Force

Force is the effect which acting on objects and changes (or tries to change): Its state of rest (Acceleration) Its state of motion (Acceleration or deceleration) Its direction of motion. Its shape or size. All the above effects.

Force is a vector quantity (that is it has magnitude/numerical value and direction). The unit of force is newton. Types of Forces: there are three types of forces existing in nature. They are: Gravitational force. Electromagnetic force ( Electrostatic force + Magnetic force) Nuclear forces. These forces are also known as Non-Contact forces. All other forces are generated by the effect of these forces. If these forces are classified by their action they can be classified by two ways: Non-Contact force. Contact force.

Non-Contact Force Non-contact forces exist naturally. These forces can act from a distance. The space through these forces act is called Field or Force Field. Non contact forces are already mentioned. i. ii. iii. Gravitational Force. Electromagnetic force (Electro static force+ Magnetic force) Nuclear force.

Gazi Moyin Uddin M. Sc. (Nuclear Physics)

Gravitational Force: This is the force between masses. All masses apply a force of attraction to the other masses by these forces. This force is always attractive, and its magnitude depends on two factors: a) Product of the masses involved.

.. (1)

F m1 m2 r

If the masses are larger, then gravitational force between them will be greater. If the masses are small the gravitational force between them will be negligible. b) Distance between the masses from the center of gravity.

.. (2)

The force of gravity is inversely proportional to the square of the displacement between the masses. (This displacement must be measured from the center of gravity, not from the contact surface). So if the displacement between the masses is halved the force of attraction due to gravity will be four times greater than before. Load and weight is another names of the gravitational forces.

Gazi Moyin Uddin M. Sc. (Nuclear Physics)

As the weight is a force it will produce acceleration to a body moving (attracted) to a planet (as the Earth), this is falling. This acceleration is called the gravitational acceleration or the acceleration due to gravity, and it is denoted by a letter g. And as we know:

Force = mass accelerati on

Thus Force of gravity = mass gravitational acceleration.

.(a)

When the object is at rest then g is called the gravitational field strength and when the object is falling then it is called the gravitational acceleration.

=
Mass: Mass means the total amount of substance of an object. Mass remains same everywhere, it is a scalar quantity. The SI unit of mass is kilogram.

A mass of 1 kg sugar will be always 1 kg, bur the force on it can be different in different parts of the universe.

Gazi Moyin Uddin M. Sc. (Nuclear Physics)

Electromagnetic Force (Electro-static + Magnetic). Electrostatic force: The force between charged particles or charged bodies is called Electro-Static force. This force can be either attractive or repulsive. The properties of this force are: Like charges repel and unlike charges attract. Closer the charges are the forces are greater.

+ + F +

+ + + + + + + + + + + F

+ +

+ F +

+ + +

- -

- -

Magnetic force: The force between magnetic poles is called Magnetic force. This force is also can be attractive or repulsive. Properties of the magnetic force are also same as electro static force. Like poles repel and Unlike poles attract. Closer the poles are the force is greater.

Gazi Moyin Uddin M. Sc. (Nuclear Physics)

Nuclear force: The force between the nucleons inside the nucleus which holds the nucleons together is the Nuclear force. This force acts between the nucleons. This is a short ranged force.

+ + Proton & Proton

Proton & Neutron

Contact Forces: Contact force cannot act or generate without direct contact of objects. Contact forces are: i) Solid- Solid friction forces: This force generates when a solid slides past another solid. Example: The force which holds a car in an inclined plane. This force acts between two solid (or more than two) surfaces Pressing each other in contact and opposes the relative sliding motion on one surface over the other. These frictional forces are two types. a) Static friction b) Kinetic or sliding friction. When an object (a box) is at rest in an inclined plane then the downward force is cancelled by the static friction. To measure the static friction a newton meter is attached to an object placed on a horizontal surface and the newton meter is pulled horizontally, the pulling force is gradually increased and in one point the object will just to move. Spring balance/Newton meter Force applied on the block Static friction

Gazi Moyin Uddin M. Sc. (Nuclear Physics)

The applied force is noted from the newton meter, will be the static frictional force. For a more result the experiment is repeated carefully and an average is calculated. Factors affecting the frictional forces: i) Frictional forces depend on the force pressing the surfaces together as the weight or normal reaction forces. More the pressing forces more the frictional forces. ii) Types of surfaces in contact: If the surfaces are smooth friction will be less, if the surface is rough the friction will be more. If the lubricants (oil or grease) are used between the sliding parts the friction will be less. Lubricants fill up the creases and make the surfaces smooth, and friction reduces. By using ball bearing friction can be reduced.

ii)

Solid- Fluid Drag force: This force generates when a solid moves through a fluid. Example: the force which opposes the motion of a submarine through water.

Drag forces Velocity of the submarine

Drag forces on a submarine

As the liquid and gas can flow, they are called fluid and when a solid moves through a fluid if faces friction, this force is called Drag force or simply Fluid friction. Fluids can be considered as layers of particles stack together and there are intermolecular forces. When a solid moves it collides with the particles of the fluid and faces friction: example submarine, fishes boat, air

Gazi Moyin Uddin M. Sc. (Nuclear Physics)

craft, car. They all face this drag forces opposing their motion while they move.

Drag forces due to air near a moving car

Fluid friction depends on: a) The density of the fluid; if the density is greater the fluid friction will be greater. b) Speed of the object; If the object has more speed it will face more fluid friction.

Notes: All types of frictions oppose the motion. The frictional force acts opposite the direction of motion. All friction causes deceleration to moving objects. Friction slows down. If the speed of the object is Zero then the fluid frictional force is Zero. Fluid friction increases with surface area of the moving object. Fluid friction increases when speed increases. Solid Solid contact friction does not increase with speed. Due to the fluid friction a moving object reaches terminal velocity (Free fall).

Gazi Moyin Uddin M. Sc. (Nuclear Physics)

Normal contact and Reaction Force: i) Normal contact and Reaction forces: This force generates when an object is placed on a solid surface. This force is perpendicular to the solid surface and the reaction force is also perpendicular to the solid surface these force are in the same line of action and they are Newtons 3rd law pair. = =

Reaction force

Normal contact forcer

All forces appear in nature in pair (Action- reaction, Newtons 3rd law). Thus all reaction forces are produced due to the force of action, which is due to normal contact force.

Gazi Moyin Uddin M. Sc. (Nuclear Physics)

Tension: Tension is the pulling force through a string, rope or spring. It is also produced due to action reaction pair.

Ruler Spring Clamped Stand

Tension

F= mg

Tension

The box is being pulled with a force

Gazi Moyin Uddin M. Sc. (Nuclear Physics)

NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION The 1st law of motion: When the net force acting on an object is zero (F =0) then: i) ii) The object at rest (v=0) will be at rest. The object at motion (v 0 ), will move with a constant velocity (a =0)

V =0 (at rest)

V =Constant

F=0

F=0

Thus when the net force acting on an object is zero the object will be at rest. V =0

Thus when the net force acting on a moving object is zero the object will be moving with a constant velocity. a= 0

Inertia is a property of mass. The tendency of a rest mass to remain at rest or moving mass to keep on moving at a constant velocity is called Inertia. When cars start moving suddenly, passengers are moved (pushed) backward due to inertia and when the fast moving cars suddenly break to stop, the passengers are thrown forward due to inertia. Thus seat-belts are used so that these seat-belts can supply necessary force in the opposite direction to stop the passengers safely. The seat-belts supply an opposite force to cancel the forward force and make the passengers safe.

Gazi Moyin Uddin M. Sc. (Nuclear Physics)

Newtons 2nd Law of Motion: When the net force acting on an object is not zero (F 0) then: i) The rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the net applied force. ii) The momentum change and the applied force have the same direction.

Mass = m Velocity = u

Mass = m Velocity = v

The initial momentum and the final momentum of the car are p1 and p2. This change take within time t. P1 = m u . (a) p2 = m v ..(b) The momentum change in time t is p = p2 p1 ..(c)

In time t the momentum change is p

In time 1 the momentum change is

p t

Gazi Moyin Uddin M. Sc. (Nuclear Physics)

Thus according to the law:

.(d)

= = =

.(e)
When the proportional constant k = 1,

.. (f)

as

The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net/resultant force (When the mass is constant) 1) F a ( mass is constant)

When the net force is doubled acceleration will be doubled or when the net force is halved the corresponding acceleration will be halved.

F/N

a/ ms-2

Gazi Moyin Uddin M. Sc. (Nuclear Physics)

2) m

1 ( Force is constant) a

When the mass is doubled the acceleration will be halved and when mass is halved the acceleration will be doubled.

a m/sec2

The graph shows the massacceleration object. The graph of an is

acceleration

inversely proportional to the acceleration, thus a curve is

m/ (kg)

formed

3) F m ( acceleration is constant) To produce same acceleration when force is doubled the corresponding mass should be doubled and when the force is halved the mass will be halved as well. The graph shows the forceF /(N)

mass graph of an object. The graph shows (Gradient) the is

acceleration
m/kg

constant

Gazi Moyin Uddin M. Sc. (Nuclear Physics)

..(f)

and -

(g)

(h)

So force is directly proportional to the velocity change. Thus if a huge velocity drops to a little velocity then a large force is acted on that object,

And force is inversely proportional to the time needed for the velocity change. If a moving object changes its velocity in a short time then a large force is acted on that object.

F /N

This graph shows that when impact time increases the corresponding impact force decreases.

Time/s

Gazi Moyin Uddin M. Sc. (Nuclear Physics)

Situation-1: Landing on thick mattress: When a person lands on a thick mattress from a height the mattress compresses and takes a longer time to make the person completely stopped i.e. it increases the stopping time of the person, and as F 1 t

F =m

(v u )
t

and as the stopping time increases the impact force decreases and thus the reaction force on the person due to impact is also less and the person is not injured.

Compression Height Mattress

Hard Floor

Impact force is less

Impact force is high

Situation -2: If a hammer head is made out of rubber then it cannot protrude effective force when it is used to protruding a nail by hitting. This is because when a nail is hammered the hammer head compresses as it is made from rubber thus taking a longer time to stop and as

. Force is

inversely proportional to the impact time, as the impact time increases the impact force decreases, thus it cannot effectively protrudes the nail.

Gazi Moyin Uddin M. Sc. (Nuclear Physics)

Newtons 3rd Law of Motion: According to Newtons 3rd law Whenever a force acts in a body, an equal, opposite and same type of force acts on another body. The action force and the reaction force have the following properties:

i. These forces occur in pair. ii. These forces must be of same type. iii. These forces are equal in magnitude. iv. These forces act along the same line but in opposite direction. v. These forces act on different object. vi. The forces acted for the same time duration.
Newtons 3rd law explains how a force appears in nature. Situation-1: When a canon is fired: When a cannon is fired the barrel of the cannon recoils in the opposite direction. Explosion in the gun power causes a force on the cannon ball, and equal amount of force acts on the cannon barrel in the opposite direction. So standing just right behind the cannon barrel when it is fired is same dangerous as to face the cannon shell, because both the case the momentum change or force acting by them are the same.

F1 Mv F2 mV Mv = mV F1 = F2

Gazi Moyin Uddin M. Sc. (Nuclear Physics)

If the net force acting on an object is not zero (F 0) then the effects of a force are: 1. 2. 3. Linear acceleration or deceleration. Direction change (angular acceleration). Shape/size change.

1.

When the net force acts on an object in the same direction of its

velocity, then this net force will cause the change in the magnitude (the object will gain speed) of the velocity which will cause linear acceleration. When it is applied in the opposite direction of the velocity then it will cause the deceleration (the object will lose speed).

Lorry Force Velocity Force

Wagon Velocity

A net force is applied in the same direction of the velocity of the lorry, thus causing acceleration and the force is applied in the opposite direction of the velocity causing deceleration of the wagon.

Gazi Moyin Uddin M. Sc. (Nuclear Physics)

2.

When the net force (or the component of the net force) is applied in

perpendicular to the direction of the velocity then the force change the direction of the moving body.

Velocity

Force
Force perpendicular to velocity

A net force is applied in the perpendicular to the velocity to change the direction of motion

Force perpendicular to velocity

F sin

Force = F

F cos

Velocity

A net force is applied in an angle with the velocity, then the vertical component will change the direction and the parallel component will keep the car going.

Gazi Moyin Uddin M. Sc. (Nuclear Physics)

3.

When the force is applied to a fixed solid object then the force changes

(or tries to change) its shape by deforming, or size by breaking it. (When we are talking about force we mean net force/resultant or unbalanced force. (Further explained in Hookes law)
A rod bends when a force is applied

Force

Force

A spring stretches when a force is applied

Force

Metal rod

Shape is changed of the Metal rod

Gazi Moyin Uddin M. Sc. (Nuclear Physics)

If two 10N forces are acting perpendicularly each other then the resultant force will be the diagonal of the parallelogram drawn by the forces as shown.

10N 14.14N

NET force =

( P 2 + Q 2 + 2 PQCos )

= 10 2 + 10 2 + 2.10.10.Cos90
10N

= 14.142N

The net/resultant/ force on this box is 14.142N

If two forces F1 and F2 are acting at any angle in any point O then the resultant force F can be calculated by completing the parallelogram drawn by these two forces F1 and F2, the diagonal will be the resultant of these two forces.

F1

F=

( F 1 2 + F 2 2 + 2 F1 F 2 Cos )

F2 When the two forcesF1 and F2 are acting in the same direction then the angle between them = 0 and the net force F = F1+F2.When the forces are acting in the opposite direction then = 180o then the net force F = F1~F2. And when the forces are acting in perpendicular to one another, then = 90o, and the net force F= F1 2 + F 2 2 which is Pythagoras theorem.

Gazi Moyin Uddin M. Sc. (Nuclear Physics)

Center of gravity: Center of gravity is the point where all the forces of gravity of an object seem to be acting. The object can be balanced in this point.

Centre of gravity of the ruler

Notes:

i. ii. iii. iv. v.

All forces must act in a point, or they will produce turning effect. If all the forces are balanced then they form a polygon. To lift something upward force and downward force must be same. Turning and lifting are not the same. Turning effect will only produce if the force is not passing through the turning point (pivot/fulcrum).

Gazi Moyin Uddin M. Sc. (Nuclear Physics)

vi.

If the applied force changes the shape or size, then Hookes law is used.

vii.

In

laboratory

applied

force

can

be

measured

by

Spring

balance/newton meter, or the applied force can be calculated by multiplying mass and the acceleration.

viii.

Forces cause Pressure in solids, liquids and in gases.

Gazi Moyin Uddin M. Sc. (Nuclear Physics)

FORCES IN BALANCE: When the forces on an object are balanced then the object is either stopped or it is moving with a constant velocity at a constant height. A few examples are discussed here: i. An airplane is flying with a constant velocity at a constant

height: In this situation at least four forces are acting on the airplane, and they cancelled out each other.

Air friction

Up thrust Forward force produced by the engine

Gravitational force

In this condition: The magnitude of the gravitational force is equal to the magnitude of the up thrust, and as they are acting in the opposite direction their effect will be cancelled out thus the net force in the vertical direction is zero. The magnitude of the forward force produced by the engine is equal to the magnitude of the air frictional force and as they are in the opposite direction of the effect of them is cancelled out. As a result the net force acting in horizontal direction is also zero. Thus there is no net force in the aero plane and it is moving with a constant velocity.

Gazi Moyin Uddin M. Sc. (Nuclear Physics)

ii.

A car is moving with a constant velocity on a road: car is moving with a

When a

Constant velocity on a road then the net force acting on the car is zero. There are at least four forces acting on it, and they also cancels out each other. Reaction force Ground+ air friction

Thrust by the engine

Gravitational force Here the magnitude of the gravitational force is equal to the magnitude of the reaction force and as they are acing in the opposite direction thus their effect is cancelled out. The magnitude of the thrust of the engine is equal to the magnitude of the total (Ground and air frictional force ) frictional force in the opposite direction, thus they cancels out and the total net force acting on the car is zero, and it is moving with a constant velocity. If the

accelerator of the car is pressed then the engine will produce more thrust and net force will be acting on the car and the car will accelerate in the direction of the force, at the same time the air friction will also increase in the opposite direction and soon the forward force and the backward force will be equal and the car will move with a greater constant velocity. The gravitational force will cancel the reaction force as long as the car remains in the road.

Gazi Moyin Uddin M. Sc. (Nuclear Physics)

i)

A speed boat is moving through the water:

When a boat floats in the water and if it is stopped and still then the net force acting on it zero, and then at least two forces acting on it- the gravitational force and the up-thrust by the water. These two forces are acting in the opposite direction with the same magnitude, and cancelling each other.

F1

Forward thrust Fluid friction

F2

In the diagram the gravitational force F2 is equals to the up Thrust F1 in magnitude and as they are in the opposite direction they are cancelled out. Then the forward force F initially will be the net force acting on the boat and producing acceleration. And this acceleration can be calculated by the equation a = F/m (m/s2). Soon the fluid friction on the boat will increase and becomes equal then the boat will move with a constant velocity.

Gazi Moyin Uddin M. Sc. (Nuclear Physics)

Forces in moving references:

Force F = mg i) ii) This lift is at rest on the surface of the Earth. The man stands on a scale. It is showing his weight (The force of gravity). iii) Suppose this force is F (mg). Constant Velocity

i)

Now the lift is moving upward with a constant velocity, the net force on the lift is zero

ii)

The scale shows the same reading as weight F (mg).

iii)

When the lift moves with a constant velocity The scale shows the weight F (mg) as there is No extra force Force F = mg

Gazi Moyin Uddin M. Sc. (Nuclear Physics)

Acceleration

Applied force

Now there is net force acting on the lift upward and the lift is accelerating upward. The man is also accelerating upward, by a net force and, the man applies a reaction force in the opposite direction (Downward) on the scale. This force will add up with the gravity thus the scale will show higher reading. The man will feel massive or a pressing force downward. The total force acting downward is: F + F1 The scale shows a higher reading (F + F1) Force F = mg

Reaction force F1

When the lift is moving upward and decelerating then reaction force on the man will act upward, which must be subtracted from the gravity, thus the scale will show less reading. The net force = F - F1

When the lift is moving downward and accelerating the person feels an upward force thus the reading on the scale will be less. If the lift accelerates at the same rate as gravity, then the upward net force will be same as gravity and the person will fell no force (weightless), and he will fly inside the lift.

Gazi Moyin Uddin M. Sc. (Nuclear Physics)

 Gazi Moyin Uddin M. Sc. (Nuclear Physics)

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C:\Users\ASUS\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Templates\Normal.d otm Title: Force Subject: Author: Moyin Keywords: Comments: Creation Date: 29-Nov-12 9:54:00 PM Change Number: 87 Last Saved On: 19-Mar-13 11:49:00 AM Last Saved By: Moyin Total Editing Time: 464 Minutes Last Printed On: 19-Mar-13 11:50:00 AM As of Last Complete Printing Number of Pages: 28 Number of Words: 2,837 (approx.) Number of Characters: 16,172 (approx.)