1. Not reactive/unreactive because saturated hydrocarbon
2. Did not decolourized purple solution of acidified potassium manganate(VII) 3. Did not decolourized reddish brown solution of bromin water 4. Neutral. insufficient oxygen, 2CH 4 + 3 O 2 2CO + 4H 2 O Halogenation 1. The reaction is between alkane dan chlorine. 2. Takes place under sunlight/ultra violet light. 3. Carbon-hydrogen bonds broken and new carbon-halogen bonds are formed. One or more hydrogen atoms in alkanes molecule may be subtituted by halogen. 4. Halogenation is substitution reaction. Overall equation/chemical equation CH 4 + 4Cl 2 CCl 4 + 4HCl
Alkene Alkenes is unsaturated hydrocarbon because the presence of the double bond. Reactivity of alkenes 1. Alkenes is more reactive because the presence of double covalent bond, (unsaturated hydrocarbon) 2. Alkenes decolourized purple solution of acidified potassium manganate(VII) 3. Alkenes decolourized reddish brown solution of bromin water 4. Neutral.
1. Addition of hydrogen Mixture of alkenes gas/vapour and hydrogen gas, is passed through platinum or nickel at 180 o C. The process is known as catalytic Hydrogenation. Alkenes reacts with hydrogen halide in room condition. Hydrogen halide molecules is added to double bond in alkenes, to produce halogenoalkane. 2. Addition of acidified potassium manganate(VII) 1. When alkenes is mixed with acidified potassium manganate(VII), its purple colour is decolourised.
2. This is because addition process occurred, a group of hydroxyl (--OH) is added to the molecules of alkenes to form a molecule of diol (type of alcohol) which is saturated and colourless. Polymer : Large molecules made up from many identical repeating sub-units called monomers, which joined together by covalent bond. Industrial production of ethanol Ethene is mix with steam is passed through concentrated phosphoric acid (catalyst) at 300 o C (temperature) and 60 atmosphere (pressure). oxidising agent.
Acidified potassium manganate(VII), KMnO 4 (purple to colourless / decolourised) Acidified potassium dichromate(VI), K 2 Cr 2 O 7 (orange to green) Dehydration occur when a. ethanol vapours is passed over a heated catalyst such as. i- Porous pot / porcelain chips ii- Purnice stone / aluminium oxide, Al 2 O 3 /alumina
b. Ethanol is heated under reflux at 170 o C with excess concentrated sulphuric acid.
Ethanoic Acid Can be prepared through oxidation of an ethanol. Chemical equation:
CH 3 CH 2 OH CH 2 = CH 2 + H 2 O Ethanol Ethene
CH 3 CH 2 OH + 2[O] CH 3 COOH + H 2 O Etanol ethanoic acid
This is carried out by refluxing ethanol with an oxidising agent such as acidified potassium dichromate(VI) or potassium manganate(VII) solution. Preparation of ethanoic acid through refluxing
Condenser is used to prevent the loss of a volatile liquid by vaporisation.
Tissel tube Water out xxxxxxxxxxxxxx Label the diagram please Water in Liebig condenser Rounded bottom flask Retort stand Absolute ethanol, C 2 H 5 OH + Acidified potassium dichromate(VI), K 2 Cr 2 O 7 solution Heat Wire gauge H H
H C C OH
H H H O
H C C OH
H + 2[O] + H 2 O K 2 Cr 2 O 7 solutions + dilute H 2 SO 4