Essay

Motivation:
Theories of Motivation
The instinct theory, by James, states that there are 20 physical and 17 mental instincts. They are
inherited, specific to a species, and stereotyped.
The drive theory, by Hull, states that drive is the energy needed to reduce physiological needs.
The arousal theory, be Yerkes-Dodson, states that optimal performance in complex tasks comes in low
arousal, while optimal performance in simple tasks comes in high arousal
The Opponent-Process Theory, by Solomon, states that a mammals brain seeks out emotional neutrality
Homeostatic regulation theory emphasizes the bodys desire for equilibrium
Murrays theory of needs states that there are 20 needs based in the physiological core of personality,
which vary in ppl and adapt to the environment
Mcclelands theory- a need for achievement can determine the choices you make
Maslows hierarch- there are 3 types of needs: basic, growth, beta.
Theories of Emotions
Emotions are a state of physiological arousal, which includes facial expressions, gestures, and arousal.
Plutchiks Wheel outlines 8 primary emotions, such as love and optimism, which can be combined to
form many others.
The common sense theory states that emotions, after a stimulus, cause body arousal
The James-Lange theory states that emotional feelings follow body changes.
The Cannon-Bard Theory states that the thalamus causes body and emotion changes.
The Schachter Theory states that emotions occur when we label physiological arousal
The Facial Feedback theory states that sensations from our facial expressions cause emotions.
The contemporary theory states that after cognitive appraisal of a stimulus, there are effects on the
afferent nervous system, emotion, and feeling all at once.
Treatment: for Anxiety, Mood, Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia - Antipsychotics: tx delusions, hallucinations, agitation. Phenothiazines. Haldol. Block DA.

Depression - Anti-Depressants: reduce sadness, hoplesseness of depression. SSRI (Porzac, Zoloft. Block
reuptake),
Tricyclics (Elavil. Increase NE and 5hT), MAOI (Marplan, Nardil. Increase NE and 5hT, inhibit MAO).
Anxiety- Anti-Anxiety: reduce tension, anxiety, agitation. Barbiturates. Muscle Relaxers. Benzodiazepines
(Valium,Ativan. Increase GABA).
Love
Lees types of love: Main shades Eros, Ludus, Storge. Blends Mania, Pragma, Agape
Evolutionary theory of love: love is necessary for propagation of the species. It is instinctual due to
Attachment theory (Hazan-Shaver): builds on Ainsworths study. Attachment bond is the same as when
you were young. (Secure, Avoidant, Anxious-Ambivalent)
Sternbergs triangular theory: passion, intimacy, commitment. Combine to form 8 varieties of love. 469-
470