Supplement to Mounce Ch.

28
After this chapter, you should be able to
Recognize, parse, and translate aorist participles Understand and explain the concept of relative time with regard to the aorist participle (28.17-18) Explain how a first and second aorist participle are formed from their constituent partsstems, connecting vowels, tense formatives, etc. (28.5, 11) Write out a paradigm for an aorist participle of a verb like (28.7-10) Reproduce the Master Participle Chart entries for the first and second aorist active, middle, and passive participle Translate and parse verbs as in Exercise 28

Tips for mastering the material

Again, review the case endings.

Chapter 28 Walkthrough
28.3-4 Translation
Depending on how the participle is used, the best practice is still to begin by translating with -ing or with an after clause. However, because participles pull so much from their context, it is almost impossible to give universal guidelinesthe most important thing to do is simply to practice translating in the workbook.

28.6 Augment
Its important to remember that with the aorist participle, there will be no augment to help you identify the form. In the first aorist, youll have the tense formative to

help you identify it. As for the tense stem, if it begins with a vowel (e.g., ) you will have been used to seeing a long vowel attached to the front, but the participle will have an unaugmented tense stem, so .

28.7-9 First aorist active and middle participle

The great thing about the first aorist active and middle is that the tense formative is completely reliableits there in every instance. Recognition will be pretty straightforward because youll see the but there will be no augment and there will be a case ending. The same ideas from last chapter hold true here for the endings the morpheme will take 3rd declension endings and the morpheme will take 2nd declension endings (the feminine will always take 1st declension endings).

28.10 First aorist passive participle

The aorist passive participle has a tense formativenot so different from the indicative tense formative . Just remember that wherever a sigma has been added in the chart youll see a lengthening from to (nom sg masc / dat pl masc and neut / throughout the fem). The only somewhat unexpected thing here is that the aorist passive uses the active participle morpheme , but since the aorist passive indicative used active personal endings, its not terribly unfamiliar.

28.11 Second aorist participle

Mounce doesnt dwell too much on the first aorist participle because honestly theres nothing new and they are relatively easy to identify. The second aorist is a bit different, however, since, as you can see from the chart in 28.11, there is no tense formative. This means that the second aorist participle is formed exactly the same way as the present participle, except for the stem: o Present participle:

pres. tense stem + conn. vowel + part. morpheme + case ending

o Aorist participle: aor. tense stem + conn. vowel + part. morpheme + case ending

If might remember that we had a similar situation with the aorist and imperfect indicative. The trick now is the same as it was with the indicative you should ask yourself if the stem is the same as the lexical form that you learned when you learned the vocabulary word.

For example, for a word like , you might notice that this looks very much like a present participle, but you must ask yourself, Do I know as a vocabulary word? No, you do not, so this cannot be a present participle. Therefore, it must be a second aorist participle, and since you do know and you know that its root is

*, you will be able to identify that the root has come into the second aorist stem
unmodified (as is usually the case).

28.13 Second aorist middle participle

If you saw a word like , you would be right in thinking that it looks like a present participle, but you would need to ask yourself whether you are looking at a present tense stem. Since by now you know that forms a second aorist from its root *, then you might recognize here that were dealing with a second aorist. Even if you did not know that, the fact that you do not know a vocabulary word

would tell you youre not in the present tense system. 28.16 Unaugmented forms
Spend some time here and be sure you can recognize these participles. Save yourself trouble in the future and memorize immediately. Its the aorist participle of and it means seeing. Youll notice that the aorist form of is , which actually comes from a different root (* yes, thats a digamma at

the beginning). Verbs that have a root beginning with iota (like , which means I am strong) do not take an augment because the iota is such a strong vowel it simply absorbs the augment. However, because the aorist root of begins with a digamma, theres actually a consonant which stands between the augment and the iota, so the augment remains even after the digamma falls out + + + =

. And when it forms the participle, the augment disappears and it becomes .
Youll notice that most of the aorist participles listed in this chart end in , those are all second aorist participles. However, is a first aorist participlethe reason you dont see the tense formative is because it is a liquid verb and the sigma falls out following the liquid, the stem of is * so + + + = .

28.17-18 Relative Time

As a general rule, the aorist participle will indicate that an action occurred prior to the action of the main verb; however, this is not always the case. Have a look at the chart in 28.18, but in my opinion it is not worth memorizing as the translation depends to such a large extent on context.