ASIA PACIFIC SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APSA) CONFERENCE

TRANSFORMING SOCIETIES: CONTESTATIONS AND CONVERGENCES IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

Enhancing Farmers Group to Strengthen ASEAN Economic
Community
Case of Farmer Group i Pasama Dis!ri"!# $es! Suma!ra# I%oesia
&oari'a
(#)
Depar!me! of A*ri"u+!ura+ So"ioe"oomi"# A%a+as ,i-ersi!.# Pa%a* / I%oesia
Emai+: .oari'a0faper!a1ua%1a"1i%2 .oari'a03o!mai+1"om#
Ma3%i
)

Depar!me! of A*ri"u+!ura+ So"ioe"oomi"# A%a+as ,i-ersi!.# Pa%a* / I%oesia
A4s!ra"!
Agriculture sector is important for ASEAN economy and the region is a primary
world supply for some agricultural produces. Statistics shows that agricultural
sector contribute between 10 35 percent of !"s of ma#ority of ASEAN
countries$ e%cept &alaysia$ 'runei$ and Singapore. (et$ agriculture sector
employment range from 30) *0) of employment in the region. +his reflects
disproportionate contribution between labor employment and sector economic
contribution which also means there is large number of farmer in the region. +o
face this situation$ AE, 'lue print adopt a policy to promote ASEAN agricultural
cooperati-es as a means to empower and enhance mar.et access of agricultural
products$ to build a networ. mechanism lin.ing agricultural cooperati-es$ and to
fulfil the purpose of agricultural cooperati-es for the benefit of farmers in the
region. ASEAN would strengthen strategic alliance between agricultural
cooperati-es in ASEAN through bilateral$ regional and multilateral cooperation/
establish business lin.ages among the potential agricultural cooperati-es within
ASEAN/ and promote direct in-estment and strategic partnership with ASEAN
agricultural cooperati-es producers$ consumers$ and traders. 0ence$ farmer
organi1ation is -ital in reali1ing agricultural cooperati-e. 'ased on cases study in
"asaman !istrict$ 2est Sumatra$ 3ndonesia$ the paper describes the status of
farmer groups in 3ndonesia and their potential to be transform into regional
famers cooperation. +he cases were made among rural farmers in the process of
transition from subsistence to world economy. 3t found out that farmer
organi1ation is yet to fa-or mar.et economy/ there is a declining trust among
rural -illagers on the farmer organi1ation and declining role of local leaders. +he
farmers$ in turn$ run into money lender to satisfy their need for e%ternal inputs
and in mar.eting of agricultural products. +his patron client relationship is
e%ploitati-e in nature hence this farmer organi1ation is not conduci-e for AE,
4015. +here many things to do to strengthen farmer group. +he paper proposes
mediation by Asian "ublic 3ntellectuals 5A"36 community to connect farmers
group within ASEAN member countries.
(
A mem4er of Asia Pu4+i" I!e++e"!ua+s (API) "ommui!.1 Firs! au!3or 5ou+% e6press %eep *ra!i!u%e
!o !3e Nippo Fou%a!io# 7apa u%er !3e Asia Pu4+i" I!e++e"!ua+s (API) Pro*ram 53i"3 pro-i%e%
!3e *eerous suppor! !3a! ea4+e !3e au!3or par!i"ipa!i* i APSA Cofere"e# (8/(9 Fe4ruar. i
C3ia* Mai# T3ai+a%1
)
Team mem4er of A%a+as ,i-ersi!. resear"3ers assi*e% for !3e s!u%. of po!e!ia+ mar:e!
orie!e% a*ri"u+!ura+ "ommo%i!ies i Pasama Dis!ri"!# $es! Suma!ra# !o 53i"3 !3is paper is 4ase%
o1
(
ASIA PACIFIC SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APSA) CONFERENCE
TRANSFORMING SOCIETIES: CONTESTATIONS AND CONVERGENCES IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
Key words (3-5 words) production !ase" #armer cooperati$e" mar%et" agri!usiness
&N'()*+C'&)N
Sou!3eas! Asia fo++o5s re*ioa+ism mo-eme! for e"oomi" %e-e+opme! 4. se!!i* up
re*ioa+ free !ra%e area1 Fo++o5i* Fra:e+ ((;;<)# re*ioa+ free !ra%e area or *eera++.
:o5 as re*ioa+ism is a a*reeme! amo* a *roup of "ou!ries !o s!re*!3e !3eir
e"oomi" +i:s# par!i"u+ar+. 4. remo-i* 4arriers !o !ra%e a% i-es!me! amo* !3emse+-es
(p1 ()1 $i!3 more !3a 3a+f mi++io popu+a!io i re*io# 3a+f of C3ia or I%ia# ASEAN is a
si*ifi"a! mar:e! for !3e 5or+%1 To!a+ !ra%e -a+ue 5i!3i ASEAN as of )=() rea"3e%
)#>??#8;)1> ,S@ mi++io i"rease% !reme%ous+. from )=(( 53i"3 -a+ue a! 8;?#)A)1) ,S@
mi++io (ASEAN Se"re!aria!# )=())1 ASEAN "o!ri4u!es )8B of !o!a+ e6por! -a+ue i Asia
Pa"ifi" re*io a% +ess !3a )8B of impor! -a+ue 53i"3 meas ASEAN 3as a !ra%e surp+us
(,NESCAP S!a!is!i"a+ &ear4oo: for Asia a% !3e Pa"ifi" )=(()1 I! is o 5o%er !3a!
re*ioa+ism mo-eme! is a ra!ioa+ e"oomi" "3oi"e for ASEAN1
ASEAN "o!iues !o i!e*ra!e !3e e"oom. of i!s mem4ers 4. e!eri* ASEAN e"oomi"
"ommui!. (AEC) 4. )=(81 Simi+ar !o o!3er pre-ious su""essfu+ re*ioa+ e"oomi"
i!e*ra!io su"3 as Europea E"oomi" Commui!. (EC)# AEC 5ou+% !rasforms ASEAN
i!o a si*+e mar:e! a% pro%u"!io 4ase# a 3i*3+. "ompe!i!i-e e"oomi" re*io# a re*io of
eCui!a4+e e"oomi" %e-e+opme!# a% a re*io fu++. i!e*ra!e% i!o !3e *+o4a+ e"oom.
(ASEAN Se"re!aria! )==?)1 A*ri"u+!ure is amo* priori!. i!e*ra!io se"!or 53i+e re*ioa+
"oopera!io o Foo%# A*ri"u+!ure a% Fores!r. (FAF) aims !o e3a"e i!ra/a% e6!ra/
ASEAN !ra%e# promo!e "oopera!io# Doi! approa"3e% a% !e"3o+o*. !rasfer amo*
ASEAN mem4er "ou!ries a% i!era!ioa+# a% promo!e ASEAN a*ri"u+!ura+ "oopera!i-es
as a meas !o empo5er a% e3a"e mar:e! a""ess of a*ri"u+!ura+ pro%u"!s# !o 4ui+% a
e!5or: me"3aism +i:i* a*ri"u+!ura+ "oopera!i-es# a% !o fu+fi++ !3e purpose of a*ri"u+!ura+
"oopera!i-es for !3e 4eefi! of farmers i !3e re*io1 AEC serious+. !a:es i!o a""ou! !3e
"3ara"!eris!i" of farmers i !3e re*io 53i"3 is mos!+. sma++ s"a+e farmers1 Farmer
"oopera!i-e is oe of AEC !ar*e!1
Eorro5i* from some promie! s"3o+ars a% is!i!u!io# sma++/s"a+e farmers are !3ose2
Fopera!e% ui!s i 53i"3 mos! +a4or a% e!erprise "ome from !3e farm fami+.# 53i"3 pu!s
mu"3 of i!s 5or:i* !ime i!o !3e farmG (Lip!o )==8)2 !3ose 5i!3 a +o5 asse! 4ase# opera!i*
+ess !3a ) 3e"!ares of "rop+a% ($or+% Ea: )==>)2 farmers 5i!3 F+imi!e% resour"e
e%o5me!s# re+a!i-e !o o!3er farmers i !3e se"!orG (Di6o# Tai*u"3i# a% $a!!e4a"3
)==>)2 a% !3ose farmer ("rop or +i-es!o":) pra"!i"i* a mi6 of "ommer"ia+ a% su4sis!e"e
pro%u"!io or ei!3er# 53ere !3e fami+. pro-i%es !3e maDori!. of +a4or a% !3e farm pro-i%es
!3e pri"ipa+ sour"e of i"omeG (Nara.aa a% Gu+a!i# )==))1 Gi-e "osi%era4+e -aria!io
i %efii* sma++/s"a+e farmers# Na*a.e!s ()==8) %efies sma++ farms a% sma++3o+%ers are
"ofie% !o farms of +ess !3a ) 3e"!ares of o5e% or re!e% +a% 53ere farm fami+. pro-i%es
!3e primar. sour"e of +a4or a% !3a! farmi* "os!i!u!es a pri"ipa+ sour"e of i"ome for !3e
fami+.1 I I%oesia# !3e a-era*e farm si'e of sma++ farmers -aries from =1> !o =1< 3a i 7a-a
a% appro6ima!e+. ( !o > 3a ou!si%e 7a-a 5i!3 +imi!e% "api!a+ (Ha:aria# )==>)1 FSma++/s"a+eG
is of!e eCua!e% 5i!3 a 4a":5ar%# opro%u"!i-e# o/"ommer"ia+# su4sis!e"e a*ri"u+!ure
(Iirs!e a% -a H.+#

(;;?)1 No/"ommer"ia+ a*ri"u+!ure ma. o! fu++. app+. !o sma++/s"a+e
a*ri"u+!ure# si"e ma. of !3em i-o+-e i mar:e! e"oom.1
)
ASIA PACIFIC SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APSA) CONFERENCE
TRANSFORMING SOCIETIES: CONTESTATIONS AND CONVERGENCES IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
I Asia sma++ farms are pre-a+e! !.pe of pro%u"!io1 De-e%ra ()==<) "3ara"!eri'es sma++
farms as prepo%era"e a% emp3asis o mi6e% "ropJaima+s s.s!ems a"ross a -arie!. of
a*ro e"o+o*i"a+ 'oes1 Mi6e% farmi* is !3e 4a":4oe of a*ri"u+!ure# ma. "a!e*ories of
53i"3 are mo%e+s of %i-ersifi"a!io# effi"ie". a% resi+ie"e i Asia1 I *+o4a+ !erms# sma++
farms i Asia a""ou! for a es!ima!e% ?<B of a++ farms of u%er !5o 3e"!ares of +a%1G
Da-e%ra ()==<) a+so re-ea+s !3a! i some par!# sma++ farms !e% !o a%op! mar:e! orie!e%
a*ri"u+!ure1
Sma++ farm pro%u"es +o5 Cua+i!. a% Cua!i!. of a*ri"u+!ure pro%u"!s1 ,sua++. mi%%+e me
"o++e"! !3ese pro%u"!s a% impro-e !3e Cua+i!. !3e mar:e! !3em !o +o"a+ a% forei* mar:e!1
T3e -a+ue a%%e% is o4!aie% 4. mi%%+e me1 T3e sma++ farms o+. pro%u"e +o5 ma!eria+ a%
!3e pri"e 5ere %e!ermie% 4. !3ese mi%%+e me1 $i!3 opei* re*ioa+ mar:e! a% 4.
se!!i* up ASEAN a pro%u"!io 4ase# a++ pro%u"ers i !3e re*io "ou+% 4e ui!e% i a
"oor%ia!e% a"!i-i!.1 I a*ri"u+!ure se"!or# farmers 3ouse3o+% i re*io mus! 4e or*ai'e%
a% "oor%ia!e%1
Farmer or*ai'a!io is impor!a! 53e sma++ farmers e!eri* *+o4a+ mar:e!1 T3e 4eefi!s
of farmer or*ai'a!io are a+so "+earer 53e i! "omes !o a""essi* "re%i!# see%# a%
fer!i+i'er1 Farmer or*ai'a!io is a "ri!i"a+ fa"!or i ma:i* mar:e!s 5or: for !3e poor
par!i"u+ar+. i 3i*3 -a+ue pro%u"!s (He++i# Lu%.# a% MeiDer# )==<)1 $ea!3er ASEAN
re*ioa+ism of e"oom. 5ou+% 4eefi! sma++ s"a+e farmers remai !o 4e see1 ASEAN
E"oomi" Commui!. 5ou+% proof i! +a!er o1 Ho5e-er# pre assessme! "a 4e ma%e 4.
+oo:i* a! "o!emporar. "3ara"!eris!i"s of farmer *roup i !3e re*io1
A+o* 5i!3 *+o4a+ !re%# 53ere farmers pro%u"e 3i*3 -a+ue pro%u"! is!ea% of "erea+ "rops
i%i"a!e !3a! a*ri"u+!ura+ pro%u"!io is 4e"omi* mar:e! orie!e% ra!3er !3a su4sis!e! oe1
IFPRI KI!era!ioa+ Foo% Po+i". Resear"3 Is!i!u!e) ()==8) repor!s !3a! farmers 3a-e mo-e
a5a. from "erea+ "rops# fo++o5i* IFPRI re"omme%a!io !3a! 5i!3 L+o5 5or+% "erea+ pri"es#
a*ri"u+!ura+ %e-e+opme! s3ou+% o5 fo"us o 3i*3/-a+ue "ommo%i!ies a% -a+ue/a%%e%
pro"essi* ra!3er !3a foo% s!ap+es pro%u"!io1M I I%oesia# for e6amp+e# sma++ !3e farmers
are o5 "u+!i-a!i* pereia+ "as3 "rop i1e "a"ao# oi+ pa+m# 3o5e-er# !3e. are "ommo+.
pri"e !a:er a% !3e e"oomi" surp+us is eDo.e% 4. mi%%+eme# i !3is "ase +o"a+ !ra%ers1
T3e !ra%ers o! o+. pro-i%e "re%i! for ipu! 53i"3 3as !o 4e pai% mu"3 3i*3er# pro-i%e
5or:i* "api!a+ 5i!3 3i*3er i!eres! ra!e# a% 4u. !3e pro%u"! 53i"3 +o5er pri"e1 ,+ess !3e
sma++ s"a+e farmers or*ai'e !3emse+-es i!o feasi4+e *roup# !3e. 5ou+% remai 4e mar*ia+
a% u%er AEC !3e. are o! *oi* !o 4e 4eefi!!e%1 Eu!# 3o5 feasi4+e is famer *roup
s!re*!3ei* u%er AECN
Asia Pu4+i" I!e++e"!ua+s (API) is a fe++o5s3ip pro*ram u%er Nippo Fou%a!io aims a!
"rea!i* a poo+ of i!e++e"!ua+s 53o 5ou+% respo% !o re*ioa+ issue1 T3e pro*ram !3a! 5as
s!ar!e% i )==( 3as poo+e% more !3a >== pu4+i" i!e++e"!ua+s !3rou*3 (8 .ears fe++o5s3ip
pro*ram1 T3e poo+ of i!e++e"!ua+ 53o !3emse+-es +i-e a% 5or: i Sou!3eas! Asia is a
impor!a! s!a:e3o+%er !o respo% !o re*ioa+ so"ia+# po+i!i"a+# e"oom.# a% "u+!ura+ issues1
T3e "rea!io of AEC is oe of maDor issues !3a! ee% API "o"ers1
Ta:i* i!o a""ou! sma++ farmers or*ai'a!io i fa"i* AEC as 5e++ as !3e e6is!e"e of API
"ommui!.# !3is paper aims a!2 () prese!i* "o!emporar. "3ara"!eris!i" of farmer
or*ai'a!io of sma++ s"a+e farmi* i e"oom. of !rasi!io# )) "ri!i"a++. aa+.'i* feasi4i+i!.
"o++a4ora!io 5i!3 simi+ar famers i !3e re*io u%er um4re++a of ASEAN E"oomi"
>
ASIA PACIFIC SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APSA) CONFERENCE
TRANSFORMING SOCIETIES: CONTESTATIONS AND CONVERGENCES IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
"ommui!.# a% >) %is"ussi* !3e ro+e of Asia Pu4+i" I!e++e"!ua+s (API) i "oe"!i*
farmers i !3e re*io1
',E S'+*-
T3e paper 4ase% o s!u%ies "ommissioe% 4. Pasama Dis!ri"! *o-erme! $es! Suma!ra
Pro-i"e# I%oesia !o A%a+as ,i-ersi!. 53ere 4o!3 au!3or affi+ia!e%1 T3e mai o4De"!i-e of
!3e s!u%. 5as !o pro-i%e s"ie!ifi" 4asis for !3e +o"a+ *o-erme! i %e-e+opi* a*ri"u+!ura+
se"!or espe"ia++. i promo!i* "ommo%i!ies p3.si"a++.# e"oomi"a++.# so"ia++.# a% "u+!ura++.
sui!a4+e !o +o"a+ "o!e6!1 T3e mai reaso 5as !3a! u%er mar:e! e"oom.# farmers *ro5
"ommo%i!. 53i"3 is o! some!imes p3.si"a++. a% so"ia++. sui!a4+e# !3is +e% !o mis"a+"u+a!io
of 4eefi! a% "os! i farmer par!1 Ne-er!3e+ess# !3is meas farmers are so resposi-e !o
mar:e! %ema%1 T3e s!u%. a+so i%e!ifie% 53a! fa"!or s3ou+% 4e impro-e% i "ase some
"ommo%i!ies appear !o 4e sui!a4+e !o +o"a+ "o%i!io a% mar:e!# 3ere !3e farmer
or*ai'a!io appear so +ou%+.1 T3is 4e"ause e5 "ommo%i!. 5ou+% 4e!!er a%op!e% if
farmers# espe"ia++. sma++ 3o+%er# are u%er a *oo% or*ai'a!io or *roup1
T3e s!u%. 3as 4ee "o%u"!e% i !5o "ose"u!i-e fis"a+ .ear2 )=() a% )=(>1 I !3e firs!
.ear# s!u%. "o-ere% Duo Io!o Su4/%is!ri"! i-o+-i* ) (!5o) nagari (-i++a*e i !3e "o!e6! of
Mia*:a4au of $es! Suma!ra pro-i"e) 53i+e i !3e .ear )=(> !3e s!u%. "o-ere% > a*ari
i Ti*o Na*ari su4%is!ri"!1 Lo"a+ *o-erme! i!e%s !o "o%u"! !3e s!u%. "o-eri* a++
a*aris i .ear !o "ome1
T3e se+e"!io of !5o %is!ri"!s 4ase% o "osi%era!io !3a! !3e farmers o !3e !5o %is!ri"!s
3a-e 4ee e5+. i-o+-e% i mar:e! e"oom. from pre-ious+. su4sis!e"e farmi* !3rou*3
s3if!i* "u+!i-a!io1 T3eir e"oom. is i !rasi!io1 Eu!# !3e !5o %is!ri"!s are pre-a+e! poor
areas i Pasama Dis!ri"!1
T3is is a i!er%is"ip+iar. s!u%. i-o+-i* s"ie"e# e"oomi"s# a% so"ia+ s"ie"e# more
spe"ifi"a++. i! emp+o.e% soi+ s"ie!is!# a*ri"u+!ura+ !e"3o+o*. s"ie!is!# e"oomis!# so"io+o*is!
a% a!3ropo+o*is!1 P3.si"a+ "3ara"!eris!i"s of area i-es!i*a!e% i"+u%i* soi+ proper!.#
"+ima!e# +o"a+ a*ri"u+!ura+ ifras!ru"!ure# a% +o"a+ a!ura+ resour"es1 E"oomi"s aspe"!
i"+u%es mar:e! for farm ipu! a% ou!pu!# sour"es of "api!a+# a% !re% of "ommo%i!ies
pri"es1 So"ia+ aspe"! i"+u%es 3ouse3o+%sM "3ara"!eris!i"s# +o"a+ so"ia+ or*ai'a!io# a%
+o"a+ +ea%ers3ip1 T3is paper 5i++ mai+. use %a!a from !3e so"ia+ aspe"! of !3e s!u%.1
Da!a "o++e"!io !e"3iCues for so"ia+ aspe"! i"+u%e# i %ep!3 i!er-ie5# 3ouse3o+% sur-e.#
a% o4ser-a!io1 House3o+% sur-e. i!er-ie5e% (8; respo%e!s# more or +ess >=
3ouse3o+% per a*ari1 To!a+ samp+e "os!i!u!e (B of !o!a+ farmers 3ouse3o+% i i ea"3
a*ari1 T3e samp+e 5as ra%om+. %ra5 from +is! farmersM 3ouse3o+% i ea"3 -i++a*e1
Dis!ri4u!io of 3ouse3o+% per is s3o5 i Ta4+e (1

Ta4+e (1 Dis!ri4u!io of 3ouse3o+% samp+e 4. a*ari
A
ASIA PACIFIC SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APSA) CONFERENCE
TRANSFORMING SOCIETIES: CONTESTATIONS AND CONVERGENCES IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
!ata collection techni7ue
Da!a "o-eri* p3.si"a+# so"ioe"oomi"# a% "u+!ure1 Re+e-a! !o !3is paper# %a!a o farmers
or*ai'a!io# +o"a+ +ea%ers3ip# mar:e! for ipu! a% ou!pu!# as 5e++ as pa!ro/"+ie!
re+a!ios3ip are impor!a! i %ea+i* 5i!3 paper o4De"!i-es1
'he (esu.t and *iscussion
Sa.ient #eature o# study sites
Dua Io!o su4%is!ri"! is !.pi"a++. mou!aious area 5i!3 e+e-a!io ra*es from 9== J ()8=
me!er as+# 53i+e Ti*o Na*ari su4%is!ri"! is +o5 me%ium !o mou!aious area# e+e-a!io
ra*es from 8= J ((== me!er a4o-e sea+ +e-e+ as s3o5 i Ta4+e )1 T3ese areas are
4+esse% 5i!3 a 3i*3 raifa++ si"e !3e. fa"e I%ia O"ea i !3e 5es! !3a! 4ri* rai !o !3e
areas1 T3e E+e-a!io %e!ermies +o"a+ a*ro "+ima!e 53i"3 fur!3er %e!ermie "rops se+e"!io1
T3e -i++a*es are "oe"!e% !o por! a% !o o!3er "i!ies !3rou*3 roa% e!5or:1 T3e. "a 4e
rea"3e% 4e!5ee A/8 3ours from Pa%a*# "api!a+ of !3e pro-i"e a% Te+u: Ea.ur seapor!# a
maDor seapor! i !3e pro-i"e# 5es! "oas! of Suma!ra Is+a%1 Pro6imi!. !o !3e ur4a area a%
sea por! affe"! farmi* pra"!i"e a% "rop se+e"!io1
Farming characteristic
Farmers i !5o su4/%is!ri"!s pra"!i"e mu+!ip+e farmi* s.s!ems# i a sma++ s"a+e !3e. *ro5
ri"e i irri*a!e% +a%# pereia+ "as3 "rops# 3or!i"u+!ures# aima+ 3us4a%r.# a% fis3po%1
A-era*e si'e of +a% si'e for ea"3 farmi* !.pe is prese!e% i Ta4+e >1
Ta4+e >1 La% o""upa!io 4. !.pe of farmi*
T.pe of farm +a% Duo Io!o Ti*o Na*ari
8
Dis!ri"!s Na*ari No of 33
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ASIA PACIFIC SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APSA) CONFERENCE
TRANSFORMING SOCIETIES: CONTESTATIONS AND CONVERGENCES IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
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La%a*
PaDa*
Ma+ampa
3
Pa%%. fie+% (3a) =1(? =1>
=1
9A
=19<
=1<
8
Sma++ 3o+%er p+a!a!io
(3a)
=1A) =19<
=1
;A
=188
=1<
(
Dr. +a% farmi* (3a) =1=( =1=;

/
=1(<
(1A
<
Fis3 po% (m)) 819( >A1<>

/
=1=)
(1)
A
Home *ar%e (m)) >81?A ()19<

/
/
(<1>
?
As s3o5 i Ta4+e ># Duo Io!o Su4/%is!ri"! is +o"a!e% i a arro5 -a++e. area 5i!3 ra!3er
s!eep s+ope1 T3is *i-es sma++ +a% for a*ri"u+!ure# Ti*o Na*ari o !3e o!3er 3a% is +o"a!e%
o !3e foo! of Pasama Mou!ai# i! 3as a +ar*er area sui!a4+e for farmi*1 As su"3# farm
+a% o""upa!io i Ti*o Na*ari is +ar*er !3a Duo Io!o1 Eu! a++ i a++# a-era*e +a%
o""upa!io is +ess !3a ) 3a# !3ese are !.pi"a++. sma++ 3o+%er1 Gi-e !3a! +a% o""upa".#
farmers *ro5 ri"e for !3eir s!ap+e# some pereia+ "as3 "rop a% sma++ s"a+e aima+
3us4a%r.# as s3o5 i Ta4+e A1
9
ASIA PACIFIC SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APSA) CONFERENCE
TRANSFORMING SOCIETIES: CONTESTATIONS AND CONVERGENCES IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
Ta4+e A1 Num4er of farmer 4. a*ri"u+!ure "ommo%i!ies !3e. pro%u"e i !3e !5o su4/%is!ri"!s
A*ri"u+!ura+
"ommo%i!.
Duo Io!o Ti*o Na*ari
Simpa*
Toa*
(N O >()
Cu4a%a:
(N O >=)
EiDai
(NO>A)
La%a*
PaDa*
(NO>8)
Ma+ampa3
(NO);)
Annual crops B B B B B
Ri"e
>
(
(==1== ); ;919< )9 <91A< )? ?=1== )> <;1>(
Mai'e ) 91A8 = =1== ( )1;A ? ))1?9 = =1==
Grou% u! > ;19? = =1== =1== = =1== = =1==
,p+a% ri"e = =1== > (=1== =1== = =1== = =1==
Perennial crops
Ru44er
(
A
A81(9 )> <919< ( )1;A ) 81<( ) 91;=
Ca"ao < ))18? (= >>1>> =1== = =1== = =1==
Coffee > ;19? ( >1>> =1== = =1== = =1==
Ciamo A ()1;= = =1== =1== = =1== = =1==
Eea!+e u! ) 91A8 ( >1>> =1== = =1== = =1==
Car%amom ) 91A8 ( >1>> =1== = =1== = =1==
Oi+ Pa+m ( >1)> = =1== )A <=18; (> ><1(A (A A?1)?
Vegetables ( )1;A = =1== ( >1A8
C3i+i < ))18? ? )919< =1== = =1== = =1==
E** p+a! = =1== ( >1>> =1== = =1== = =1==
Peas ) 91A8 ( >1>> =1== = =1== = =1==
Animal/husband
ry

Ca!!+e ) 91A8 ( >1>> 9 (<198 > ?18< 9 )=19;
Euffa+o = =1== = = A ((1<9 A ((1A> > (=1>A
Goa! ( >1)> ) 919< ( )1;A ) 81<( ( >1A8
C3i":e
(
9
8(19( ? )919< ) 81?? ) 81<( > (=1>A
Du": 9 (;1>8 = =1== ( )1;A = =1== ( >1A8
Fres3 5a!er fis3 > ;19? ( >1>> = =1== = =1== = =1==
T3e a4o-e Ta4+e s3o5s !3a! farmers are e*a*i* i mar:e! e"oom. 4. pro%u"i*
pereia+ "as3 "rops# su"3 as2 ru44er# "a"ao# "offee# "iamo# a% oi+ pa+m %epe%i* i
!3eir a*ro "+ima!e1 Ri"e is s!i++ mai aua+ "rops *ro5 4. farmers for !3eir s!ap+e1
Ho5e-er# 53e i-es!i*a!e i more %e!ai+ 3o5 !3e farmers *e! !3eir farm ipu!s a% 53ere
!3e. se++ !3eir pro%u"!# i! s3o5 !3a! +o"a+ !ra%er 53o a+so 3appee% !o 4e moe. +e%er is
mai par!er1 T3is "a 4e see from 3o5 !3e farmer pur"3ase farm ipu! su"3 as see%#
"3emi"a+ fer!i+i'er# a% pes!i"i%e1 T3is ref+e"! 5ea: farmer *roup a% farmer "oopera!i-es1
Farmer Group
A*ri"u+!ure se"!or p+a.s impor!a! ro+e i emp+o.me! amo* ASEAN "ou!ries1 Ta4+e 8
i++us!ra!es a*ri"u+!ura+ emp+o.me! from some ASEAN "ou!ries1 T3ese %a!a 5ere !a:e
from a!ioa+ s!a!is!i"s of ea"3 "ou!r.1 Per"e!a*e of +a4or emp+o.me! i a*ri"u+!ura+
<
ASIA PACIFIC SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APSA) CONFERENCE
TRANSFORMING SOCIETIES: CONTESTATIONS AND CONVERGENCES IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
se"!or for M.amar# Laos# Cam4o%ia are pre%i"!e% !o 4e 3i*3er si"e !3ese "ou!ries s!i++
re+. o a*ri"u+!ure simi+ar !o Vie!am1
Ta4+e 81 Emp+o.me! 4. a*ri"u+!ure se"!or amo* some ASEAN "ou!ries
Cou!r. Emp+o.me! se"!or B
EMPLO&MENT
P3i+ippies () Farmers# fores!r. 5or:ers a% fis3erma (>1==
Vie!am )) A*ri"u+!ure# fores!r.# a% fis3er. A81==
T3ai+a% >) A*ri"u+!ure# fores!r.# a% fis3er. >81(8
I%oesia A) A*ri"u+!ure >?1(=
Source8
() P3i+ippies Na!ioa+ S!a!is!i" offi"e )=()
)) Geera+ S!a!is!i"s of Vie!am# Rura+# A*ri"u+!ura+ a% Fis3er. Cesus )=((
>) T3ai+a% Na!ioa+ S!a!is!i" Offi"e: Summar. of !3e +a4or for"e sur-e. i T3ai+a% : Mar"3 )=(>
(3!!p:PP5e41so1*o1!3P)
A) I%oesia I-es!me!s (3!!p:PP5551i%oesia/i-es!me!s1"omPfia"ePma"roe"oomi"/
i%i"a!orsPuemp+o.me!Pi!em)88)
Ta4+e 8 a+so re-ea+s a 3i*3 propor!io of sma++ s"a+e farmers i !3e re*io1 T3ese are !3e
farmers 5i!3 "u+!i-a!io +a% 4e+o5 ) 3a per 3ouse3o+%1 A!!emp!s 3a-e 4ee ma%e 4.
*o-erme! of ea"3 "ou!r. !o s!re*!3e sma++ farmers1
Rea+i'i* si*ifi"a! or maDori!. of farmers i I%oesia is sma++ 3o+%er# *o-erme! 3as
4ee !r.i* !o %e-e+op farmer *roup1 Nur.a!i a% S5as!i:a ()=(() repor! !3a! i I%oesia#
La farmer *roup 5as %efie% as a *roup of farmers iforma++. "oso+i%a!e !3emse+-es 4ase%
o !3eir "ommo *oa+ i farmi* a"!i-i!ies1 Ii!ia+ spiri! of es!a4+is3i* a farmersM *roup is !o
s!re*!3e farmersM 4ar*aii* posi!io# espe"ia++. i !erms of "o++e"!i-e pur"3asi* of farms
ipu!s a% se++i* !3eir a*ri"u+!ura+ pro%u"!s effi"ie!+.1 I%oesia 3as a +o* e6perie"e i
forma!io of farmerMs *roup si"e Mass I!esifi"a!io (EIMAS) a% spe"ia+ i!esifi"a!io
(INS,S) 5ere +au"3e% i (;<=s/(;?=s1 Curre!+.# mos! of farmers *roups i I%oesia are
o! forme% 4. farmers !3emse+-es# 4u! !3e. are mos!+. forme% as a respose !o !3e
*o-erme! pro*ram !3a! reCuires farmers !o 4e"ome mem4ers of a farmersM *roup1 Mos! of
*o-erme! suppor! for farmers# su"3 as %is!ri4u!io of su4si%i'e% fer!i+i'er# a*ri"u+!ura+
e6!esio# su4si%i'e% farms "re%i!s a% o!3er pro*rams are %is!ri4u!e% !o farmers *roup or
farmersM *roup fe%era!io1 I!ro%u"!io a% promo!io of a e5 !e"3o+o*. are a+so %e+i-ere%
!3rou*3 farmersM *roupM (p1 ((8)1 A! !3e 4e*ii* of )(s!# um4er of farmer *roup i
I%oesia rea"3e% )8A#??) 53i"3 is "+assifie% i!o 8 (fi-e) "+ass# i1e12 4e*ier# ear+.
a%-a"e# a%-a"e# ma!ure# a% 5i!3ou! "+ass1 T3eir "omposi!io are2 4e*ier ;?#?A;
*roups# ear+. a%-a"e ?;#>)9 *roups2 a%-a"e A9#??) *roups# ma!ure (>1A)( *roups# a%
o "+ass 9#>AA *roups1 Ho5e-er !3e e6!e! !o 53i"3 !3ese *roups fu+fi++ i!s ma%a!e is
su4De"! !o Cues!io1
T3e i!e!io !o s"a+e up farmer *roup fa"i* mar:e! e"oom.# a effor! is 4ei* ma%e !o
"rea!e fe%era!io of farmer *roup 4. 53i"3 a""essi* of farm ipu! a% mar:e! for !3e
pro%u"!s more feasi4+e1 Ho5e-er# repor! s3o5 !3a! L!3e um4er of farmer *roups is
impor!a!# !3ere are o! so ma. s!ru"!ure% or*ai'a!ios 5i!3 a"!i-e mem4ers !3a! are
fu"!ioi* re*u+ar+.M (Eour*eois# Ro4i2 7esus# Fra":2 Roes"3# Mar"2 Soeprap!o# Nea2
Re**aa# A%i2 Gou.o# Ae )==>)1
?
ASIA PACIFIC SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APSA) CONFERENCE
TRANSFORMING SOCIETIES: CONTESTATIONS AND CONVERGENCES IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
Assessme! 5as ma%e amo* sma++ s"a+e farmer i Pasama %is!ri"!1 T3e s!u%. assesse%
i1e12 Lo"a+ Lea%ers3ip# farmer or*ai'a!io# fu"!io of farmer *roups# um4er of *roup
mem4er# .ear of farmer *roup# pa!ro "+ie! re+a!ios3ip# a% ser-i"e re%ere% 4. pa!ro1
Lo"a+ +ea%ers3ip 5as assesses 4ase% o farmer :o5+e%*e o !3e e6is!e"e of +o"a+
+ea%ers3ip1 T3e respose 5as !3e "a!e*ori'e% i!o !3ree "a!e*ories# i1e2 () respo%e!
"ou+% o! i%e!if. +ea%ers3ip fi*ure# )) respo%e! "ou+% i%e!if. a *eera+ +ea%ers3ip fi*ure#
a% >) respo%e! "ou+% i%e!if. +ea%ers3ip fi*ure i a*ri"u+!ure1 As s3o5 i Ta4+e <#
farmer "ou+% i%e!if. +o"a+ +ea%ers3ip a% *eera+ +ea%ers3ip su"3 as 3ea% of -i++a*e# 4u! fe5
of !3em "ou+% i%e!if. +ea%ers3ip i a*ri"u+!ura+ a"!i-i!.1 T3is s3o5 !3a! +o"a+ +ea%ers3ip i
a*ri"u+!ura+ is 5ea: or a4se!1
$i!3 re*ar%s !o farmer or*ai'a!io# !3eir resposes 5ere "a!e*ori'e% i!o A "a!e*ories2 ()
farmers %o o! :o5 !3e farmer or*ai'a!io# )) !3ere is o farmer or*ai'a!io# >) !3ere is
o+. !ra%i!ioa+ farmer or*ai'a!io# A) !3ere is forma+ farmer or*ai'a!io1 T3e resu+! s3o5
!3a! farmers i Duo Io!o su4 %is!ri"! :o5 4e!!er farmer *roup 53i+e farmers i Ti*o Na*ari
a%mi! !3a! !3e. %o o! :o5 a4ou! farmer or*ai'a!io or !3e *roup %o o! e6is! a! a++1
$3e !3e fo++o5 up iCuir. 5as ma%e a4ou! !3e fu"!io of farmer *roup# !3e resposes
5ere "a!e*ori'e% i!o2 () %o o! :o5# )) !3e *roup is i a"!i-e# >) !3e *roup fu"!io o+. i
!ime !3ere is *o-erme! su4si%ies# A) !3e *roup fu"!io 5e++ i so+-i* farmers pro4+em1
T3e resu+! s3o5 !3a! i -i++a*e 53ere farmer *roup e6is!# !3e e6is!e"e is o+. fe+! %uri*
%is!ri4u!io of *o-erme! su4si%.# su"3 as ri"e see%# see% of pereia+ "rops a% fer!i+i'er1
If !3ese sma++ farmers %o o! Doi !3e farmer *roup !3e fo++o5i* Cues!io 5ou+% 4e 53ere
a% 3o5 !3e. i-o+-e% i mar:er e"oom. su"3 as pur"3asi* farm ipu!# o4!aii* farm
"re%i!# a% mar:e!i* farm pro%u"!s1 T3eir a+!era!i-e is e*a*i* i a pa!ro/"+ie!
re+a!ios3ip1 Ta4+e 9 i++us!ra!e 3o5 farmer o4!ai farm ipu!s for mai'e# oe of mar:e!
orie!e% "rop1 Farmers o4!ai farm ipu! 4. "re%i! from !3eir pa!ro1 T3e pa!ro is +o"a+
!ra%er 53ere !3e. mos!+. pro-i%e ser-i"es su"3 farm ipu! a% mar:e!i* of !3e farm
pro%u"!s1 T3e *eera+ %efii!io of pa!ro/"+ie! re+a!ios3ip a""or%i* !o Ha++ ((;<A) is L a
re+a!ios3ip 4e!5ee i%i-i%ua+ pa!ro a% 3is "+ie! 53i"3 4ias a*ais! !3e +a!er 53o is# 4.
%efii!io# e"oomi"a++. a% po+i!i"a++. far 5ea:er# a+!3ou*3 !3e pa!ro ma. 4e %epe%e! o
!3e "o++e"!i-e suppor! of 3is -arious "+ie!s i "ri!i"a+ si!ua!io su"3 as i promo!i* e+e"!ora+
frau% or i %ispu!es 5i!3 ei*34ori* +a% o5ersM (p1 1)1 Ra3ma a% $a3i% ((;;)) fou%
!3a! !3e e6p+oi!a!i-e pa!ro/"+ie! re+a!ios3ip "a 4e !rasform as "ase of Gramee Ea: i
Ea*+a%es31 Gi-e su"3 si!ua!io 3o5 5ou+% !3e. 4e 4eefi!!e% from ASEAN E"oomi"
Commui!.N
Ta4+e 91 Pa.me! for mai'e e6!era+ farm ipu!s i Ma+ampa3 Vi++a*e
Mai'e farmi* is a %omia! "rop 4. -i++a*e
i Ma+ampa3 -i++a*e1 As s3o5 i Ta4+e 9#
mos! of farmers o4!ai !3eir e6!era+ ipu!s
4. "re%i! from +o"a+ !ra%er 53o 3appee% !o
4e moe. +e%er (tau.e)# farmers 3a-e !o
pa. i :i% %uri* 3ar-es!1
;
E6!era+
ipu!s
Form of pa.me!
To!a+ Cas3 Cre%i!
See% 8 ; (A
Fer!i+i'er 8 (= (8
Pes!i"i%e A ; (>
ASIA PACIFIC SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APSA) CONFERENCE
TRANSFORMING SOCIETIES: CONTESTATIONS AND CONVERGENCES IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
Ta4+e <1 So"io"u+!ura+ aspe"! of farmers i Duo Io!o a% Ti*o Na*ari su4/%is!ri"!s# Pasama Dis!ri"! )=(>
So"io"u+!ura+
aspe"!
I%i"a!or
Toa* Ra.a
(O>()
Cu4a%a:
(NO>=)
La%a* PaDa*
(NO>8)
EiDai
(NO>A)
Ma+ampa3
(NO);)
To!a+
FreC1 B FreC1 B FreC1 B FreC
1
B FreC1 B FreC
1
B
Lo"a+ Lea%ers3ip Respo%e! "ou+% o! i%e!if.
+ea%ers3ip fi*ure
> ;19? 9 )=1== )) 9)1?9 ) 81?? )( <)1A( 8A >>1;
9
Respo%e! "ou+% i%e!if. a
*eera+ +ea%ers3ip fi*ure
(( >81A? () A=1== (> ><1(A ); ?81)
;
< )A1(A <) A81)
?
Respo%e! "ou+% i%e!if.
+ea%ers3ip fi*ure i a*ri"u+!ure
(< 8A1?A () A=1== = =1== > ?1?) ( >1A8 >> )=1<
8
Farmer
or*ai'a!io
Do o! :o5 ( >1)> A (>1>> =1== =1== =1== 8 >1(A
No FO A ()1;= ? )919< )= 8<1(A (> >?1)
A
)8 ?91)( <= AA1=
>
O+. !ra%i!ioa+ FO = =1== > (=1== =1== =1== =1== > (1?;
Forma+ FO )9 ?>1?< (8 8=1== =1== =1== =1== A( )81<
;
Fu"!io of farmer
*roups
Do o! :o5 9 (;1>8 (8 8=1== )= 8<1(A =1== )( <)1A( 9) >?1;
;
T3e *roup is %.sfu"!io > ;19? > (=1== () >A1); ? )>18
>
= =1== )9 (91>
8
T3e *roup fu"!io o+. of a.
*o-erme! su4si%.
)= 9A18) (= >>1>> =1== =1== = =1== >= (?1?
<
T3e farmer *roup 5e++ fu"!io
i so+-i* farmer pro4+em
) 91A8 ) 919< > ?18< (> >?1)
A
A (>1<; )A (81=
;
Num4er of *roup
mem4er
Do o! :o5 (> A(1;A )= 9919< )= 8<1(A (9 A<1=
9
)( <)1A( ;= 8919
=
Fe5 farmer 4e"ome a mem4er > ;19? ) 919< () >A1); (9 A<1=
9
9 )=19; >; )A18
>
Ha+f farmer 4e"ome mem4er (8 A?1>; < )>1>> = =1== = =1== ( >1A8 )> (A1A
<
A+mos! a++ farmer 4e"ome
mem4er
= =1== ( >1>> ( )1?9 ) 81?? ( >1A8 8 >1(A
Pa!ro "+ie!
re+a!ios3ip
E*a*e i a pa!ro "+ie!
re+a!ios3ip
> ;19? 9 )=1== (( >(1A> )= 8?1?
)
; >(1=> A; >=1?
)
(=
ASIA PACIFIC SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APSA) CONFERENCE
TRANSFORMING SOCIETIES: CONTESTATIONS AND CONVERGENCES IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
So"io"u+!ura+
aspe"!
I%i"a!or
Toa* Ra.a
(O>()
Cu4a%a:
(NO>=)
La%a* PaDa*
(NO>8)
EiDai
(NO>A)
Ma+ampa3
(NO);)
To!a+
Ser-i"e re%ere%
4. pa!ro
Farm ipu!# mar:e!i*# a% o!3er
ee%s
= =1== > (=1== ) 81<( ( )1;A > (=1>A ; 8199
Ipu! a% mar:e!i* ( >1)> = =1== 8 (A1); (< 8=1=
=
9 )=19; ); (?1)
A
Ipu! o+. or mar:e!i* o+. ) 91A8 > (=1== A ((1A> ) 81?? ( >1A8 () <188
((
ASIA PACIFIC SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APSA) CONFERENCE
TRANSFORMING SOCIETIES: CONTESTATIONS AND CONVERGENCES IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
ASEAN Economic Community (AEC)
Si"e !3e es!a4+is3me! of a Asso"ia!io for Re*ioa+ Coopera!io amo* !3e Cou!ries of
Sou!3eas! Asia# :o5 as !3e Asso"ia!io of Sou!3eas! Asia Na!ios (ASEAN) i (;9<# !3e
ASEAN 3as ma%e mu"3 pro*ress i se-era+ areas of "oopera!io i"+u%i* re*ioa+ se"uri!.#
re*ioa+ e"oom.# a% so"io"u+!ura+ aspe"!1 A+o* 5i!3 %e-e+opme! of um4er of mem4er
"ou!ries from o+. 8 "ou!ries i !3e 4e*ii*# i! %ou4+e% i (;;< a% 4. !3is !ime !3e
mem4er "ou!ries are (=# i1e Eruei Darussa+am# Cam4o%ia# I%oesia# Lao PDR# Ma+a.sia#
M.amar# P3i+ippies# T3ai+a%# Si*apore# a% Vie!am1 Re*ioa+ e"oomi" "oopera!io
"o!iues !o *ro5# i (;;) ASEAN %e"+are% as a free !ra%e area u%er um4re++a of AFTA 4.
freei* !ra%e amo* ASEAN "ou!ries# !3e mem4ers "ou!ries a*ree% !o remo-e !ra%e
4arriers su"3 as !ariff1 Remo-i* !ariff fou% ou! o! au!oma!i"a++. 4oos! !ra%e 5i!3i ASEAN#
o/!ariff 4arrier s!i++ e6is!1 I a%%i!io# !3ere are ma. more po!e!ia+s for e"oomi"
"oopera!io amo* mem4er "ou!ries1
Duri* !3e o""asio of !3e A=!3 Ai-ersar. of ASEAN a% !3e (>!3 ASEAN Summi! i
Si*apore i )==<# !3e ASEAN mem4er s!a!es a*ree o T3e ASEAN E"oomi" Commui!.
E+uepri!1 T3e 4+uepri! 5as prepare% a% aims !o Fa"3ie-e 3i*3er +e-e+s of e"oomi"
%.amism# sus!aie% prosperi!.# i"+usi-e *ro5!3 a% i!e*ra!e% %e-e+opme! of ASEANG1
ASEAN E"oomi" Commui!. s3a++ 4e imp+eme!e% 4. )=(81 I! is oe .ear !o *oQ T3e AEC
E+uepri! 5i++ !rasform ASEAN i!o a si*+e mar:e! a% pro%u"!io 4ase# a 3i*3+.
"ompe!i!i-e e"oomi" re*io# a re*io of eCui!a4+e e"oomi" %e-e+opme!# a% a re*io fu++.
i!e*ra!e% i!o !3e *+o4a+ e"oom.1 T3is is a "ompre3esi-e e"oomi" %e-e+opme! 4+ue
pri!1 For more iforma!io a4ou! AEC E+ue pri! p+ease refers !o
3!!p:PP5551asea1or*P"ommui!iesPasea/e"oomi"/"ommui!.
$i!3 re*ar%s !o a*ri"u+!ure a% farmer or*ai'a!io# as si*+e mar:e! a% pro%u"!io 4ase
AEC E+ue pri! s3a++ "omprise fi-e "ore e+eme!s: (i) free f+o5 of *oo%s2 (ii) free f+o5 of
ser-i"es2 (iii) free f+o5 of i-es!me!2 (i-) freer f+o5 of "api!a+2 a% (-) free f+o5 of s:i++e%
+a4or1 AEC 4+ue pri! a+so %e!ermies Priori!. I!e*ra!io Se"!ors# oe !3e priori!. se"!or is
a*ri"u+!ure1 I a%%i!io# "oopera!io u%er Food" Agricu.ture and Forestry (FAF) aims a!2
() e3a"i* i!ra/ a% e6!ra/ASEAN !ra%e a% +o*/!erm "ompe!i!i-eess of ASEANMs foo%#
a*ri"u+!ure a% fores!r. pro%u"!sP "ommo%i!ies2 )) Promo!e "oopera!io# Doi! approa"3es
a% !e"3o+o*. !rasfer amo* ASEAN Mem4er Cou!ries a% i!era!ioa+# re*ioa+
or*ai'a!ios a% pri-a!e se"!or2 >) Promo!e ASEAN a*ri"u+!ura+ "oopera!i-es as a meas !o
empo5er a% e3a"e mar:e! a""ess of a*ri"u+!ura+ pro%u"!s# !o 4ui+% a e!5or:
me"3aism +i:i* a*ri"u+!ura+ "oopera!i-es# a% !o fu+fi+ !3e purpose of a*ri"u+!ura+
"oopera!i-es for !3e 4eefi! of farmers i !3e re*io2
A"!ios !o 4e !a:e !o promo!e ASEAN a*ri"u+!ura+ "oopera!i-es i"+u%e2 i1 S!re*!3e
s!ra!e*i" a++ia"e 4e!5ee a*ri"u+!ura+ "oopera!i-es i ASEAN !3rou*3 4i+a!era+# re*ioa+ a%
mu+!i+a!era+ "oopera!io2 ii1 Es!a4+is3 4usiess +i:a*es amo* !3e po!e!ia+ a*ri"u+!ura+
"oopera!i-es 5i!3i ASEAN2 a% iii1 Promo!e %ire"! i-es!me! a% s!ra!e*i" par!ers3ip 5i!3
ASEAN a*ri"u+!ura+ "oopera!i-es pro%u"ers# "osumers# a% !ra%ers1
A*ri"u+!ura+ "oopera!i-e is !a:e i!o a""ou! 4. AEC E+ue Pri! mos! pro4a4+. 4e"ause
sma++ s"a+e a!ure of farm e!erprise amo* ASEAN mem4ers1 Gi-e sma++ s"a+e farm
pro%u"ers ma%e i! %iffi"u+! !o e!er *+o4a+ mar:e! u+ess !3e. are ui!e% u%er farmer
()
ASIA PACIFIC SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APSA) CONFERENCE
TRANSFORMING SOCIETIES: CONTESTATIONS AND CONVERGENCES IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
"oopera!i-e or surre%er !o +ar*e mer"3a! 53o "oor%ia!e !3e mar:e!1 Surre%er !o +ar*er
mer"3a! for farm ipu!# 5or:i* "api!a+# a% mar:e! fou% !o %isa%-a!a*e of sma++ farmers
as !3e farmers 3a-e !o 4ear 3i*3 !rasa"!io "os!1 Farmer "oopera!i-e o !3e o!3er 3a%
reCuires a s!ro* farmer or*ai'a!io1 Gi-e a4o-e rea+i!. of farmer or*ai'a!io a! fie+%
+e-e+# i! ee%s s!ro* effor! !o s!re*!3e farmers or*ai'a!io a% !o +i: !3em 5i!3 farmer
"oopera!i-e i "ou!ries of ASEAN mem4ers1
Asian /u!.ic &nte..ectua.s (A/&) Community
Asia Pu4+i" I!e++e"!ua+s (API) is a pro*ram %e-e+ope% 4. T3e Nippo Fou%a!io !o
es!a4+is3 a poo+ of i!e++e"!ua+s1 Pu4+i" I!e++e"!ua+s are %efie% as !3ose "ommi!!e% !o
5or:i* for !3e 4e!!erme! of so"ie!. 4. app+.i* !3eir professioa+2 :o5+e%*e# 5is%om# a%
e6perie"e
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1 T3e ra!ioa+e of !3is pro*ram is !o mee! !3e "3a++e*e of )(
s!
"e!ur. 53ere
Asia 5ou+% fa"e po+i!i"a+# e"oomi"# a% so"ia+ "3a++e*es !3a! !ras"e% a!ioa+
4ou%aries1 I! 5as "o"ei-e% !3a! L!o mee! !3ese "3a++e*es# !3e re*io ee%s a e5 poo+ of
i!e++e"!ua+s 53o are 5i++i* !o 4e a"!i-e i !3e pu4+i" sp3ere a% "a ar!i"u+a!e "ommo
"o"ers a% propose "rea!i-e so+u!iosM
A
1 API Fe++o5s3ips Pro*ram 5as +au"3e% o 7u+.
?# .ear )=== i Ma+a.sia# i "oopera!io 5i!3 maDor a"a%emi" is!i!u!ios i I%oesia#
7apa# Ma+a.sia# !3e P3i+ippies# a% T3ai+a%# !o pro-i%e pu4+i" i!e++e"!ua+s i !3e re*io
oppor!ui!ies for professioa+ a"!i-i!ies a% e6"3a*es !o5ar% a 4e!!er fu!ure for Asia1 I
re"e! .ears# API 3as e6pa%e% !o !3e "ou!ries of Cam4o%ia# Laos# M.amar a% Vie!am
(CLMV)1 As of o5# >>? fe++o5s 3a-e fiis3e% !3eir fe++o5s3ip a% Doi API poo+ of
i!e++e"!ua+s1 From !3e profi+e of >>? API fe++o5# !3eir area of *eo*rap3i"a+ %is!ri4u!io is
s3o5 i Ta4+e ?1
E. professio# API fe++o5 "osis!s of ar!is!# Doura+is!#
a"a%emi"ia# a% NGO a"!i-is!s1 T3e. 5ere se+e"!e%
usi* ope re"rui!me! i ea"3 "ou!r.1 T3e se+e"!io
pro"ess Cui! !au*3!# ea"3 app+i"a! se% a proposa+ 5i!3
"omp+e!e CV1 T3e. 5e! !3rou*3 !5o s!a*es of
se+e"!io# a%miis!ra!i-e se+e"!io a% i!er-ie51
A%miis!ra!i-e se+e"!io resu+!e% more or +ess (= J (8
per"e! of !3e app+i"a! se+e"!e%1 T3e. !3e are
i!er-ie5e% 4. a i!era!ioa+ pae+ of se+e"!io
"ommi!!ee# o+. 3a+f of !3em pass a% !3e !3ese fe++o5
*o !3rou*3 fe++o5s3ip pro*ram 53ere ea"3 fe++o5 "a
3a-e a"!i-i!ies i "ou!r. o!3er !3a !3eir o5 for
%ura!io ma6ima++. ( .ear 5i!3 premium suppor! from
T3e Nippo Fou%a!io1 E*+is3 is oe of mai se+e"!io !oo+# i!er-ie5 5as ma%e i E*+is3
a++ "ommui"a!io a% repor!i* are ma%e i E*+is31 Ea"3 fe++o5 "a 3a-e a"!i-i!. i four
o!3er "ou!ries ou! of fi-e "ou!ries1 E. 3a-i* a fe++o5s3ip a4roa%# API e6perie"e +i-i* i
o!3er "ou!ries a% 4e sesi!i-e !o re*ioa+ issue fou% i o!3er "ou!ries a% "ompare% i! !o
!3e same i o5 "ou!r.1 Af!er fiis3i* !3eir fe++o5s3ip# !3e fe++o5s e!er poo+ of Asia
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To!a+ >>? (==1=
ASIA PACIFIC SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APSA) CONFERENCE
TRANSFORMING SOCIETIES: CONTESTATIONS AND CONVERGENCES IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
Pu4+i" I!e++e"!ua+s (API) as API "ommui!.1 T3eir mai %u!. is !o 4e sesi!i-e a%
resposi-e !o re*ioa+ issue1
T3e API fe++o5s eCua++. resi%e i fi-e "ou!ries2 I%oesia# 7apa# Ma+a.sia# P3i+ippies# a%
T3ai+a%1 T3e four +a!e "omers are Cam4o%ia# Laos# M.amar# a% Vie!am1 T3is is a 4i*
poo+ of i!e++e"!ua+ "o"ers a4ou! maDor issues affe"!i* !3e re*io i"+u%i* !3e "rea!io of
AEC (ASEAN E"oomi" Commui!.)1 T3e. are a+so suppose% !o 4e sesi!i-e !o sma++
farmers fa"i* re*ioa+ism1
Spe"ifi" !o rura+ a*ri"u+!ure a% farmer or*ai'a!io# !3ere is eou*3 i!eres! from API
mem4ers1 7u%*i* from !3eir API proDe"! !i!+e# !3e 5or: of API fe++o5 re+e-a! !o !3e AEC a%
farmer or*ai'a!io s!re*!3ei* is prese!e% i Ta4+e ;1 T3ese fe++o5s a+so s"a!!ere% i a++
"ou!ries of ASEAN mem4er1
API fe++o5s are i!eres!e% i s!u%.i* farmer ri*3!# rura+ %e-e+opme!# a""ess !o +a%# free
!ra%e# !e"3o+o*i"a+ impa"! o farmers# a*raria +i-e+i3oo%# ur4a a*ri"u+!ure# 5ome i
fis3er.# se"uri!. of peop+e +i-i* ear fores!# farmer +ea%ers3ip# rura+ %e-e+opme! a%
a*raria po+i!i"s# %e/a*rariai'a!io# 5ome 5or:ers i p+a!a!io# "o!ra"! farmi*# +a%
*ra44i*1 T3ere are ma. more !opi"s of i!eres! re+a!e% !o re*ioa+ism a% peasa!r.
amo* API fe++o5s1
Ta4+e ;1 $or: of API fe++o5 re+e-a! !o peasa!r. a% *+o4a+ e"oom. i Sou!3eas! Asia1
&EA
R
Cou!r. API proDe"! !i!+e
)==> Ma+a.sia FarmersM Ri*3!s !o See%s i I%oesia# !3e P3i+ippies a% T3ai+a%
)==> I%oesia A S!u%. of Rura+ De-e+opme! i T5o Asia Cou!ries: A Ee"3mar:i*
Pro"ess for Ees! Pra"!i"es
)==A I%oesia To5ar%s Su""essfu+ A""ess !o La%N A Case S!u%. of Su""ess a% Fai+ure of
La% Reform i !3e P3i+ippies a% I%oesia
)==A I%oesia Free Tra%e i Asia A*ri"u+!ure: A E"oomi" Perspe"!i-e of T3ai+a%
)==A T3ai+a% Gee Re-o+u!io a% i!s Impa"!s o Farmers: A Compara!i-e S!u%. 4e!5ee
I%oesia a% !3e P3i+ippies
)==9 T3ai+a% Trasforma!ios i A*raria Li-e+i3oo% a% !3e Sus!aia4+e A*ri"u+!ure
Mo-eme! u%er G+o4a+i'a!io
)==? I%oesia ,r4a A*ri"u+!ure i a De-e+opi* Cou!r.: T3e E6perie"e of !3e P3i+ippiesR
,r4a A*ri"u+!ure Pro*rams
)==? P3i+ippies $ome i !3e Fis3er. Se"!or i Asia
)==; I%oesia So"io/e"oomi" Se"uri!. for Poor Peop+e Li-i* arou% !3e Fores! Area
)==; 7apa T3e Ro+e of NGOs a% Farmer Lea%ers3ip i Esuri* Foo% Se"uri!. i Rura+
Suma!ra
)=(= I%oesia Rura+ De-e+opme!# A*raria Po+i!i"s a% Rura+ So"ia+ Mo-eme!
)=(= 7apa De-e+opme! of Ma+a. Ri"e Gro5i* Vi++a*es u%er De/A*rariai'a!io
)=() Ma+a.sia $ome P+a!a!io $or:ers Or*ai'i* i Sou!3eas! Asia: A S!u%. of $ome
i P+a!a!io ,ios
)=(> Laos Co!ra"! Farmi*: $3a! Lao PDR Cou+% Lear from T3ai+a%Rs E6perie"es
)=() T3ai+a% I-es!i*a!i* !3e Pro4+em of La% Gra44i* 4. Mu+!ia!ioa+ Compaies i
A"e3: Impa"! o Huma Ri*3!s a% Lo"a+ Tra%i!ios
(A
ASIA PACIFIC SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APSA) CONFERENCE
TRANSFORMING SOCIETIES: CONTESTATIONS AND CONVERGENCES IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
*iscussion
T3is is pre+imiar. aa+.sis o +i:a*es amo* AEC# farmer *roup# a% Asia Pu4+i"
I!e++e"!ua+s (API) Pro*ram1 AEC is a e5 e"oomi" oppor!ui!. for sma++ farmers i ASEAN
"ou!ries 4. 3a-i* "oor%ia!e% pro%u"!io a% mar:e!i* !o 4oos! e!r. !o *+o4a+ mar:e!
a% re*ioa+ oe1 Coor%ia!io meas i!e*ra!e% maa*eme! o a*ri"u+!ura+ pro%u"!io
a% a*roi%us!r. amo* sma++ peasa!r. i !3e re*io1 Farmers i !3e re*io are ui!e% i!o
"o++a4ora!i-e a*ri4usiess ra!3er !3a "ompe!i!i-e 5i!3i ASEAN mem4ers1 Coor%ia!io o
a*roi%us!r. meas pro"essi* of fia+ pro%u"! is "arrie% ou! i ASEAN "ou!ries ra!3er !3a
i forei* "ou!ries1 Ru44er a% oi+ pa+m are !5o maDor pro%u"!s pro%u"e% 4. mai+. i
ASEAN "ou!ries for *+o4a+ mar:e!1 I !3e pas!# ea"3 "ou!r. pro%u"es# pro"ess# a%
mar:e!s !3e pro%u"! 4. 3erse+f a% !3e. "ompe!e ea"3 o!3er1 ,%er AEC# !3e. 5ou+% 3a-e
4ee poo+ as pro%u"!io ui!1
T3e pro4+em is# i i!s "urre! "3ara"!eris!i"s# i! is %iffi"u+! 4. sma++ farmers !o 4eefi! from
ASEAN e"oomi" "ommui!.1 AEC reCuires farmer "oopera!i-e as a "ase i Pasama
Dis!ri"!# $es! Suma!ra# I%oesia farmers are .e! !o 4e ui!e% u%er a s!ro* *roup1
Lea%ers3ip is a4se! a% farmer or*ai'a!io is 5ea:1 T3e. re+. o +o"a+ moe. +e%er for
!3eir farmi* a"!i-i!ies i a e6p+oi!a!i-e pa!ro/"+ie! re+a!ios3ip1 T3ere is ee% for
me%ia!io amo* sma++ 3o+%ers i Sou!3eas! Asia1
API "ommui!. ma. !a:e !3e ro+e !o me%ia!e sma++ s"a+e farmers i !3e re*io1 API fe++o5s
resi%e a% 5or: i a++ ASEAN "ou!ries a% ma. of !3em are i!eres!e% i rura+ peasa!r.1
If API "ommui!. maa*es !3is issue# !3eir e6is!e"e 5ou+% 4e fe+! s!ro*er 4. pu4+i" a!
+ar*e1
Conc.usion
A+!3ou*3 sma++ farmers "os!i!u!e 4i* um4er of farmers# !3e. are o! .e! i a so+i% *roup1
T3is "o%i!io ee%s spe"ia+ a!!e!io espe"ia++. 53e a!!emp! are 4ei* ma%e !o impro-e
!3eir 5e+fare1 Farmers *roup is s!i++ -o+a!i+e# !3e *roup forma++. "rea!e% 4. *o-erme! for !3e
purpose of *o-erme! su4si%. pro*ram1 T3e *roup is .e! as a ui! !o 3e+p farmers !o 3e+p
!3emse+-es1
T3e "rea!io of ASEAN e"oomi" "ommui!. %oes "osi%er !3e "ir"ums!a"es of 4i*
um4er of sma++ farmers i re*io2 as su"3 farmer "oopera!i-e is a 5a. of s!re*!3ei*
sma++ 3o+%ersM par!i"ipa!io i re*ioa+ mar:e!1 T3e oppor!ui!. of re*ioa+ free mar:e! ma.
o! i fa-or sma++ farmers if !3eir or*ai'a!io is 5ea:1 Farmers 3a-e e-er :o5 53a! !3eir
"ou!erpar! %o i ei*34ori* "ou!ries si"e !3ere 3as 4ee o "o!a"! 4e!5ee !3em#
!3ere is o re*ioa+ farmer or*ai'a!io1
T3e pro"ess of "rea!io !3e poo+ of Asia Pu4+i" I!e++e"!ua+s u%er !3e sposors3ip of T3e
Nippo Fou%a!io opes up oppor!ui!. for !3e farmer !o 4e "oe"!e% 4. fa"i+i!a!io of API
"ommui!. 53o resi%es i a++ "ou!ries of ASEAN mem4ers1 T3e. are po!e!ia+ *roup !o 3e+p
s!re*!3ei* sma++ farmersM or*ai'a!io a% !o "oe"! farmer i %iffere! "ou!ries1 T3ere
(8
ASIA PACIFIC SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APSA) CONFERENCE
TRANSFORMING SOCIETIES: CONTESTATIONS AND CONVERGENCES IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
is eou*3 i!eres! amo* API fe++o5 re*ar%i* farmer *roup issues1 T3ese fe++o5s ma.
"rea!e a !3ema!i" *roup !o 3e+p sma++ farmers i !3e re*io1
(e#erences
ASEAN Se"re!aria!1 )==?1 ASEAN E"oomi" Commui!. E+uepri!1 7a:ar!a: ASEAN Se"re!aria!1
ASEAN Se"re!aria!1 )=()1 ASEAN GDP Gro5!3 4a": 4. Ser-i"es1
Eour*eois# Ro4i2 7esus# Fra":2 Roes"3# Mar"2 Soeprap!o# Nea2 Re**aa# A%i2 Gou.o# Ae1
)==>1 INDONESIA: Empo5eri* Rura+ Pro%u"ers Or*ai'a!io1 EASRD Rura+ De-e+opme! S
Na!ura+ Resour"es Eas! Asia a% Pa"ifi" Re*io1
Fra:e+# 71 A1 (;;<1 Re*ioa+ Tra%i* E+o"s i !3e $or+% E"oomi"s S.s!em1 $as3i*!o: Is!i!u!e for
I!era!ioa+ E"oomi"s# pa*es >A91
G+o-er# Da-i% 71 (;?<1 I"reasi* !3e 4eefi!s !o Sma++3o+%ers from Co!ra"! Farmi*: Pro4+ems for
FarmersM Or*ai'a!io a% Po+i".1 2orld !e-elopment Vo+1 (81 No1 A: AA(/AA?1
Ha++# A!3o.1 (;<A1 Pa!roT"+ie! re+a!ios1 T3e 7oura+ of Peasa! S!u%ies Vo+1 ( (A) : 8=9/8=;1
He++i# 7o2 Lu%.# Mar:2 a% MeiDer# Ma%e+o1 )==<1 Farmer Or*ai'a!io# Co++e"!i-e A"!io a%
Mar:e! A""ess i Meso/Ameri"a1 CAPRi $or:i* Paper No1 9< U OCTOEER )==<1 Foo% a%
A*ri"u+!ure Or*ai'a!io (FAO)1
IFPRI (I!era!ioa+ Foo% Po+i". Resear"3 Is!i!u!e)1 )==81 +he future of small farms8 "roceedings of
a research wor.shop# $.e# ,I# 7ue )9/);# )==81 $as3i*!o# DC1
7a"o4se# C3ao"31 (;9;1 $3o Dois Farm Or*ai'a!ioN 7oura+ of Coopera!i-e E6!esio: $i!er
(;9;: ))8 J )>)1
Iirs!e# 71 F1 a% -a H.+#

71 (;;?1 Defii* Sma++/S"a+e I T3e Sou!3 Afri"a Co!e6!1 A*re:o:
A*ri"u+!ura+ E"oomi"s Resear"3# Po+i". a% Pra"!i"e i Sou!3er Afri"a Vo+ ><# Issue A: 88(/
89)#
Na*a.e!s# O:saa1 )==81 Sma++ farms: Curre! S!a!us a% Ie. Tre%s Iforma!io Erief1 I FPRI
(I!era!ioa+ Foo% Po+i". Resear"3 Is!i!u!e)1 )==81 T3e fu!ure of sma++ farms: Pro"ee%i*s of
a resear"3 5or:s3op# $.e# ,I# 7ue )9/);# )==81 $as3i*!o# DC1
Nur.a!i# S a% S5as!i:a# D1I1S1 )=((1 Pera Ie+ompo: Tai %a Peerapa Te:o+o*i Per!aia
(!3e Ro+es of FarmersM Group i A*ri"u+!ura+ Te"3o+o*. A%op!io1 Forum Pee+i!ia A*ro
E:oomi1 Vo+1 ); ()): ((8/()?1
Ra3ma $ A!iur and $a3i% $ A4u N1M1 (;;)1 T3e *ramee 4a: a% !3e "3a*i* pa!ro/"+ie!
re+a!ios3ip i Ea*+a%es31 9ournal of ,ontemporary Asia Vo+1 ))# No1 >2 >=>/>)(1
,NESCAP1 )=()1 S!a!is!i"a+ &ear4oo: for Asia a% !3e Pa"ifi" )=((1 Ea*:o:: (T3e E"oomi" a%
So"ia+ Commissio for Asia a% !3e Pa"ifi" (ESCAP)1
Ha:aria# Amri1 )==>1 De"e!ra+i'i* E6!esio To Lo"a+ Go-erme!s: I%oesia E6perie"e1
Re*ioa+ $or:s3op o Opera!ioa+i'i* Reform i A*ri"u+!ura+ E6!esio i Sou!3 Asia Ne5
De+3i# Ma. 9/?# )==>1
(9