Bibliography

PrimarySources
EffectsofEugenicSterilizationasPracticedinCalifornia.Pasadena:HumanBetterment
Foundation,1937.Print.
WithinthisdocumentitexplainswhyCaliforniapasseditssterilizationlaw.Weusedthe12
th

point,whichstatedthatitwastopreventracialdeterioration,inourownexplanationofeugenicson
theMovementpage,asithelpedusfurtherourunderstandingofeugenicsadvocatesultimategoalof
havingapure,healthy,andwhitesociety.

"EugenicsArchive:Buckvs.BellSupremeCourtDecisionBook."EugenicsArchive:Buckvs.Bell
SupremeCourtDecisionBook.N.p.,n.d.Web.
TheEugenicsArchiveprovidedthecourtdecisionofthecaseBuckv.Bell,whichupheldthe
constitutionalityofsterilizingapersondeemedfeeblemindedagainsttheirwill.WeincludedJustice
OliverWendellHolmesJrscourtopinionaspartofthefinalcourtdecisioninourTurningPointpage.

Galton,Francis."Eugenics:ItsDefinition,Scope,andAims."AmericanJournalofSociology10.1
1904:1.Print.
WithintheAmericanJournalofSociologybyFrancisGalton,thefatherofeugenics,discusses
themeaningbehindeugenics,claimingthatitsforthegoodofthesociety,justasitsnameimplies.We
usedthisinformationinoursectionontheScientificOrigins,asGaltonwasinfluencedbyscientists
suchashiscousin,CharlesDarwin,whenbeginningeugenicalresearch.

Hadden,W.J.N.p.:MartinandMurray,1925.Print.
TheMartinandMurraydocumentshowedtheeugenists'pointofview.Theybelievedthat
reproductionisascience,andthatonlythe"fittest"humanbeingsaresuitableforprocreation.We
includedthisperspectiveatthebeginningofthewebsitewhenexplainingthegoalsofeugenicists.

HumanSterilizationToday.HumanBettermentFoundation.Pasadena:HumanBetterment
Foundation,1938.Print.
Inthisdocumenttheyhadmentionedthatthehumanraceisdegenerating.The"feebleminded"
areoverpopulatingthenationandsterilizationistheonlysolutiontothisdilemma.Thisbeganthe
lobbyingofstatelegislaturestopasssterilizationlawswithintheirstates,whichcanbeseeninour
Influencepagewiththemapsprovided.

Plecker,W.A.""TheNewVirginiaLawtoPreserveRacialIntegrity""VirginiaHealthBulletin16
1924:2.Print.
ThedocumentofTheNewVirginiaLawtoPreserveRacialIntegritywasincorporatedinto
ourexplanationofthespreadofsterilizationlawsthroughouttheUnitedStatesinourTheMovement
page.Thebulletinspromotionofpreservingapureracewasinessence,thegoalofalleugenicallaws
inthestateofVirginiaandthroughoutthecountry.

Robinson,CharlesH.,andMaryRiesMelendy."TheLawsofNatureRevealed."Introduction.The
ScienceofEugenicsandSexLife:TheRegenerationoftheHumanRace.ByWalterJ.Hadden.
Chicago:W.R.Vansant,1914.6.Print.
ThisisabookwrittenbyseveraleugenicistsontheirideasofdevelopingapureAmerican
society.Topicslikedevelopingtheperfectchildtothesciencebehinddegeneratepeoplearediscussed
throughoutthenovel,butwefoundtheintroductiontobethebestsummaryofthegoalsofeugenics
advocatesandincorporatedthisintoourownintroduction.

Rose,Cynthia.AmericanDecadesPrimarySources.Detroit:Gale,2004.Print.
Withinthisbook,whichwascheckedoutbyamemberinourgroupfromtheMSUlibrary,was
primarysourceinformationsuchastestimoniesandquotesofthoseinvolvedintheeugenicsmovement
aroundthe1930s.Theinformationprovidedwasusefulinhelpingussetthesceneofthemovementand
itslawsinourhomepage.

"StateCriteriaforLegalEugenicalSterilization"TrumanStateUniversity.N.p.:n.p.,n.d.N.pag.
DNALCBlogs.Web.
<http://www.dnalc.org/view/10927Statecriteriaforlegaleugenicalsterilization.html>.
Containingachartshowing28states,thisdocumentshowedtheirindividualcriteriasforlegally
sterilizingcitizens.Thefeeblemindedwerethemaintargetsofstategovernmentstosterilize,along
withotherswithcertainflawsanddisabilities.Weusedthisinformationtohelpusunderstandthe
specificminoritiesthatweretargetedforsterilizationproceduresinourTargetspage,emphasizingthe
thestrongdesireofeugenicsadvocatestohaveapure,wellmindedutopia.

Morgan,ThomasHunt."TheInheritanceofMentalTraits."EvolutionandGenetics.Princeton:
PrincetonUP,1925.Print.
TheInheritanceofMentalTraitsisasectioninthebookEvolutionandGeneticsinwhich
Morgancriticiseseugenicsandthefaultsinitsresearchandstudies.Foronething,notallflawsinhuman
beingsarenaturallyinheritedaseugenicistsclaimed,soweincludedthisinourTargetspagetoshow
thefalseassumptionsoverthementallyill,paupers,andotherminorities.

U.S.MapsShowingtheStatesHavingSterilizationLawsin1910,1920,1930,1940."Princeton:
Birthright,1947.N.pag.NorthCarolinaDigitalCollections.Web.
<http://www.digital.ncdcr.gov/cdm/ref/collection/p249901coll37/id/14961>
Thisdocumentcontainsmapsandasmallchartshowingthedatesofwhenstatespassed
sterilizationlawsandthenumberofsterilizationsdonebetween1930and1945.Itwasveryhelpfulin
understandingthemagnitudeandeffecttheeugenicsmovementandsterilizationlawshadontheentire
countrywiththestatisticsincluded.WeincludedonemapontheInfluencepage.

PrimaryPhotographs
AdjudgedtheMostPerfectBabyinthePanamaCanalZone(.Digitalimage.EugenicsArchive:
FitterFamilies.TheHarryH.LaughlinPapers.Web.
<http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/eugenics/view_image.pl?id=972>.
Fitterfamiliescontestsgaveawardstogeneticallysuperiorindividuals,suchasthebabyfeatured
inthisphotograph.MostwinnerswereofNorth/WestEuropeandescent.Weincludedthisimageinour
slideshowonthePublicity&Criticismpage.

Boggs,Belle."Salon."Salon.comRSS.N.p.,n.d.Web.
WilliamLynchisfeaturedinthisphotograph,alongwithhisorderfromtheNorthCarolinas
stategovernmenttogetsterilized.ThisimageislocatedintheInfluencepage.

CarrieBuckandMother(1927).Digitalimage.Web.
<http://0.static.wix.com/media/242d80b27f2a7c85b4a7de4abd613140.wix_mp_1024>.
ThisisanimageofCarrieBuckandhermotherbeforethenotorioustrialforthecaseBuckv.
Bell,whichwasincludedinourbannerfortheTurningPointpage.Carriewassetuptobethefirst
trialofVirginiasnewsterilizationlawbybeingaccusedofhavingfeeblemindedness.

ChildreninPoverty(1921).Digitalimage.Web.
<http://images.fineartamerica.com/imagesmediumlarge/portroyaloystershuckers1921padreart.jp
g>.
Inthisphotographarethreegirlslivinginpovertyinthe1920s.Oneminoritygroupthatwas
sterilizedwerethepoorandhomeless,whofearedtoproducemorechildrenthatwouldfeedoffwelfare
programs.WeincludedthisimageonTheTargetedpage.

CostsoftheFeebleminded.Digitalimage.UniversityofNorthCarolina.Web.
<http://docsouth.unc.edu/nc/charities1922/charities40.jpg>.
Includedinthisphotographareimagesoffeeblemindedwomenfeaturedinanegativeway,with
wordsclaimingthatsocietyispayingthepricefortheburdenoffeeblemindednessspreading.Thisimage
wasincludedinTheTargetspageasthefeeblemindedwereoftenchosentobesterilized.

"DecisionHeld:StepTowardASuperRace."JusticeforSterilizationVictimsProject.N.p.,n.d.
Web..<http://www.forcedsterilization.org/decisionheldsteptowardasuperrace/>.
ThisisanewspaperclippingwhichisusedintheTurningPointpage.Itshowsthereactionof
AmericanstowardtherulingofBuckv.Bell,claimingthatthecourtsdecisionwasasteptowards
beginningtheeffortsforcreatingasuperrace.

EugenicsRecordOfficeadvertisement.Digitalimage.N.p.,n.d.Web.
<http://content.dnalc.org/content/c10/10008/10008.jpg>
ThisisanadvertisementusedbytheEROadvertisingtheissueofmanyindividualsbornas
burdensontherestofsociety.Weincludedthisonthebannerofourpagecoveringthepublicityof
eugenicsacrossAmerica.

FitterFamiliesContestatMichiganStateFair(1926).Digitalimage.EugenicsArchive:Fitter
Families.ColdSpringHarborLaboratory.Web.
<http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/images/eugenics/normal/150/021FitterFamiliesContestatMichiga
nStateFair.jpg>.
Afitterfamilieseugenicsexhibitsiteisfeaturedinthisphotographfroma1926fair.Buildings
likethesewerefoundatfitterfamilycontestsacrossthenationtopromotegeneticallysuperior
individuals.ThisimagewasfeaturedonourPublicity&Criticismpage.

FitterFamiliesMedal(1920s).Digitalimage.N.p.,n.d.Web.
AnawardgiventowinnersofFitterFamilycontestsisfeaturedwithinthisimageThebackof
themedalsaysYea,IHaveaGoodlyHeritage!andthebackshowssponsorshipfromtheAmerican
EugenicsSociety.Weincludedthisinourslideshowoffitterfamiliestoshoweugenicsadvocates
favoritismtowardsthegeneticallyfit.

GuineaPigsShowingColorInheritance,FitterFamiliesExhibit(1926).Digitalimage.Eugenics
Archive:FitterFamilies.Web.
<http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/images/eugenics/normal/150/007Guineapigsshowingcolorinherita
nceFitterFamiliesexhibit.jpg>.
Inthisimageisanexhibitfeaturingguineapigsthataredemonstratingtheeffectsofcolormixing
amongspecies.Exhibitslikethesewerepopularatfitterfamilyconteststodemonstratethesuperiorityof
thewhiterace,soweincludedthisimageonourslideshowoffitterfamilycontestsinourPublicity&
Criticismpage.

KansasEugenics,1920.Digitalimage.Eugenics:CompulsorySterilizationin50AmericanState.
UniversityofVermont,n.d.Web.<http://www.uvm.edu/~lkaelber/eugenics/KS/KS1a.jpg>
ThisrepresentsanimageofaKansaseugenic&healthexhibitsponsoredbytheAmerican
EugenicsSociety.Weusedthisimageonthehomepagetovisuallyshowthepopularizationofthe
eugenicsmovement.

"MassachusettsDepartmentofMentalDiseasesExhibitsPicturesof59CriminalBrains"(1921).
Digitalimage.Web.
<http://cantonasylumforinsaneindians.com/history_blog/wpcontent/uploads/2013/10/NormalandAbn
ormalBrainscourtesyU.S.NationalLibraryofMedicine.jpg>.
Criminalswereoneminoritygrouptargetedforsterilizationinordertoreducenationalcrime
ratesandtopreventprisonsfromfillingup.Thisphotographshowssketchesofthebrainsofcriminals,
suchassexoffendersandvagrants,andwasincludedinTheTargetedpage.

"MediumFamily"FitterFamiliesWinner,1927.Digitalimage.DNALearningCenter,n.d.Web.
<http://content.dnalc.org/content/c10/10032/10032.jpg>
ShowninthisphotographfromtheKansasStateFreeFair(1927)isafamilywhohadwona
FitterFamilycontestsponsoredbytheAmericanEugenicsSociety.Thiswasincludedinoursection
aboutfitterfamilycontestsbecausethesecontestswereusedtopopularizeeugenicsandtodisplay
geneticallysuperiorindividuals.
MinnesotaEugenicsSociety&FounderCharlesFremontDight,1933.Digitalimage.Minnesota
HistoricalSociety,n.d.Web.<http://www.mnhs.org/library/tips/history_topics/images/117aimage.jpg>.
ThisimageisaclippingfromaMinneapolisnewspaperrevealingCharlesF.Dightssupportfor
HitlerseugenicprograminGermany,courtesyoftheMinnesotaHistoricalSocietysonlineeugenics
page.WeaddedthistoourInfluencepage,asHitlerwaswellinspiredbytheUSinestablishing
sterilizationprograms.

OliverWendellHolmesJr,1902.Digitalimage.N.p.,n.d.Web.
<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes%2C_1902.jpg/
474pxOliver_Wendell_Holmes%2C_1902.jpg>.
JusticeOliverWendellHolmesJr.iswhoisrepresentedwithinthisimage,whowasinvolvedin
thecaseBuckv.Bell.Weincludedhisimagetopairwithhisfamousquotethatwasgivenasthecourts
opinionduringtherulingofthecase.

ParticipantsinthefitterFamiliesContestattheGeorgiaStateFairin1924.Digitalimage.
AdoptionHistory:Eugenics.UniversityofOregon,n.d.Web.
<http://pages.uoregon.edu/adoption/images/pgillus/fitterfamilies.jpg>.
ThisisanimageofagroupoffamiliesparticipatinginaFitterFamilycontestinGeorgia.We
includedthisimagebecausetheAmericanEugenicsSocietysponsoredthesecontestsasawayto
informthepublicofeugenicsanddisplaygeneticallysuperiorfamilies,soitwasaddedtoourslideshow
onthepopularizationofeugenics.

PortraitofFrancisGalton(1908).Digitalimage.Web.
<http://www.madrimasd.org/blogs/salud_publica/wpcontent/blogs.dir/97/files/711/o_Galton.jpg>.
FrancisGaltonwasacousinofCharlesDarwinandwastheonewhoextendedhisideasand
appliedthemtohumanbeings.Inaddition,Galtoncoinedthewordeugenics,makinghimthefatherof
eugenics.WeincludedinformationabouthiminourMovementpage.

Romero,Rachel."StopForcedSterilization"(1977).Digitalimage.Web.
<https://lh4.ggpht.com/tPEpLSZaZpjywUvnnVN6QNtnUosUQiqORj1MjVcrwrnWTz0mw1z0wTj2z
EbMgBrFroMhA=s85>.
ThisisapostercreatedbyRachelRomerofeaturingpeopleofminorityraces,suchasan
AfricanAmerican,Asian,andLatino.WeincludedthisonourTheTargetspagebecausepeopleof
differentraceweresterilizedinordertopreservetheoriginalAngloSaxonstockofthecountry.

TheEugenicsTree,LogobytheEugenicsRecordOffice(1921).Digitalimage.Metapedia,n.d.
Web.<http://en.metapedia.org/m/images/a/ad/Eugenics_congress_logo.png>.
AnimageofatreewiththewordsEugenicswasusedasapopularemblemtodrawattention
totheeugenics.Weuseditthroughoutthewebsiteasabanner.

SecondarySources
Wolfe,Brendan."Buckv.Bell(1927)."EncyclopediaVirginia:.N.p.,15Apr.2014.Web.24Apr.
2014.<http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Buck_v_Bell_1927#start_entry>.
ThisarticleprovidedfurtherexplanationonBuckv.Bell,anditsimpacts,whichweintertwined
throughoutourpagecoveringthecaseasaturningpointforAmericaneugenics.

"SupremeCourtProcedures."USCOURTS.GOVRSS.N.p.,n.d.Web.24Apr.2014.
<http://www.uscourts.gov/educationalresources/getinformed/supremecourt/supremecourtprocedur
es.aspx>.
ThiswebsiteprovidedadeeperunderstandingofhowcourtcasesreachtheSupremeCourt.It
alsoprovidedaclearercomprehensionforthecourtproceedingincludedinourBuckvs.Bellpage.

Antonios,Natalie."TheEmbryoProjectEncyclopedia."Buckv.Bell.N.p.,n.d.Web.
EssentialbackgroundinformationonBuckv.Bellwasprovidedinthisarticle.Itexplainedwhy
thecasewastakingplaceandhowWhitebearddefendedhisplaintiff.ItsusedintheTurningPoint
page.

Black,Edwin."Hitler'sDebttoAmerica."TheGuardian.GuardianNewsandMedia,06Feb.2004.
Web.
ThisarticlebyEdwinBlackexplainedthatHitlerseugenicpolicieswereduetotheU.S
influence.ThearticlestatedthatHitlerwatchedtheU.Seugenicmovementandcopieditspolicies
towardtheunfit.WeusedthisinformationinourInfluencepage.

EklandOlson,Sheldon,andJulieBeicken.HowEthicalSystemsChange:Eugenics,theFinal
Solution,Bioethics.NewYork:Routledge,2012.Print.
Coveringeugenics,theFinalSolution,andbioethics,thisbookprovideduswiththeoriginsof
eugenicsandthestudiesofFrancisGaltontoreducethedegradationofhumannature,whichwe
includedinoursectiononthescientificorigins.Inaddition,thePrefaceofthebookoutlineshowthe
NazisadoptedaeugenicsprograminspiredbytheAmericansversion,andweincludedthisinformation
inourInfluencepage.

"EliminatingtheInferior:AmericanandNaziSterilizationPrograms:InstitutefortheStudyofAcademic
RacismFerrisStateUniversity."EliminatingtheInferior:AmericanandNaziSterilization
Programs:InstitutefortheStudyofAcademicRacismFerrisStateUniversity.N.p.,n.d.Web.
Inthisarticle,itshowsallofthecountriesthatpassedsterilizationlawsbetween1928to1936.
ItalsoshowstheimpactoftheeugenicsmovementandtheimportanceofBuckv.Bell(1927).

Johnson,CoreyG."FemaleInmatesSterilizedinCaliforniaPrisonsWithoutApproval."NBCBay
Area.N.p.,9July2013.Web.
ExplainingtherecentexposureofCaliforniaprisonsthatforcefullysterilizedfemaleinmates
from1997to2010,thisarticlehighlightsaninvestigationthatendedthepractice.Althoughsterilization
lawsinnearlyallstateswererepealedinthe70s,weincludedthisbitofshockinginformationtothe
MovingForwardpageasawaytorevealthatsterilizationisstillinthiscountrytoday.

Lombardo,PaulA.,andPeterL.Hardin."CompensateEugenicSterilizationVictims:Column."USA
Today.Gannett,21Aug.2013.Web.
ThisarticleprovidedextensivebackgroundinformationonthecurrentissueofNorthCarolina
compensatingitsvictimsofsterilizationlawsthatwereputforthdecadesback.Weincorporatedthis
intotheMovingFowardpageasawaytodemonstrateeffortstoapologizeforhorrificlegislation
duringtheeugenicsmovement.

Lombardo,Paul."SocialOriginsofEugenics."SocialOriginsofEugenics.NationGenomeResearch
Institute,n.d.Web.
Inregardsofgivingusabackgroundontheeugenicsmovementanditsorigins,tracingbackto
Darwinstheoryofevolution,thisarticleprovideduswiththisinformationandmore.Withthis,we
createdasectiononthescientificoriginstocouplewiththesocialandlegaloriginsoftheeugenics
movement.

Ness,Immanuel.EncyclopediaofAmericanSocialMovements.Armonk,NY:SharpeReference,
2004.61719.Print.
Thisbookssectiononeugenicsandsterilizationprovidedasmall,yetinformativesummaryof
themovement,inwhichdetailsofitshistorywasmentionedthroughoutthewebsite.Wefoundthe
describedtiesbetweenCarrieBuckandhercasewiththeentireeugenicsmovementtobeimpelling
enoughtomakeBuckv.Belltheturningpointofourproject.

Piotrowski,Christa."DarkChapterofAmericanHistory:U.S.CourtBattleOverForcedSterilization."
DarkChapterofAmericanHistory:U.S.CourtBattleOverForcedSterilization.N.p.,21July
2000.Web.
WithinthisinternetarticlebyChristaPiotrowskiisanexplanationofthemajoreventsand
influenceoftheeugenicsmovement.WefoundthelistednumbersofpeoplesterilizedintheUnites
StatesandbytheNazisparticularlyusefulintheInfluence"sectionofourwebsite.

SecondaryPhotographs
1907IndianaEugenicsLaw.Digitalimage.IndianaHistoricalBureau,n.d.Web.
<http://cdn.grumpyelder.com/wpcontent/uploads/2013/06/1907IndianaEugenicsLaw150x150.pn>
ThisisanimageofaplaqueinIndianacommemoratingthepassingofitsfirsteugenicslaw.We
includedthisimageinthelegaloriginssectionbecauseIndianawasthefirststatetopassalaw
permittingsterilizationsforminorities,inspiringotherstatestojointheeugenicsmovement.

JusticeforSterilizationVictimsLogo.Digitalimage.N.p.,n.d.Web.
<http://www.sterilizationvictims.nc.gov/images/jfsv.png>
IncludedinthisimageisalogoforanorganizationcreatedbythestateofNorthCarolinaasa
waytoprovidejusticeandcompensationforvictimsofsterilization.WeincludedthisintheMoving
ForwardsectionaboutcompensationbyNorthCarolina

WomenPrisonersSterilizedinCA.Digitalimage.RYOTNews,21Apr.2014.Web.
<http://d3819ii77zvwic.cloudfront.net/wpcontent/uploads/2014/04/prisoner.jpg>.
ThisimagecontainsseveralfemaleinmatesfromaCaliforniaprisondistraughtafterrealizingthey
havebeenstrippedoftheirrighttoproducechildren.WeincludedthisimageonourMovingFoward
pagetoshowthatforcedorpressuredsterilizationsarestillpresenttoday.

VideoClips
EUGENICS:ForcedSterilizationVictimsRightlysoStillSeekJusticeinUS.RTUS,n.d.
ThisnewsspecialdonebyRTwhotraveledtoNorthCarolinatoconductaninterviewwith
VirginiaBrooks,awomanwhowassterilizedwithoutherknowingbythestatewhenshewas14years
old.Shediscussedthegriefandsufferingshehasencounteredfromlosingherabilitytoproduceand
talkedaboutseekingcompensation.WeincludedthisinourMovingForwardpagetoshowthe
effortsofvictimsofsterilizationlawstofindclosure,alongwiththeeffortsofstateswitheugenics
programstocompensatetheirvictims.

Lombardo,Paul."PhotoofCarrieBuckandHerMother."Interview.DNALearningCenter.N.p.,
n.d.Web.
<http://www.dnalc.org/view/15222PhotoofCarrieBuckandhermotherPaulLombardo.html>.
ThisvideoclipcontainsashortinterviewwithbioethicalissuesexpertPaulLombardoandhis
analysisoftheonlypictureofCarrieBuckandhermotherbeforetheBuckv.Bellcase.Lombardo
describedthefearinBuckseyes,assheknewthatshewouldbeultimatelysterilizedandweusedthis
clipasadramatictouchtoourTurningPointpage.

ScientificRacism:TheEugenicsofSocialDarwinism.BBC,n.d.Web.
Eugenicsanditsimpactacrosstheglobewasverywelldisplayedinthisdocumentary.We
specificallychoseaclipdiscussingthegoalsoftheeugenicsmovementinouropeningsectiononthe
scientificandsocialorigins.

EugenicsinAmericaWithForcedSterilization.Perf.ElizabethCohen.CNN,2012.
CNNairedaspecialin2012thatcoveredtheaspectsoftheAmericaneugenicsmovementand
sterilizationlaws,alongwithinterviewswithvictimsofsterilization.Theopeningofthedocumentary
perfectlydescribedthemotivesanddesireofAmericansocietyforaperfectutopia,soweincludedthis
intoourhomepagetogowithourthesisandintroduction.