Universitatea Tehnic Gh.

Asachi Iai Facultatea de Inginerie Electric, Energetic i Informatic A licat

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Author& Enea 'odrin ( )icolae Grou & *+,-

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+.!/rometer 0ases
A pyrometer is a non-contacting device that intercepts and measures thermal radiation, a process known as pyrometry. This device can be used to determine the temperature of an object's surface without any contact between measured objects and sensor. The amount of thermal energy or heat leaving a body by radiation and the wavelength of that radiation are functions of the temperature of the body. This dependence on temperature of the characteristics of radiation is used as the basis of temperature measurement in these instruments. Here Fig. +! the temperature is measured by sensing the heat radiated from a hot body through a fi"ed lens that focuses the heat energy on to a thermopile .

Fig. + Basic Pyrometer Diagram:

..T/ es of !/rometers
#our basic types based on techni$ue of measurement Total radiation %ptical &yrometers &hoto-electric &yro-electric The first three are often simply classified as radiation pyrometer due to the similarity in construction and working principle.

..+ #adiation !/rometer& 'adiation pyrometers work by detecting the infrared radiation given off by the object whose temperature is being measured. 'adiation pyrometers can be used to measure temperatures as low as -()*+, so clearly infrared radiation is not emitted only by ,hot objects-. .n fact, any object whose temperature is not absolute /ero )0! emits radiation. The amount it emits depends upon its temperature. At the same time it receives radiation from everything around it. 1ome of this radiation is absorbed, but some is reflected and some may be transmitted through the object. #or e"ample, glass and air transmit nearly all the radiation in the visible band which is incident upon them.!

Fig. . A Radiation Pyrometer: 2sually made up of a cylindrical metal body made of aluminum alloy, brass, or plastic.

 %ne end of the body carries a lens, which, depending on the wavelength range re$uired, consists of germanium, /inc sulfide, $uart/ glass, and sapphire. The opposite end carries the electrical terminations for connecting the sensing head to its signal conditioning module as shown in the Fig. .!

... $ tical !/rometer&

Fig. 1 Optical Pyrometers: The optical pyrometer is a rugged, lightweight, state-of-the art instrument, designed to provide highly accurate measurements of incandescent target temperatures. .t is based on the disappearing filament principle where a calibrated lamp filament is positioned within an optical viewing path and the brightness of a hot target is matched by the brightness of the lamp filament as it blends into the glowing background of the target.

Fig. 2 The Disappearing Filament Principle As an object is heated to about 3))o+, it begins to glow a deep red color. This indicates that the object is emitting enough energy in the visible portion of the spectrum for the eye to detect it. As the temperature increases, the object changes from red to orange to white, with concurrent dramatic increases in brightness. 4hile the eye can tell that an object is hot and an e"perienced observer might make a fairly good estimation of the object-s temperature, to achieve accurate and reproducible measurements, it would be better if the eye could compare the object with one whose temperature is known. This is e"actly the principle of the disappearing filament optical pyrometer. The hot 5target5 6so named because it is necessary to align or aim the pyrometer at it7 is viewed through an optical system that contains a lamp filament whose brightness can be adjusted until it e$uals that of the target. The filament blends into the glowing background of the target. The temperature of the filament, and thus that of the target, is known from previously established calibration curves of current vs. filament temperature. 1ee Fig 2.

..1 !hoto(electric !/rometer& &hotoelectric pyrometers are perspective instruments for measuring high temperatures up to 8)))*+!. Their working principe is based on the dependence of the photocurrent on the themperature of the radiator creating a luminous flu" of a certain wavelength. The selection of the type of photoreceiver is determined by the re$uired measurement range and spectral characteristic of the receiver. The optical system of the pyrometer is shown in Fig. -. The system contains protective glass 9 blown with compressed air, filter 8, rectangular prism :, objective lens ;, diaphragm (, and photoreceiver <. A 9=<) photodiode is used as the radiant-energy received and for its conversion to an electrical signal.

Fig. - The optical system of the pyrometer

..2 !/ro(electric Techni3ue Thermometers&

&yroelectric detectors for thermal radiations are a relatively new form of pyrmometers. The construction material is usually ceramic, whose molecules have a permanent electric dipole because of the position of the electrons in molecules. >ormally these molecules lie in a random ?mish-mash@ manner all across the bulk of the material hence there is no net electrification as a whole. Also, at ambient temperatures the location or orientation of these molecules is more or less fi"ed. .f the temperature is raised above some level characteristic to the particular material, the molecules start to rotate freely. The temperature at which this start to happen is called the +urie temperature.

Fig. * Molecules of the ceramics: (a) not aligned and (b) aligned .f a piece of pyroelectric material is placed between two electrodes at ambient temperature Fig *a!, then the molecular dipoles are almost fi"ed throughout the structure. 4hen the temperature of the radiant object is increased, then the temperature of the pyrolectric material increases above the curie temperature and an electric potential is applied Fig *0!, then the

molecules of the ceramic will align themselves and an electric field will be generated in the ceramic. .f the temperature of the ceramic material is increased, then the molecualar dipoles will now rotateAoscillate at a higher angle. Thus greater the temperature of the radiant object, greater will be the angle of oscillation of the molecular dipole.

1.!/rometer in industr/&
o Glass industr/ 4 Glass design #or temperature measurement in the glass feeder, at glass drops, at the glass molds or in the cooling stretch. o 'r/stal gro5th s/stem The pyrometer are e"tremely precise and provide stable long-term in the temperature measurement

production of glass crystals. o 6teel industr/ Temperature has a significant influence on the manufacturing and processing of products throughout the metals industry. o #olling lant #ast and accurate detection of the temperature is the precondition for maintaining uniform $uality during the rolling of billets and ingots and for the coating of metal strips. mill, galvani7ing

o Annealing 8iln A contactless, wear-free measurement system for the direct and rapid detection of the object temperature guarantees optimum kiln control. o %easuring at the stream The system, based on a two-color pyrometer with a pouring stream display, enters the temperature per casting automatically. o 'ement lant, rotar/ 8iln Beasurement of the temperature at the sintering /one and the clinker temperature at the kiln inlet and outlet, checking of the shell temperature in case of damage to the refractories. ouring

2. 'onclusions&
Beasuring ranges -3) *+ to C:))) *+ adjustable! Dery short response times &yrometers are suited especially to the measurement of moving objects or any surfaces that can not be reached or can not be touched. &recise measurement and control of temperature is vital in many industrial processes in order to assure $uality and safety >o calibrations re$uired

#eferences

9o/es, :. 8))8!. nstrumentation Reference Boo! Third "dition Dol. 9!. EurlingtonF Glsevier 1cience &ublications. ;unn, :. '. 8))(!. Fundamentals of ndustrial instrumentation and process control Dol. 9!. +hicagoF The BcHraw Hill &ublications. %ichals8i, <., Ec8ersdorf, =., =uchars8i, >., ? %cGhee, >. Measurement #econd "dition$ 4est 1usse"F Iohn 4iley J 1on Ktd. 6irohi, #. 6., ? =rishna, @. '. 9==9!. Mechanical Measurements Third "dition$ >ew LelhiF >ew Age .nternational Kimited &ublisher. 6ut8o, ;. A., ? Faul8, ;. >. 9==<!. ndustrial nstrumentation$ Bid4est 1tate 2niversityF Lelmar Thompson Kearning. www.en.wikipedia.orgAwikiA&yrometer 'etrieved on >ovember )=, 8)9)! www.science.howstuffworks.comAdictionaryAphysics-termsApyrometer-info.htm 8))9!. Temperature