. Introduced to Lake Victoria, Africa (Crossing over Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania) in the 1960s as a game fish, the Nile Perch quickly decimated fish populations and caused hundreds of species of fish to go extinct. These fish were what the surrounding villages subsisted off of for food and income and when they lost all those species it threw the villages into chaos. Soon outside companies built factories in which they exported much of the Nile Perch and hired men and a many women to process the fish. It quickly became obvious that when it came to harvesting fish that this was a job only allowed for men and that women were forced to be the ones to either work in factories and process the fish or sell some of the fish men in the village caught as a means to feed their families (Geheb et al 2008). However a disturbing trend began to develop in which the women were forced into offering sexual favors as payment for some of the fish the men brought in from their days catch. The women would then use the fish to either feed their children or they would sell it. However to get to the markets to make their sales the women had to offer sexual favors again to the men who provided transportation services for the women. This meant keeping women in a subjugated role in which they had no other choice but to sell their bodies, an event witnessed in many poorer regions around the world. This also helped aid in the spread of the AIDS virus that has now left many of the communities shattered and sickly, which only perpetuates more violence and likely victim blaming on the women. One simple little fish ended up ruining the lives of millions of people (Scott 2005). The removal of apex predators and keystone species also occurs thanks to the wildlife trade; and it has drastic effects on the environment when these animals are removed on purpose or on accident. The most documented case happened when the Gray Wolf was practically

removed from the U.S. due to a government mandated bounty hunt. Once removed white tailed deer and elk began to over populate and over graze the land. Plants such as the Yellow Aspen Tree could not grow because of constant browsing and many animals such as the beaver began to disappear. Since there was no fear of predators the herbivores began to rip apart plants growing on the banks of streams, which lead to stream erosion and decreases in stream species. This all lead to decreases in biodiversity and an ecologic crisis. When the wolf was reintroduced almost all of these effects were reversed as the wolves began to cut down on elk populations, stimulating the return of beavers and other species and an improvement in stream ecology. This same principle can be applied to predators such as the African Wild Dog and the Tigers that roam India. A very scary aftermath that can occur is the loss of shade in many lakes and streams where plants that are decimated, this can lead to a growth in algae (from feeding off the sunlight), algae die off, and the subsequent removal of oxygen in the water. This can lead to the death of millions of fish and other aquatic wildlife that men and women depend upon as well as serving as a giant breeding ground for malaria carrying mosquitos to breed in (Loss of Large Predators2011). Oddly enough, one can draw parallels between keystone species and their role in the environment, and role gender has on the environment. To remove one species can cause a domino effect and eventual ecosystem collapse because so many species are connected. Likewise the aspect of gender is a keystone species in the political ecosystem that governs how we approach fixing the environment with heavy emphasis in developing nations. Take the aspect of gender out of the equation and you will soon see that nothing completely adds up, projects will fail because to leave gender out means to completely undermine the role women have in various tasks that have great impacts on the environment. It is like trying to repair a hole on the surface

of a boat; everyone can see it, and everyone can revel in the repair job, but what they fail to see is the giant ugly wound underneath the boat, out of sight until it is too late to jump ship. That is why ignoring gender and all of the after effects and cultural factors keeping these women oppressed need to be noted and dealt with. You can give all the money in the world to build a sanitation facility but if you let men have complete control when it is the women who are using it, you are completely shooting yourself in the foot. However things are being done to help these women get back on their feet, the Wildlife Trading Monitoring Network (TRAFFIC) has but a lot of focus on women that live in forests who understand the problems of deforestation caused by the wildlife trade market. They chose to focus on the women instead of men because they made it very clear that they knew that many of the practices going on were unsustainable and that they did not want even more problems than they already had to deal with (Women Hold Key2011). Meanwhile CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) helps monitor the amount of species being harvested so that they can be managed at a sustainable level. CITES is also responsible for seizing illegal wildlife and taking some of the criminal ring leaders out of the market. By making it harder and less lucrative to deal in illegal wildlife the demand for it should go down and hopefully point towards animals and plants that can be safely harvested. This will enable women have an easier time making money selling meat and plants that are safe for the environment while also remaining safe and out of criminal organizations. Like TRAFFIC, CITES works with both men and women to try and reach a common goal where people can make a days living but do it in a safe, humane way that wont cause massive losses in ecosystems and spread disease or invasive species. CITES will even allow for some endangered animals to be harvest in tiny quantities, but only on special occasions and everything remains scrutinized. Its

organizations like these that will provide a stepping stone for womens voices to be heard as they work alongside men to save their homes and livelihoods from the downward spiral they are in now (United States of America2012). Being women from developing countries poses even more obstacles that may not seem obvious to the naked eye, especially if you are looking at it with a purely western perspective. Western feminist literature has had the unsavory practice of characterizing women from developing countries as traditional, submissive and uneducated on the plight they are in. This in turn ends up completely ignoring all the other factors that play into the role of women in third world countries and completely ignores their input in feministic theory. This leaves the women without any sort of way to express their thoughts and opinions without fear of being silenced or ridiculed. In a twisted way, western women are having the same impact that the patriarchy has on these women and it is probably why gender often goes undetected as a means to fixing the environment (Mohanty 1991). These same kind of western views also have trouble understanding that no, people from the developing world arent stupid, they just have a lot more obstacles to jump over when it comes to getting anything accomplished. Westerners have the ugly habit of forgetting that there are, cultural, economic, political and yes, gender specific factors that all come into play when it comes to devising solutions to the worlds problems. Saying Dont do that anymore. to a person from a developing country is likely to get you laughed at because it is just not that simple. Many of the people would love to not have to kill and sell so many precious animals in their homelands, but when it comes down to sparing a few monkeys or feeding your family, the sane educated choice would be to feed your family (Mohanty 1991).

The fear of westernization in and of itself also provides a lot of heat for women to contend with. Given that westerners brought such fun events like colonialism, slavery, and disease over to developing nations, it isnt a surprise that the people can be a bit w ary of western culture leaking in and causing even more corruption. It is from here that ideology of feminism is assumed to be a western notion and is thus demonized by patriarchal governments who fear that it will poison their women. The very thought of women partaking in feminism brings to mind the thoughts of women becoming more powerful or running off to the west, never to be seen again. This ends creating more restrictions on women as the men do everything in their power to keep their women away from westerners, even if it is done through cruel and violent means. These restrictions make it harder for women to overcome their fears and stand up for their rights and create waves of change (Narayan, 1997). In conjunction with westernization fear, traditional medicine has come under fire as of late because it drives the demand for illegal animals up. Many of these animals have their parts used in medicinal cures, usually Chinese medicine. For instance rhino horns are often ground up into a powder and are believed to cure cancer, with one horn selling up to half a million dollars. Likewise tigers often have the bones ground up and their genitals eaten in the hopes of improving sexual prowess. Science has proven that most of these cures lend no aid in improving ailments but the demand remains high (Mead 2013). This likely has to do with a partial distrust for many western medicinal cures for the same reasons previously stated, if it came from people that committed terrible acts of oppression long ago, how can it possibly be good (Narayan 1997)? Then there is the issue of being told by someone who has had all the wonderful privileges of growing up in a developed world with access to education, clean water and plenty of food and resources, that they are wrong and that they should listen to them because they know better. This

rather condescending paternalistic view westerners tend to have on developing countries really doesnt make the situation better and only serves to increase the use of traditional medicine out of sheer spite and stubbornness. It is very difficult to change a cultural stance that is thousands of years old and being rude and forceful isnt going to change that. There are some merits to many of the medicinal plants cures traditional medicine comes up with, it is the animals that are the ones that need to be dealt with and if done politely with a slow integration of western medicine while also helping and respecting the local peoples ways, illegal animal parts could possibly be phased out. The fact of the matter is, gender plays a critical role in evaluating a proper environmental resource management plan in developing countries. Women play an integral role in both water conservation and biodiversity in the wildlife market, with both roles being created from the patriarchy. These are not roles that will simply go away if ignored, they have been instilled for a very long time with multiple repercussions to the women if they do not tow the line and cater to domestic tasks. These tasks are what put women into an oppressive state by robbing them of the chance at education and income because they are too busy collecting water and trying to process and sell wildlife. If we as a society want to conserve water and save plants and animals then we need to help women in third world countries gain a more powerful voice. By creating jobs and plans that involve both men and women (as CITEs and others have done) this has helped show men the knowledge women have and how necessary they are to keeping a balance on the planet. This in turn gives women the voice to fight for legislative that will give them more rights to jobs, water, and other resources that create a cycle of oppression. We also must learn to be patient and respect their cultures instead of casting a one-sided view on these people and making them feel angry, hostile or fearful to speak up. Creating hostility towards westerners, will only serve to

silence women even more so and may even lead to more violence. Cooperation between men and women, first world and third world, and a focus one gender is needed if we wish to even begin to work out solutions to our environmental problems.

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