JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE /September I986 Z identity.

Although this kind of crime has existed throughout history Lunde, 1977!, the number of such murders has never been as high Ressler et al., I985!. According to the 1984 FBI Uniform Crime Report, 22.1% of murders committedin the reporting year had anunknown motive as analyzed by law
enforcement. This figure takeson addedmeaning whenit is comparedto

:-t an

6 &#39 -== .r

earlier reporting figures. In 1976, murders with anunknown motive represented 8.5% of all murders, l7.8% in 198], and 22.1% in I984 or an increase of 160%in an 8-year period.

=2: ii; . E2 E? Z3

Such seemingly motiveless murders were firstcovered extensively by the news mediawhen NewYork City's Son of Sam" killer David Berkowitz stalked victims,apparently chosen at random, and killed them with a .44

caliber pistol. Since then there has been considerable attention to these types
of murders.Peoplefear becoming the nextrandom victimof these violent,
often grisly crimes. Sexual homicide results from one personkilling another in the context of

of sexual sadism, sometimes appliedto the victimizer, states that the essential featureof this deviant behavior i.e., paraphilia! isthe in iction of physical or psychological suffering on another personin order to achieve sexual
excitement.

power, control, sexuality, and aggressive brutality. The psychiatric diagnosis

%?> 1%:

g? %:
2:

homicide victims for several reasons: the ! victim is officially reported as a

It hasbeen difficult to gather dependable statistics on the number of sexual

homicide statistic and notasa rape assault Brownmiller, 1975; MacDonald, 1971!, ! thereisa failure to recognize any underlyingsexual dynamics in a seemingly "ordinary" murder Cormier 8: Simons,I969; Revitch,1965!, ! those agencies that investigate, apprehend, and assess the murderer often fail to share their findings, curtailingthe collective pool of knowledge on the

< E

subject Ressler, Douglas, Groth, 8: Burgess, I980!, and! conventional

evidence of the crime s sexual nature may be absent. , When law enforcement officials cannot readily determine a motive for

murder, they examine its behavioral aspects. In developing techniques for profiling murderers, FBI agents have found that they need to understand the thought patterns of murderersin order to make sense crime of scene evidence
and victim information. Characteristics of evidence and victims can reveal much about the murderer&#39;s intensity of planning, preparation, and follow-

through. From these observations, the agents begin to uncover the murderer s
motivation, recognizing how dependent motivation is to thekiller&#39;s dominant thinking pattems. Inmany instances, a hidden, sexual motive emerges,
a motive that has its origins in fantasy.

The roleof fantasy in themotive and behavior of suspects isan important factor inviolent crimes, especially sexual murders Ressler et al., in press!. In

the last20 years, the roleof sadistic fantasy has been explored in several studies Brittain, I970; Reinhardt, 1957; Revitch, 1965, 1980; West, Roy, 8c

4O

&#39; ?cl:&#39;2i?Zi I <a2z&#39;a:;, li:&#39;;&#39;::,/:1"/ sf iFZC /"

Burgess al. et /SEXUAL HOMICIDE

I5 2%:

Nicholas, with l978!, MacCulloch and colleagues I983! suggesting that sadisticand acts fantasy are linked and that fantasy drivessadistic the behavior. Current realization cognitive of structures, which help maintain

; a

45

behavior patterns Beck, 1976!, combine investigation with sadistic of fantasies Brittain, l970; MacCulloch, Snowden, 8: Wood, Mills, 1983; Ressler et al., l985!, criminal reasoning Yochelson 8: Saminow, 1977; Saminow, 1984!, Uiminal and fantasy Schlesinger Kutash, 8: and l98l!, serve as pri-

mary foundations for our conceptualization a motivational of model of

sexual murder. THE STUDY

I3 4. ?;&#39;.&#39;
z

ical studies report on demographic data concerning victimsperpetrators and

Many people have speculated on variousaspects of murder: epidemiolog-

Rushforth, Hirsch, Ford, Rushforth, 8: Adelson, l977; Wolfgang, 1958!; murderers been have categorized in terms of motive Revitch, intent 1965!, Kahn, !,1971 number of victims Frazier, and l974! of type victim Oormier 8:
Simons, Our 1969!. study of S6 sexual killers not was designed to examine
motivation, our yet research yieldeddescriptive rich about what datamoved these mento kill. The basis for the Patterns Homicide of Scene Crime Project, from which this article is derived, has been reported elsewhere in this joumal Ressler, Burgess, Douglas, Hartman, D&#39;Agostino, 8: issue!. project The this be can traced the to early 1970s, agents whenthe ofFBI Behavioral s Unit Science

Constantino, Perper, Kuller, Cypress, 8:1977! and patterns homicide of

BSU! began, on aninformalto basis, deduce certain offender characteristics by examining crime information. scene a result, a As preliminary framework

for crime scene analysis and criminal profiling formulated. was Concurrent
incarcerated offenders.

with development the the criminal ofprofiling project, a study was proposed to analyze crime scenepatterns. case Using record review,observation, direct and first-hand investigative interviews, the study would examine convicted,
order identify to murderer. the collection, Data took which place in various U.S. prisons between and 1979 1983, was performed by special agents the of FBI. The data for seteach murderer consisted of the best available data from
trial records, court transcripts, and/prison or records! and interviews with the
officials the at various correctional institutions.

This law enforcement focused study analyzing on scene crime evidence in

two types of sources: official records Ipsychiatric and criminal records, preoffenders. majority The offenders of provided written consent to be interviewed. Interviews were conducted all prisons in the with cooperation of

41

]OURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE /September I986

II #1

guidelines interviewing for subjects but also established system of a recording and coding relevant data to permit computer analysis and retrieval. Informa-

Standard data collection forms were used. The forms not only provided

5%, ii;

tion was requested about the offender and his background, about the offense, about the victim, and about the crime scene. Subjects were asked questions about childhood, adolescent, adult and behaviors or experiences that might be related to violence.In thisarticle, we present a motivational model of sexual homicide based on I! quantitative analysis background of data, and ! qualitative analysis interview of data from murderers. This was an exploratory descriptive study ofa smalLa_vailab_le sample of 36 sexual murderers. Because of the limitations the of study design, we present
critical variables notfor generalizationpurposes, but as hypotheses for exam-

experiences. Instead, we use the data in developing a motivational matrix for

sexual murder.

ination in subsequent research of sexual and motiveless murders. We have no data on a comparable control group; thus these findings should not be interpretedshowing as predictive a role for certain childhood adolescent or

;2.

2". Lt: 31
. 3;. $5 5

FINDINGS The Murderers

them grew up inthe 1940s and 1950s, a period when attitudes in the United

The 36 men in the study began their lives with certain advantages. Most of

ity 3! were white, and many were eldest sons were only children, and 4 were adopted!. They were of good intelligence, with 29% classified the in average range, 36% in the bright normal and superior range, and 15% in the very superior range. These attributes fostered in the offenders certain a sense
of privilegeand entitlement.

States favored oldest, white male children; all subjects were male, the major-

Initially, the majority of the men began life in two-parent homes. Half of

the motherswere homemakers; three-quarters of the fathersearned stable

salaries. Over 80% of the offenders described their family socioeconomic levels the children; fathers were earning stable incomes; poverty was not a factor in
status of families. the financial

as average self-sufficient! better. or Thus mothers were in the home raising

Although the families initially appeared to be functional with both par-

ents present, problems were noted within the parents backgrounds. Families
had criminal0.0%!, psychiatric 3.3%!, alcohol abuse 9.0%!, drug abuse 3.3%!, or sexual 6.2%! problems in their histories. It appears that parents of thesemen were often absorbed in their own problems. Thus, while

being offered little guidance becausetheir of parents preoccupation with

42

Burgess et al. /SEXUAL HOMICIDE

it . Ia &#39;2 Z?

"2 <

their troubles, the murderers as young boyswitness were these to deviant role patterns of criminal behavior, abuse, substance poor and interpersonal relationships. ln 47% of cases, the father the left home before subject the l2;43% was in of the cases at least one parent was absent at some time to prior the subject&#39;s reaching l8. This age loss of the father required many the ofoffenders to adjust a new to male caretaker during childhood and adolescent years. Instability the family in residence also was in noted many cases In 8%!. addition, of the subjects 40% outside lived family the before home l8. age Locations foster included state homes, detention homes, and centers, mental hospitals. histories The frequent of reduced moving boys the opportunities to develop positive relationships outside might compensated that have for family instability. performance Examination of of subjects the behaviors that revealed despite their intelligence and potential in many areas, performance in academics, employment, military and often was Only poor.one-third did average or better school, in 68% with receiving a fair to poor academic The rating. majority not did finish high school. Thus, although these were men intellectually bright, they not did perform to their abilities. There confirming was of evidence abuse in the childhood ofhistories the 36 murderers. Physical 3/31!, abuse psychological abuse and 3/51!, sexual abuse l2/ were 28! This noted. reveals that of many the men experienced some of type childhood abuse. is noteworthy It that of25 36 thehad mensome type psychiatric of or assessment confinement as a child or adolescent.
Behavioral Indicators

Our analysis examined results a the checklist ofof symptoms and behavioral experiences seel!. Table This checklist derived was a standard from list of self-report indicators, in research used on a wide variety psychosocial of studies, also and included indicators thinking of criminal daydreams! patterns and behaviors from derived FBI the profilers&#39; understanding of behavior. However, should readers in keep mind that many of these behavioral symptoms no have consistent definitions ways measurement. or of example, For there is no method of measuring a pattern of lying or masturbation. Childhood. analysis 24 An checklist of items indicates that 50% over the of murderers the reported following present childhood: in daydreaming 82%!, masturbation isolation 82%!, chronic l%!, 1%!, lyingenuresis 8%!, rebelliousness nightmares 7%!, destruction 7%!, property offire8%!,
settingcruelty 6%!, children to and 4%!, body poor image 2%!.

Adolescence. analysis 24 An checklist of items indicates that 50% over of murderers thereported following behaviors: to assaultive adults 84%!, rebel-

43

M &#39; Q 11

IOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE/September 1986

liousness 84%!, masturbation 82%!, stealing 81%!, daydreaming 81%!, iso-

lation 7%!, chronic lying 5%!, nightmares 8%!, poor body image 3%!, cruelty to children 4%!, destroying of property 2%!, enuresis 0%!, and
firesetting 2%!.
2% 1?: X14

Adulthood. An analysis of24 checklist items indicates that over50% of murderers reported that during adulthood, the following behaviors were

present: assaultive to adults86%!, daydreaming 81%!, masturbation 81%!,

isolation 3%!, rebelliousness 2%!, chronic lying 8%!, poor body image
2%!, stealing 6%!, and nightmares 2%!.

For descriptive purposes, we use the terms internal

behaviors and external

behaviors. Internalbehaviors includethinking pattems and experiences within or unique tothe individual;external behaviors arethose overt actions that can be observed by others.The internal behaviors most consistently

reported over the three developmental periods are daydreaming, compulsive

masturbation, and
and assault on adults.

isolation. The

external behaviors most consistently

5

reported include chronic lying,rebelliousness, stealing, cruelty tochildren,

ROLE OF

FANTASY

The central role of daydreaming and fantasy in the lives of the 36 murderers is critical to what motivated them to kill. Daydreaming has been

defined as any cognitive activity representing a shift of attentionaway from a task Singer, I966!. Afantasy, as we defineit, is an elaborate thought with great preoccupation, anchored withemotion and having origins in daydreams. A fantasy is generally experienced as thoughts, although the individual may beaware of images, feelings, and internal dialogue. Some people may beconscious only of thoughts, whereas others are conscious only of feelings. Fantasy is a normal way foradults as well aschildren toobtain and
maintain control of an imagined situation. However, thelevel of fantasy developmentmay differ among people and is

generally based on the individual&#39;s ability to identify certain thoughtsas daydreams, to articulate their content, and retrospectively to recall thiscontent. Singer l966! observed that 96% of adults report that they daydream several times a day, and Beres 961! noted that fantasy may either substitute or prepare for action.For various groups ofpeople, fantasies may be sadistic MacCulloch etal., 1983!. It is not known how many people activate their
sadistic fantasies and in what context this may occur, but Schlesinger 8: Revitch 980! caution that once the fantasy builds to a point where inner stress isunbearable, the way for action is prepared.

Whereas psychological motives forviolent behavior are usually conceptualized in the literature as having roots beginning with trauma, insult,

44

Burgess al. et /SEXUAL HOMICIDE

2322112: . :;;&#39;:&#39;-/.-

Frequency Reported of Behavior Indicators in

Childhood, Adolescence, and Adulthood
for Sexual Murders
I Frequency

TABLE 1

Behavior

Childhood Adolescence Adulthood

Daydreaming 28 82 27 81 27 81 Compulsive masturbation 28 82 28 82 27 81 Isolation 28 71 26 77 26 73 Chronic lying 28 71 28 75 28 68 Enuresis 22 68 20 60 20 15 Rebellious 27 57 25 84 25 72 24 67 22 68 21 52 Nightmares Destroying property 26 58 26 52 23 35 Fire setting 25 55 25 52 25 28 Stealing 27 56 27 81 25 55 Cnlelty to children 28 54 28 64 27 44 Poor image body 27 52 27 63 .26 Temper tantrums 27 48 26 50 25 62 44 Sleep problems 23 48 22 50 22 50 Assaultive adults to 25 38 25 84- 28 86 Phobias 24 88 23 4-3 24 50 Running away 28 36 26 46 26 ll Cruelty anirnals to 28 36 26 4-6 25 36

n&#39;76! n96!

n%!

Accident prone 24 29 22 32 22 27 Headaches 21 29 21 33 22 45 Destroying possessions 25 28 23 35 28 35 Eating problems26 27 25 36 26 35 Convulsions 26 19 24 21 23 13 Self-mutilation 26 19 24 21 25 32

NOTE:n = number of subjects with data.

and/ or overstimulation in early childhood, thesis our different. is hypothWe esizethese that are men motivated to murder by their waythinking. of Over time, their thinking patterns emerged orfrom were in uenced early by life experiences. example, a child For abused an adult by caretaker to begins think about being hit every timeadult an comes near him, dwelling the on hitting. He may imagine fantasize! about someone coming help toby him beating up the adult. This thinking pattern bring may relief, because someone has

protected in his fantasy. him addition, In being while abused the child may psychologically himself remove the from pain. He may pride himself on his

controlpain over the in face of abuse; for example, while being beaten does he not inch or blink. This thinking pattern the gives child a sense of control and, a result, as tension relieved. is child The increase can decrease or terror

45

JOURNAL INTERPERSONAL OF VIOLENCE /September 1986 with different levelsarousal of through fantasy. Development of this type of abuser; example our illustrates the role of fantasy and its development.

thinking pattern does not necessarily a child mean will grow up to be an

we attempted to link our quantifiable findings indications with the from

In analyzing the data we obtained through interviews the with murderers, murderers themselves of long-standing, aggressive thoughts and fantasies
directed toward sexualized death. The findings suggest these that thought patterns established were and early existed ina context of social isolation. Murderers consciously were of aware the central role of fantasy in their
lives and of their preference fantasy over for reality. Even those men unaware

of thisreportedtheir that thoughts became retaliatory or vengeful when they

aggressive violent behavior.

perceived themselves as being slighted, rejected, frustrated, betrayed. or Such

thinking becomes an important component the in maintenance of sexually
noted one in the of subject statements: s my"All life Iknew Iwas goingend to
ness and isolation would be something really terrible and tragic."
Early Fantasy Development

The central role that fantasy plays in the thinking patterns ofthese men is

up killing." It also was observed in the statement a parent ofwho, after her

son was convicted of fetish robberies, feared the outcome of her son s moodi-

environmentviolent with fantasies and not all children who fantasize violence act out these fantasies. Nevertheless, from our interviews with the murderers our in study, the high degree of egocentricity in the murderer s negative, aggressive, sexualized fantasy and play is revealed. As children, the murderers often thought of otherchildren and family members extensions as of their inner worlds. The revealed intermittent awareness of the impact of their early childhood behavior others. on They were not influenced the by response of others to their behavior. continued It

It is important to keep in mind that not all children respond to their

and repeated itself. They recounted tying up a smaller child and scaring him or destroying another child&#39;s toy. A man who eventually beheaded his victims did not associate action that with his early childhood activities that involved the systematic decapitation of his sister&#39;s He saw dolls. his actions as a response his to annoyance with his sister,to not his desire dominate, to bully,
and hurt. Ritualistic play of tying up and scaring a younger child was not
aware ofthe intentionalityof their acts.

associated one to murderer abuse as s a child. His play was a reenactment.

Murderers recounting violent and sadistic behavior as adolescents were more

accounts positive of childhood fantasies. However, itis unclear whether such

fantasies were actually nonexistent or whether early positive fantasies were

The interviews with the offendersremarkable are the in absence of any

46

Burgess al. et /SEXUAL HOMICIDE

illustrates pervasive the of nature the child&#39;s daydreaming: negative l felt guilty having for thoughts those family] [toward submerged and and them builtlots uphostility of then and got it into off fantasy. . . They should have noticed at school, it so excessive wasdaydreaming my it was always thatmy in report .cards. . was I dreaming about wiping out whole the school.
Early Sexualization of Fantasy
z

lost later in negative perspectives behaviors. andfollowing The example

Several described subjectsinterest strong attraction and at approximately the

a e offive high to heeled shoes, female underwear, rope. and The men were g
importance ritualized in aspects of their murders.

The childhood onset sexual of interests fetish noted was in thesubjects.

aware the ofcarryover of sexualized fantasies these about into items adolescence and adulthood. the When subjects began murder, to items these on took
E &#39;d nce childhood of sexualized play the in lives of the murderers was vi e also revealed by parents and caretakers. Some parents provided information

at. 31.

gt. 4

about preschool sexual fantasies. In one case, a mother recalled dhei finding .. .. . f 3ear-old son with one of end a string tied his to penis and other the o en Y ! the string shut in a bureau drawer, leaning backward to exert a pulling tion his on penis The boy&#39;s behavior suggested he had engaged such in sensa . activity earlier. It is most likely that behavior this introduced was by initially
an older person; evidence suggests boy&#39;s the was babysitter responsible.
Aggressive Components of Early Fantasy

Wh n murderers were asked to describe their early favoriteactivities, play childhood fantasies were dominant so they that became persistent in themes
e some revealed a repetitive actingof out a core aggressiveThese fantasy.

lay with other children or alone. In some cases, original an violation or P assault was expressed. For example, one subject at age l5 took youngerboys
into the bathroom hisof residential facility forced and and oralanal sex on

them, reenacting his own victimization agebut at l0 reversing his role from ictim victimizer to However, he did not consciously connect behavior this V.
with his own earlier assaults.assaultive The rituals were his attempts at mastery and control over people and situations. Another offender as an adolescentmasturbated openly his home, in espe-

cially in front of his sisters, their using underwear in his masturbation rituals. He appeared oblivious theto inappropriate nature his ofacts, and was
offended his by family&#39;s response, that feeling family members rejecting, were
arousal derived state a from repressed memory childhood. from
. murderers described who early their fantasies. Death an isexample of 1u ti-

intolerant, unfair. andis speculated It that his behavior represented a hyper-

Aggressive incontent the formdeath of themes was also noted those for

4&#39;7

JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE

/September I986 x El : 55%

mate control.

When directed toward oneself in childhood,

it can be a counter-

reaction to overwhelming fear, and its dominance in thought and play reveals
the child&#39;s troubled state of mind.

In one case, the12-year-old subjectrepeatedly played"gas chamber" with his sister. This game required his sister to tie him up in a chair, throw an imaginary switch, and when "gas" was introduced, the subject would grasp at his throat, drop to the floor, writhe convulsively, and "die." This game combined a sexual theme compression of the carotid arteries for a sexual
sensation! and death theme fantasy.

ii?

Early Expressions of Sexual and AggressiveFantasy

Early fantasies often give rise to behavior tryouts that are precursors to criminal behavior MacCulloch, 1983!. These precursor behaviors havethe capacity to move the child into pain-inflicting acts and to break through in subtle, as well as overt, ways. They may emerge as play-engagement behaviors with others i.e., bullying younger children or putting pins in the rug for a sister to walk on! or actions involving only themselves i.e., tying ropes
around their necks or cutting parts of their bodies!. Such behavior was noted

31>? ;=

2%
% z
Ex. gs
E

in the reported cruelty to other children by the offendersas youthsas well as in the offender&#39;s earliest encounters with law enforcement. Although such encounters areoften dismissed as adolescent adjustment problems, they may be evidenceof an escalation in aggressiveacts toward others. Especially illustrative of such escalation of fantasy expressionis the previously cited example of the S-year-old boy who was observed byhis mother with his penis tied to a bureau drawer. Asa young adolescent,he was found by his parents in the bathtub practicing autoerotic asphyxia with his penis and neck tied to the cross-bar of the faucets. At age 14 his parents took him to a psychiatrist after noticing rope burnson his neck. At age l7 this samesubject abducted a girl at knife-point, took her to a deserted area where he kepther all night, and released her in the morning. The adolescent was apprehended and then released;the charge on his record was "girl trouble." Of importance is the offender&#39;s shift in the object of aggression from himself to a woman. Not until late adolescence, when the offender began following women, confronting them with a knife, binding them, and fondling them was theoffender sent

is / 4 ?; 4 e X :

to prison.After release from prison,his crimes escalated to the murder of three

young women by asphyxia. The early expressions ofaggressive fantasies were oftenpainful memories
for the offenders to reveal and the ones, for various reasons, that were never

discussed. They may have realized that they could have controlled their actions and that they were aware that they had crossed the line between fantasy and reality. In cases wherethe men were not apprehended for their early crimes, they learned they werenot controlled by authority and that they

48

$5 J

Burgess al. et /SEXUAL HOMICIDE

could act violently and kill with impunity.the Of 36, 10 murdered as juveniles, thus realizing that they had the power over life.
1 am,

~ :~ , K rvl v , >1 ,

MOTIVATIONAL MODEL OF SEXUAL HOMICIDE

sexual murderers to kill, we present a motivational modelunderstanding for sexually oriented murder and sadistic violence. In addition to the data we &#39; fh&#39; model.
collected, interviews the with the murderers serve as a basisortis

To illustrate our hypothesis ofthe variousfactors that in uenced36 the

The murderers early development ofan active, aggressive fantasy life dayThe model has five interacting components emphasizing interre anon-

dreams! combined with later sexual reinforcement compulsive masturba-

tion! and increasing detachment from social rules conduct of isolation! social provide a framework that reinforces his subsequent violent behavior.
h&#39; n l! the murderer&#39;s social ineffective environment, ! child and s ips amo g adolescent formative events, patterned ! responses to these events, resul! tant actions toward others, and the ! killer&#39;s reactions, a mental via feedback filter," to his murderous acts see Figure l!. l! IneffectiveSocial Environment

f fil quality o am

It is often suggested by child and family theoriststhe that structure and

and social interaction, especially in the way the child

y perceives members family their and interaction with him and with each th re child in s development. children For growing o er, a po im rtantfactorsa up, the quality of their attachments parents totoand other members the of

family most is important in how these children lateradults as relate to and

value other members society. of Essentially, these early life attachments h h&#39;ld &#39;ll

sometimes "bond.ing"! called translate into a blueprint of how te c i wi

perceive s

of family life to is develop achild who has a positive bondinghis with social
environment.

&#39; ituations outside the of family. Thus one of the primary functions _

narrow and selective. Caretakers either ignore, rationalize,norma or 1. ize

In our population murderers, of social this bonding fails or becomes various behaviors in the developing or, boy through their, own problems .. d I. e.g.,. .criminal behavior substance or support abuse!,child the s eve oping di ti ns and rojections was "I framed"!. People significant to the boy do stor o p not provide nurture protection; and rather, they impose adult expectations on the boy Boys should be strong and take carethemselves"!. of are Adults nonprotective rioninten/ening and behalf on the of boy. The boy may be punished a for specific antisocial but act the social restriction does regisnot ter in an experiential and cognitive way; that is, the boy is reprimanded or "All b into
brought court to but he normalizes the behavior as, oys get

49

_| !URNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE /September I986

&#39; at EIVIRUIIEII E l&#39; PATTERIED RESPONSES 1 lllEFFEETlllE SUCK

lqnore Behavior Ion-lntervenlnq Support Distortions hon rotectivr &#39; %CRITIEAL PERSONAL TRAITS 0 ll| isolation Prelerenoe lor iUt0erOt|i attrvrtles Fetishes Rebellious Aggressive Lyrnq

__-_ l#_ .
FOIIAIIVE EVENTS Child/Adolescent l 1 Physical 1 5e|ua| 1 P!!l9!!!!!1-!!!l!!! Negative sacral attachlent Diminished emotional response

W <z

Entitlenent I

l 69222

C05hl1lVE HAPPINS I PIUCESSIIE Persistent and repetitive

la Ye if

y inconsistent care and contact

Deviant garental lodels

lgtgrgersonal failure

itzeetuis Daydreans Fantasies

Thoughts with strong conoonent lrqhtlares visual

? g Q 7 as
2 5 @> 1?:

FEEDBACK FILTER lustllres acts Sorts out errors Discovers increased arousal states Discovers rncreesed areas ol oonrnancer power, control Knows hon to continue ants without detection or punishlent

lQ!!!!!l.!t!l9l!! Strong, lrertrnq presuppositions

re: cause. ellect. probability Deals lh ahsolutes Generalizations Iheess Dominance Poverlcontrol Revenge Death Violence lortore Rape/nolestation lutilation lnlllctinq painon others/sell

%T
Q

Qbilineel Cruelty to l lllli Cruelty to children J0yle55| hostile, aggressive, repetitive play patterns Disreqaro lor others Firesettinq Stealing Destroying prooerty l

liueethetLs-ereusel_1e:e1 Prruarrly aroused hiqh levels by ol

aggressive experience

*1 . 5 Q2 2. ao

5 equires high levels of stimulation

hCil0lS TOIARDS UTHERS/SELF

tdelesseossltdult Assaultive behaviors

lurqllry Arson Abduction Rape Hurder lnon-seruall Se:-oriented ourder

rape torture/lutllatron
|_ necrophilia
Figure 1: Sexual Homicide: Motivational Model

Burgess a1. et /SEXUAL HOMICIDE

trouble." ineffective The environment social from expands caretakers to individuals in a community work whose brings themcontact into the with young person e.g., teachers, counselors, ministers, police!.
! Formative Events

Max:211:

of our model. first The of these is trauma, thein form of physical or sexual abuse. developing The encounters child a variety of life events, some normative e.g., illness, and death! others nonnormative. nonnormative events the in murderer sample direct include trauma physical orThose sexual and/ abuse! indirect and witnessed trauma violence!. family the Within context of

There are three factors that contribute to the formativecomponent events

F?

the child&#39;s ineffective environment, social child&#39;s the caused the distress by trauma is neglected. child The neither is protected nor assisted in recovery fromabusive the overwhelming and the events; external environment does not address the negative consequences of the events. One assumption regarding traumatic early isevents that the child&#39;s memories of frightening and upsetting life experiences shape child&#39;s the

3 /-11"" is wen .. .1; 1?.

develop ng thought patterns. type of The thinking that emerges develops structured, .-erned p behaviors thatturn in help generate and daydreams fantasies. literature The on children traumatized sexual by physical and

abuse by and witnessing violencethe reports occurrence of dreams, nightmares, disturbing and of memories the trauma 8c Burgess Holmstrom, 1974, 1979; 1984; Conte, 8: Pynoos Eth, 1985!.studies Other documented have these children engaging in painful, repetitive acting-out of the traumas Axline, 1969; Gardner, 1971;1979, Terr, 1981a, 1981b,Play 1983!. emotionally of disturbed troubled and children often contains conflicted and. obsessive themes, contrasting with creative the flexible and noted themes nondisin turbed children. We believe the traumatized child&#39;s remains play on fixed thoughts associated with traumatic the and event held is separate or encapsulated Hartman 8c Burgess, in press! ratherintegrated than play in activities or in art expression through drawings Wood, Burgess, Sc McCormack, in press!. Successful resolution of traumatic events inresults the child able being to talk about event the the inpast tense with and equanimity. Unsuccessful resolution the trauma of underscores victim&#39;s the often with helplessness the

a z

emergence aggressive of aimed fantasies achieving at dominance the and

control from absent reality Burgess,McCausland, Hartman, 8: Powers, 1984; MacCu1loch a1., et 1983; Pynoos Eth, 8c 1985!. A second assumption early regarding traumatic events that ismanifesta-

tions the of impact of distressing events, assuch direct sexual physical and abuse, influential arethe child&#39;s in $042131 BUTQCSS development 31., 1984; Ct Come, Pynoos 1984; Eth, Sc 1985!. Concurrent the with abusive event, the child experience may sustained emotional/physiological level. arousal When sustained this a level interacts arousal with repetitive thoughts the about

52. .2. 51

_lOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE /September I986

attachhis to adult caretaker.is This the child who does not listen respond or
the child has been psychologically deprived or neglected, he may feel a
a result of this negative social attachment bonding!, the taretalter has no influence initially over the child and later over the adolescent. In cases where

model developmental is failure. For some reason the child does not readily

striking out at parents or repeatedly assaulting a favorite pet. The second factor contributing to the formative events component of our

trauma, the child&#39;s perceptions and patterns of interpersonal relationships may be altered. example, For child the may show hyperaggressive behavior by

to any limit setting and who often described is aloof, as cold, and uncaring. As

-1%,

diminished emotional response.

sexual behavior

home environment where sees he aggression drunken fights! associated with

of adults.

absentserving or an asinadequate role model e. g., a parent with problems of substance abuse or an abusive parent!. The child may experience a violent

child. There are various reasons this forfailure including caretaker the being

failure the of caretaking adult to servea as role model for the developing

Interpersonal failure, the third factor in this model component, is the

We "as -, .. If ., ,. &#39 Z92t e. :~ st:

! Pattemed Responses

processing. These subcategories interact with each other to generate fantasies.

Critical Personal Traits

two subcategories: I! critical personal traits, and cognitive ! mapping and

The patterned responses component of the motivational model includes

is ..

5&#39; i g; . 37

mitment a world to of rules and negotiation. Rather, distrust and a sense of

and fetishes, rebelliousness, aggression, chronic lying, and sense a entitleof ment. The offenders chronic lying underscoreslack their of trust and com-

corresponding values, social such as respect for others lives and property. The personal traits critical to the development the ofmurderers in our study include a sense of social isolation, preferences for autoerotic activities

Without human encounters and negotiations, there failure is develop to the

isolation encourages a reliance on fantasy as a substitute for human encounter.turn, In individual personality development becomes dependent on the fantasy life and its dominant themes, rather than on social interaction.

emotional capacity within the context of humanencounters. Increased social

interfere the withformation of social relationships the and development of an

negative rather than positive personal traits. These negative personal traits

environment, allow the child to develop competence and autonomy. In the murderer group, there was a propensity for the 36 men to develop

with others. These critical traits, in combination with an effective social

uaits of warmth, trust, and security establish help child&#39;s the relationships
3 in W

In the normal growth and development ofa child,positive personality

4.. ac /v 3. . 36.

52

5:. z

Burgess al. et /SEXUAL HOMICIDE

E4; Pf; I.;. /i

2 ..

M / is

isolation and aggression interact, restricting sexual development based on caring, pleasure, and companionship. Because they are so isolated, the men have little opportunity interpersonal for experiences that might modify their misconceptions about themselves others. and Their personal affective lives become dependent on fantasy for development. ln tum, fantasy becomes the primary source of emotional arousal and that emotion is a confused mixture
of sex and aggression.

entitlement to whatever they can get dominate their perceptions. Their social

5.
$2: aw -1. 5Z~: >1 Z 23

Cognitive Mapping and Processing Cognitive mapping refers to the structure and development of thinking
one&#39;s of sense self and beliefs about the world! andlink the individual to the

patterns that give both control and development one&#39;s to life intemal e.g.,

social environment e.g., one&#39;s interpretation others!. of The process of cognitive mapping generates meaning the events of for an individual and mediates sensory arousal pattems. Additionally,is ita filtering system that allovs for interpretation new of information e.g., l&#39;m always being singled out", It " -nylife and l can live it my own way !. Cognitive mapping and tion of the negative affects helplessness, of terror, and pervasive anxiety.
In the murderers, the mapping is repetitive and lacking socially enhancing

processinglmed are self-preservation at equilibrium and through the reduccognitions, moving the individual toan antisocial position and view of the
through the cognitive mapping of the murderer. The individual does not world. What emergesais primary sense entitlement of express to oneself

Q: 3: $
s v . Q7. % 2:. 3&#39; 1; / ii 7

regardless its of impact on others. The thought and action are justified experience a positive impact with the social environment. This occurs
because his fantasies and thinking patterns are a substitute for social relation-

ships. They are designed to stimulate and reduce tension. A sense of self is developed bolstered and the by fantasies. The self-image is terrifying to

2 4 / ,1 v

of theindividual. Imagined outcomes control of and dominance over others becomesubstitute a for a sense of mastery of internal and external experience. Parallel with the repetition of ideation of cognitive mapping is the neuro-

imagined others and contributes to further social isolation. The process continues and becomesprimary the source of energy for the psychological life

hormonal influence on sensory arousal levels. The neurohorrnonal basis of

however, substantial evidence that stressors elicit a central nervous system

the pleasure associatedaggressive with fantasy activityunknown. is There is,

,< ?
J 1 a

CNS! opiod responses both in animals stress-induced analgesia! and human beings van der Kolk, Greenberg, Boyd, 8c Krystal, 1984!. Elevated plasma levels of endogenous opiates have been documentedmarathon in runners Colt, Wardlaw, 8: Frantz,1981!, individuals who have undergone surgery

Cohen, l982!, and patients who engage in self-mutilation Coid, l983!. This suggests the that source of the stressor may be externalinternal. or also It has

a 2

_ = ;:z
JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE / September I986

been reported that removal of the stressor may be associated with opiate withdrawal-like symptoms: anxiety and irritability Backland, 1970; vander Kolk et al., I984!. In a recent analysis of the psychobiology of posttraumatic stress PTS!, van der Kolk et al. 1984! have suggested that the stress-approach behavior consistently displayed by individuals who suffer from PTS disorders may involve a conditioned CNS opiod response followed by withdrawal hyperreactivity. By analogy, compulsive aggressive fantasy activity may also
involve such a psychobiological mechanism. In this case individuals re-

expose themselves to traumatic situations through fantasy activity. The internally induced stressor elicits the opiod response, which brings relief and/or pleasure as well as avoidance of the noxious symptoms of opiate
withdrawal.

=:=:, E:

Structures of cognitive mapping and processing include daydreams, nightmares, fantasies, and thoughts with strong visual components. There is internal dialogue of limiting beliefs regarding cause, effect, and probability. The subjects deal in absolutes and generalizations. The themes of their fantasies include dominance, revenge, violence, rape, molestation, power, control, torture, mutilation, inflicting pain on self/others, and death. High sensory arousallevels become the preferredstate. The preoccupation with the aggressive themes,the detailed cognitive activity, and elevated kinesthetic arousal state eventually move the person into actions. ! Actions Toward Others

1 s Q

~ 3 zsxx , W .,W *1 :2: iii :3:

>= ta 4

Childhood actions are based on the child&#39;s regard and caring for others as
well as on self-respect and flexibility. In other words, behavior patterns reflect the private, internal world of the child.

lg. .w<. ~ 1*? 9% & i . :1

Interviews with the murderers in our study revealed that their internal world is often preoccupied with troublesome, joyless thoughts of dominance over others. These thoughts are expressedthrough a wide range of actions toward others. In childhood, these include cruelty toward animals, abuse of other children, negative play patterns, disregard for others, firesetting, stealing, and destroying property. In adolescence and adulthood, the murderer&#39;s

9 .1 Z 2

actions become more violent: assaultive behaviors, burglary, arson, abduction, rape, nonsexual murder, and finally sexual murder involving rape, torture, mutilation, and necrophilia. The early expression of cruelty toward both animals and humans when not intervened and stopped, we believe, sets thestage for the future abusing behavior in two ways. First, the early violent acts are reinforced, as the

&#39 4 2 s / ex. 2::

murderers either are able to express rage without experiencing negative con~
sequences or are impassiveto any prohibitions against these actions.Second, impulsive and erratic behavior discourages friendships. The failure to make

friends leads to isolationand interferes with theability to resolve conflicts, to

54

mi 4 Q. ;. ea
$2. 3% 2, 2

Burgess al /SEXUAL et HOMICIDE

develop empathy, positive control and impulses Furthermore, there nois challenge their that beliefs to towere they entitled to act the they way The do e ther as children or adolescents feel estranged from people oug that not does mean that superficially they cannot relate people, todoes it indicate in terms that of socially effective they learning, mayor have deficits They loners, are are they self-preoccupied Either daydreaming by fan- or
Alth h men i

tasies, become they absorbed in their own thoughts.

! Feedback Filter

h .r=t>:.:: ?? .>* ~: . <,.,, :=:i7i5:. 1,.. I 11; ? ~ :Z ,r:?%::: 43%.. . ,. <<,. ..:~z,.,; &#39;~, 4: We/ Z.: ::+g:;:: gtaisx ,

Given detailed the repetitive and patterns thinking these ofmurderers, itis not surprising to learn thatmurderer the to and evaluates reacts actions his rd others and toward himself. reactions These evaluations and influence towa his future We actions. this term reacting the feedback filter, because it both feeds into back killer&#39;s the responses patterned filters his earlier and actions into a continued way of thinking. Through feedback the the filter, murderer earlier are actions s protect justified, errors sorted re and out, corrections are made to preserve and the &#39; t na fai y world to and avoid restrictions the extemal from environment. The mui experiences .-rer of arousal increased via states fantasy variations the onviolent actions. Feelings dominance, power, control and are &#39; c eased The murderer develops knowledge increased how avoid to of unishment and detection. this All feeds backthe into patterned responses P and enhances details the the of fantasy life.example, For oi murderers the one reported he in sat how prison ruminating his fantasies regarding on women dismembering and bodies. As time their went he became on,muchkilling more by excited thoughts his this disposing of the victims of bodies tricking and law enforcement agents. In peculiar evolution events, now of he experiln Cl A. ll ! I . d. enced himself as more involved the in social worl

Model Summary

bution past of events to their criminality, previously emphasis been has on the event itself than rather on the sub3ect&#39;s and reaction to the response event. .. ed

d&#39; d terms of the contriWh d lescentadult and criminals are stu ie in&#39; en a 0

In part, psychological models of motivation sexual for have murder focus on models of displacement of rage and frustration primary from in caretakers the lives of sexual murderers. these artifacts . . Although . symbolic . operate, .b may a more direct understanding of the potential violence forcriminal and ehavior in resides the fantasy and life cognitive basic of operations murderers. A context of justifying socially abhorrent acts provides support the for
murderersviolent aggressive, fantasies. This structure, limited its to sensory
ts. arousalcapacities, and maintains perpetuates the destructive ac

55

JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE/September I986

Our motivational model suggests that traumatic and early damaging some effects of the experience, attempts to do so become pattems for limiting
choices such as aggression being the only method for dealing with con ict. In
addition, a structure of thinking that motivates and sustainsdeviant behavior

experiences to the murderers as childrenset intomotion pattems of cognition. Although there maybe initial attempts towork through the trouble-

through developmental and interpersonal failure and through the allianceof distorted perceptions andaffect begins to emerge. Of particular importance is
scrutiny of the thinking patterns of the offenders indicates that there is

the activation of aggression and its link with sexual expression. The laclt of
they rely on chance encounters with any

attachment to others givesa randomness to the sexual crimes; however,

planning ofthecrimes whether

victim or whether they are planned to snare victims.

IMPLICATIONS

There are clinical implications from this study. Understanding the reinforcing quality of actions,be theyin fantasy,play, or acting outbehaviors, may lead to different notions regarding not only motivation but also behavior
change. Exploratory efforts by clinicians are needed formethods to alter the structure of these fantasies. For example, the offender might be forced to

relate tothe victimposition in the fantasy asa way to stimulate compassion

for rather than violence to the victim.

This study raisesconcern about

how to deal therapeutically with the

notion of fantasy in the criminal population. We note that some levels of dwelling on fantasies has the capacity to escalate rather than diminish the

power ofthe fantasy. Unless one alters the structure of the fantasy that moves
toward the aggressive acts, the power can be increased. This exploratory study suggests avenues for further research. Basic re-

searchin biological

and psychosocial factors is necessary to explore the

sensory levels associated with deviant fantasies of

biochemical hormonal

both youth and adults.We knowthat pessimistic cognitions are associated with lowered epinephrine levelsin endogenousdepression; what might
research suggest regarding violent sexualized fantasies?

Basic research on thesensory arousal levels of people during fantasy might answer the question: Is there a basis of hormonal release addicting theperson to violent fantasy and violent acts? And doesthe structure of fantasydiffer
between various groups of deviant offenders? abuse and research on the social

s 1

Research on a longitudinal basis of children&#39;s response and to recovery

from sexual and physical/psychological

context inwhich thechild survives and recovers from abuse are importantto

any understanding of motivational factors. In this context, a control group

56

Burgess al.et /SEXUAL HOMICIDE

of abused males do who commit not acts criminal essential isto identify the factors that help the victim recover survive and abuse. the Our work andresearch theof others Prentky et al., 1985! that suggest a typology murderers of essential to investigate is for a variety of reasons. First, any understanding of typology the enhance may enforcement law both efforts at persuading certain to offenders turn themselves in and at more narrowly focusing investigative efforts.aSecond, classification system give will professionalsto curtail working violent a behavior focus for intervention efforts that address the to need monitor, evaluate, change and personality salient characteristics. of these characteristics Measurements methods of evaluand ating positive change essential are to prevent the tragic reality of released violent repeating criminals crimes. Third, their a classification system would facilitate between dialogue various the disciplines working offenders with and would encourage into research profiling of suspects from crime scene evidence, a technique currently progress in the National at Center thefor Analysis of Violent Crime in Douglas, preparation!. Further, behavioral esearch by efforts enforcement law are important agencies to their development "additional skill reading in motivational seemingly the characteristics inert crime of scene Understanding eviuence. behavioral the and of thematrix offenderlaw increases enforcement utilization thesconnection of between
patterns thinking of behavior. and
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