Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources
Arthur Estabrook Papers. ​Carrie Buck and her mother Emma Buck, 1924.​ ​Radio West​, 17 May
2016, radiowest.kuer.org/post/american-eugenics. Accessed 27 Apr. 2018.
This photo shows Carrie Buck and her mother sitting in 1924. The photo was used in the
slideshow presentation.

Begos, Kevin, and John Railey. “Sign This or Else...” ​Winston-Salem Journal​ [Winston-Salem],
9 Dec. 2002. ​journalnow.com​,
www.journalnow.com/news/local/sign-this-or-else/article_3e865b26-8c03-11e2-b819-00
1a4bcf6878.html. Accessed 11 Feb. 2018.
This is a primary source. This article is from the “Against Their Will” series. Nial Cox
Ramirez was sterilized after she was given the impossible choice of sterilization or no
welfare for her family. She begged the doctor not to do the operation, but he still did it.
She remembered that some of the nurses were nice and apologized for what happened to
her. She tries to forget what happened to her. Through this article, we learned of Ms.
Ramirez’ testimony.

Biennial Reports of the Eugenics Board of North Carolina​.

digital.ncdcr.gov/cdm/ref/collection/p249901coll22/id/257383.
This is a primary source. This is a collection of biennial reports that the Eugenics Board
sent to the governor of North Carolina. Within, the board reports about the number of
sterilizations within the past two years, race, and fiance. This source is important because
it contains primary data about the number of individuals sterilized. It also includes the
members of the Eugenics Board at that time.

“Blackmon Redacted.” 1 Feb. 1972.

This is a primary source. This is the papers that indicatite that Debra Blackmon signed a
paper to be sterilization. However, Blackmon was never informed about the type of
produce that was going to be performed. Social workers “convicted” her parents to allow
sterilization. This source showed us how corrupt social workers were in forcing
sterilizations.

Boggs, Belle. “For the Public Good: The Shameful History of Forced Sterilization in the U.S.”
longreads.com​, Aug. 2013, longreads.com/2014/11/19/for-the-public-good/. Accessed 6
Nov. 2017.
This is a primary source. Willis Lynch was sterilized at age fourteen because he was
living in an institution for delinquent children. He was deemed unworthy for
reproduction. North Carolina sterilized 7,600 men and women without their consent. This
 source gave us the number of people sterilized in North Carolina, and the testimony of
Willis Lynch.

“Buck v. Bell.” ​Legal Information Institute,​ Cornell Law School,

www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/274/200. Accessed 2 Jan. 2018.
This website gives an overview of the Buck vs. Bell, the 1927 case that allowed
sterilization of people under the Fourteenth amendment. This case took place in Virginia
and began leading sterilization among other states. This is a primary source.

Buck V. Bell​. ​Woodstock Whisper,​

woodstockwhisperer.info/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Buck-v.-Bell.png. Accessed 27
Apr. 2018.
The photograph shows a sign that is located near the grave of Carrie Buck. The sign
explains Carrie’s significant role in the Supreme Court Case of Buck v. Bell. This photo,
a primary source, was used in the slideshow presentation.

Chamness, Shelly. Interview. 2 Jan. 2018.

This is a primary source. This is a personal interview that we conducted with our biology
teacher who did infertility and prostate research for ten years. We asked her about the
procedure of a vasectomy, the effectiveness, side effects, and other details. Through this
we learned of the possible dangers that come from a vasectomy and the chance of being
able to have children again after having one.

Cohen, Adam. “The Supreme Court Ruling That Led To 70,000 Forced Sterilizations.” Interview
by David Bianculli. ​npr.org​, 7 Mar. 2016,
www.npr.org/2017/03/24/521360544/the-supreme-court-ruling-that-led-to-70-000-forced
-sterilizations. Accessed 11 Jan. 2018.
This is a primary source. This is an interview with Adam Cohen who wrote the book,
Imbeciles​, which is about the early American eugenics movement and the case Buck v
Bell. In this interview it discussed how the American eugenics movement influenced the
Nazis and the 1924 Immigration Law, which made immigration based on quotas. That
law was still in motion during World War ll, causing Jews to not be able to immigrate to
America. It also talks about how Buck v Bell was rigged in order to get the federal
government's approval of sterilizing feebleminded people.

Craver, Richard. “Final payment goes out to 220 eugenics victims.” ​Winston-Salem Journal
[Winston-Salem], 9 Feb. 2018. ​journalnow.com​,
www.journalnow.com/news/local/final-payment-goes-out-to-eugenics-victims/article_63
47a58b-0545-5173-9012-95f6e976dda1.html. Accessed 11 Feb. 2018.
 This is a primary source. This article is about the last check that was just mailed out to
the victims. The third and final check ends the fifteen year long pursuit of financial aid to
the victims. From this source, we were able to determine how much the last check was
worth, and how much the victims were paid in total.

“Date on which each State inaugurated its eugenical sterilization law.”​ 1935.
http://www.eugenicsarchive.org​,
www.eugenicsarchive.org/html/eugenics/index2.html?tag=959. Accessed 5 Apr. 2018.
This is a primary source. This is a map of America with all the states that had sterilization
laws. Each state is labeled with the date of the laws being enacted. Through the map were
were able to see the thirty - three states with sterilization laws and how this was more
than half of the country.

“Drug Testing Welfare Recipients Is A Popular New Policy That Cost States Millions. Here Are
The Results.” ​ThinkProgress,​ 19 Feb. 2016. ​thinkprogress.org,​
thinkprogress.org/drug-testing-welfare-recipients-is-a-popular-new-policy-that-cost-state
s-millions-here-are-the-cf829257ade0/. Accessed 10 Mar. 2018.
This is a primary source. This article is about how in ten states, people who apply for the
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program must take a substance abuse test in
order to receive welfare. If they do not take the test or fail it, they do not receive benefits.
However, data shows that this test is useless and just waste more money. Only a few
amount of people failed the test. This current situation is just like the sterilization
situation. Victims of sterilization were forced into sterilization in order to receive welfare.
In present days, people of poverty are forced to take different tests in order to receive
welfare.

“Easley Signs Law Ending State’s Eugenics Era.” ​Department of Administration Council on
Developmental Disabilities​, The Minnesota Governor’s Council on Developmental
Disabilities, 2017, mn.gov/mnddc/news/inclusion-daily/2003/04/041703ncadvabuse.htm.
Accessed 13 Feb. 2018.
This is a primary source, and includes various quotes from the events leading up to and
including the official repeal of the 1929 North Carolina eugenics laws, including those
from government officials and victims.

“Elaine Riddick’s Forced Sterilization Testimony.” ​Youtube​, 4 Apr. 2011,

www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFJNX5bHYVI. Accessed 10 Nov. 2017.
This is a primary source. This is Elaine Riddick’s testimony of her forced sterilization. At
the age of fourteen, she was sterilized after the birth of her son. She was never informed
until she was nineteen. The state of North Carolina claimed that she was “feebleminded”
 and her kids will inherit the same trait. However, Riddick has a college degree and her
son is a businessman. This shows the evil of America’s eugenics program.

Eugenics victim, son fighting together for justice.​ 8 Aug. 2011. ​theoaklandpress.com​,
www.theoaklandpress.com/article/OP/20110814/NEWS/308149992. Accessed 2 Jan.
2018.
This is a primary source. This article is Elaine Riddick’s story of her forced sterilization.
Her family was forced to consent to the procedure and she was never formed about it
being done. Now she is fighting for compensation from North Carolina. This article gave
us more information to add the Elaine’s testimony in our performance.

Governor’s Task Force to Determine the Method of Compensation for Victims of North
Carolina’s Eugenics Board : final report to the Governor of the state of North Carolina :
pursuant to executive order 83​. Governor’s Task Force to Determine the Method of
Compensation for Victims of North Carolina’s Eugenics Board, 27 Jan. 2012. ​North
Carolina Digital Collections,​ State Library of North Carolina,
digital.ncdcr.gov/cdm/ref/collection/p16062coll9/id/28026. Accessed 13 Feb. 2018.
This is a primary document; it contains data on the current state of the North Carolina
eugenics program and on the compensation set aside for those still alive. Further, it
provides a general history of the program.

​http://www.rebeccaprojectjustice.org/.​ www.rebeccaprojectjustice.org/. Accessed 21 Apr. 2018.

This is a primary source. This is the webpage of The Rebecca Project for Justice, an
organization Elaine Riddick helped create which advocates protecting life, dignity and
freedom for people in Africa and the United States.. She is the executive director.
Through the webpage, we were able to discover how Ms. Riddick is trying to better the
lives of others.

Human Betterment Boast​. ​journalnow.com,​

www.journalnow.com/news/local/selling-a-solution/article_eab9ad54-8fea-11e2-b351-00
19bb30f31a.html. Accessed 16 Mar. 2018.
This is a primary source. This is a graph of the number of sterilizations over the years in
North Carolina. We use this to show how the number of sterilizations increased during
the 1950s.

Human Betterment League of North Carolina, Inc. Records, 1947-1988​.

finding-aids.lib.unc.edu/04519/. Accessed 19 Apr. 2018.
This is a primary source. This is a collection of all the records and notes from the Human
Betterment League of North Carolina from the time it was created to its closure during
 the years of 1947-1988. From the records, we were able to determine the members of the
board and the goal of each meeting recorded.

Human Resources of Eugenics Commission. ​Agency History​..

This is a primary source. It outlines a brief history of the compensation for eugenics
victims in addition to the organizations which are in charge of distributing compensation
in addition to managing the various cases over which the Eugenics Board ruled.

Kessel, Michelle, and Jessica Hopper. “Victims speak out about North Carolina sterilization
program, which targeted women, young girls and blacks.” ​NBC​, 7 Nov. 2011.
http://rockcenter.nbcnews.com​,
rockcenter.nbcnews.com/_news/2011/11/07/8640744-victims-speak-out-about-north-caro
lina-sterilization-program-which-targeted-women-young-girls-and-blacks. Accessed 6
Nov. 2017.
This is a primary source. Elaine Riddick was sterilized at the age of thirteen after getting
raped. A five-person state eugenics board in Raleigh approved of her sterilization because
she was “feeblemind”. Riddick did not consent to this surgery and was not informed of it
at all. North Carolina had a sterilization board that gave consent on forced sterilizations.

Nelson, Robin Rayne. ​Elaine Riddick​. ​Genesis Photos​, World News Group,
world.wng.org/2015/09/unwanted. Accessed 27 Apr. 2018.
This photo shows Elaine Riddick sitting for a portrait. This photo was used in the
presentation slide show.

“News Clips & News Releases.” ​ncadmin.nc.gov,​

ncadmin.nc.gov/about-doa/special-programs/office-justice-sterilization-victims/news-clip
s-news-releases. Accessed 2 Jan. 2018.
This is a primary source. This is a collection of new releases from the Sterilization
Victims Foundation. From the videos, we were able to see how this modern foundation is
trying to better the lives of the sterilization victims.

NewsOne Staff. “Mother And Son Tell Story of N.C. Forced Sterilization.” ​Newsone,​ 15 Aug.
2011, newsone.com/1461045/mother-and-son-tell-story-of-n-c-forced-sterilization/.
Accessed 5 Mar. 2018.
This is a primary source. This article is about Elaine Riddick’s story. Riddick was
sterilized at the age of fourteen after being raped and falling pregnant. We were able to
use the information in Ms. Riddcik’s testimony in our performance.
North Carolina, General Assembly, Assembly. An Act to Provide For the Sterilization of the
Mentally Defective and Feeble-Minded Inmates of Charitable and Penal Institutions of
the State of North Carolina“\. 1929. ​http://digital.ncdcr.gov​,
digital.ncdcr.gov/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p249901coll22/id/239172. Accessed
11 Feb. 2018. 1929 General Assembly, Assembly Bill does not say.
This is a primary source. This is the original law that allowed forced sterilization of
mentally retarded people. It was repealed after the case Brewer v Valk. The law was
declared unconstitutional. This showed us the first law that was passed on forced
sterilization, which was deemed unconstitutional, leading to the North Carolina Eugenics
Board.

North Carolina, General Assembly, Assembly. An Act to Amend Chapter 34 of the Public Laws
of 1929 of North Carolina Relating to the Sterilization of Persons Mentally Defective.
1933. ​http://digital.ncdcr.gov/,​
digital.ncdcr.gov/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p249901coll22/id/242485. Accessed
11 Feb. 2018. 1933 General Assembly, Assembly Bill 1013.
This is a primary source. This is the amended version of the 1929 law that allows forced
sterilization. This law was repealed in 2002. We were able to mention this law in the
closing of our performance.

North Carolina Eugenics Study Committee. ​North Carolina Eugenics Study Committee Report:
Report to the Governor​.
This is a primary source. It is another report to the North Carolina Governor listing
possible compromises for the eugenics program. It outlines a brief history and possible
immediate solutions.

North Carolina Justice for Sterilization Victims Foundation. “Clearinghouse Program.” PDF file.
This PDF is from the North Carolina Justice for Sterilization Victims Foundation, making
it a primary source. It explains the overview of what the foundation is trying to achieve
and how it got started.

“North Carolina Sterilization Program Targeted Women, Young Girls and Blacks.” ​Youtube​,
uploaded by Neterket, 11 Nov. 2011, www.youtube.com/watch?v=RwA8p3CJZWY.
Accessed 4 Mar. 2018.
This video clip, a primary source, shows the victims of the North Carolina Eugenics
Board getting together and sharing their stories. The loudest voice of the night was Elaine
Riddicks, who explained her life story in detail.
North Carolina Sterilizations. ​www.uvm.edu​, www.uvm.edu/~lkaelber/eugenics/NC/NC.html.
Accessed 16 Mar. 2018.
This is a primary source. This is a bar graph of the number of sterilizations in North
Carolina.

“Office of Justice for Sterilization Victims.” ​https://ncadmin.nc.gov/,​ 2010,

ncadmin.nc.gov/about-doa/special-programs/welcome-office-justice-sterilization-victims.
Accessed 5 Apr. 2018.
This is a primary source. This is the website of the Office of Justice for Sterilization
Victims. This is a division of the North Carolina Department of Administration that was
established in 2010. Its main purpose is to provide compensation for the victims of
sterilization. They finally accomplished their purpose in 2018 when the last check was
sent out.

Photo of Elaine and Tony Riddick. ​Life Dynamics​, 18 Feb. 2015,

lifedynamics.com/son-eugenics-victim-honors-mom-gift/. Accessed 27 Apr. 2018.
This is a photo of Elaine Riddick and her son, Tony Riddick. This photo, a primary
source, was used in the slideshow presentation.

Photo of Mike Easley. ​Urban News,​ Urban News Publishing,

theurbannews.com/our-town/2010/2010-the-year-in-review/. Accessed 27 Apr. 2018.
This is a photo of Governor Mike Easley. Governor Easley was the governor that offered
an official apology to the sterilization victims. This photo, a primary source, was used in
the slideshow presentation.

Photo of the Sign on the Winston-Salem Journal on the Building. ​Wiston Watchman,​ Winston
Watchman,
winstonwatchman.com/will-winston-salem-journal-greensboro-news-record-layoffs/.
Accessed 27 Apr. 2018.
This photo is of the sign on the ​Winston-Salem Journal​ building. This photo was used in
the slideshow presentation.

“Physician Assisted Suicide - The Real Effects.” ​Youtube,​ uploaded by Patients Rights Action
Fund, 31 May 2027, www.youtube.com/watch?v=CWrpr_5e4RY. Accessed 11 Mar.
2018.
This video clip, a primary source, is of Dr. Callister explaining two experiences where
insurances companies used assisted suicide to their personal gain. This shows how the
idea of getting rid of the ones who burden the greater good is still prevalent today.
“President Signs Tillis-Carper Eugenics Compensation Legislation Into Law.” ​tillis.senate.gov,​ 7
Oct. 2016,
www.tillis.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/2016/10/president-signs-tillis-carper-eugenics-co
mpensation-legislation-into-law. Accessed 3 Jan. 2018. This is a primary source.
This webpage is about how Obama signed the ​Treatment of Certain Payments in
Eugenics Compensation Act i​ nto​ l​ aw. This law prevents sterilization victims from losing
federal benefits because they received compensation.

Railey, John. Interview. 29 May 2018.

This is an interview conducted on John Railey, who was one of the two journalists who
exposed North Carolina’s Eugenics Program in the Winston Salem Journal. They wrote a
series of articles called “Against Their Will,” based on the research of Johanna Schoen.
In the interview, Mr. Railey explained how he discovered the topics, his relationship with
Ms. Elaine Riddick, the current legislation being passed on compensation, and how North
Carolina and the United States is trying to repay their sterilization victims. The
information was used in the legacy portion of the presentation. This is a primary source.

Railey, John. “’It Ain’t Fair.’” ​Winston-Salem Journal​ [Winston-Salem], 9 Dec. 2002.
journalnow.com​,
www.journalnow.com/news/local/it-ain-t-fair/article_811cc532-8fec-11e2-92a5-0019bb3
0f31a.html. Accessed 6 Mar. 2018.
This is a primary source and is from teh “Against Their Will” series. This article is about
Bertha Dale Midgett Hymes, a white lady, who was sterilized at the age of sixteen.
Before her pregnancy, her family depended on welfare, so after the social workers found
out that she was with child, they urged to have her sterilized. Social workers pulled up
old records of Hymes’s IQ and found that it was a 48, well below the 70 cut off.
However, this test was administered at age eleven, so the results are not correct.
However, social workers convicted Hyme’s mother to sign the papers. Hymes knew that
this procedure was going to happen, but she did not want it too. However, doctors told
her that it was too late.

Railey, John. “Just Carrying Out Orders.” ​Winston-Salem Journal​ [Winston-Salem], 9 Dec.
2002. ​journalnow.com​,
www.journalnow.com/news/local/just-carrying-out-orders/article_e5f07d40-8fed-11e2-8
506-0019bb30f31a.html. Accessed 12 Mar. 2018.
This is a primary source and is from the “Against Their Will” series. This article is about
the doctors that either performed or helped with the sterilization surgeries. Most doctors
stopped performing sterilizations on females during the 1960s because they believed that
it was not worth it anymore. Many of these doctors state that they were just carrying out
 the government’s orders. Some believed that the reason seemed good, but taking away a
person's ability to have children was wrong. Most of the living doctors remain quiet.

Railey, John. ​Rage to Redemption in the Sterilization Age​. 2015.

This is a primary source. This book was written by John Railey, on of the reporters that
wrote the “Against Their Will” series. He writes about his journey of learning about the
North Carolina Eugenics Board, finding survivors, and fighting for justice and
compensation for them. This source is important because it gives first hand accounts of
survivors and includes very detailed accounts of the story of Nial Cox Ramirez.

Railey, John, and Kevin Begos. “Still Hiding’ Woman sterilized at 14 carries a load of shame.”
Winston-Salem Journal​ [Forsyth County], 9 Dec. 2002. ​journalnow.com​,
www.journalnow.com/news/local/still-hiding/article_e26e967e-8fe4-11e2-b104-0019bb3
0f31a.html. Accessed 2 Jan. 2018.
This is a primary source. This article is about Elaine Riddick Jessie who was sterilized at
age fourteen after the birth of her only child. Social workers and the Eugenics Board
deemed her feebleminded and decision she was a candidate for sterilization. Social
workers forced her grandmother into signing consent, however they never told her what it
was for. Riddick was never informed of the produce.

Riddick, Elaine. Interview.

This video interview is a primary source in that it includes direct testimony from the
interviewee. It includes personal data on the eugenics process and the emotional
consequences for the victims. This source is very important for our project because it
captures it shows us how Elaine Riddick speaks, acts, and the quotes she uses.

Riddick, Elaine. Interview. 21 Apr. 2018.

This is a primary source. This is a personal interview that we conducted ourselves with
Elaine Riddick, a victim of the North Carolina Eugenics Board. Riddick explained the
legacy of the eugenic board and her work today. She talked about how the science of
eugenics is not gone, but instead it is underground and secretive. She provided examples
of chemical sterilizations, GMOS, and vaccines. This is a very important source because
she provided so much information that cannot not be found anywhere else. She also told
us her legacy and the work she does to educate people about eugenics.

Sampson, Tevron. “Dr. William Shockley on Race, IQ, and Eugenics.” ​YouTube​, 3 June 2009,
www.youtube.com/watch?v=sAszZr3SkEs. Accessed 17 May 2018.
 This is a video clip of an interview that Dr. William Shockley gave on his belief of
eugenics. The interview is used to show how there is now still “modern day eugenics” on
the African American population. This is a primary source.

Scan from Microfilm: Sunday March 7, 1948. ​journalnow.com,​ 9 Dec. 2002,

www.journalnow.com/news/local/all-aboard-newspapers-jumped-on-sterilization-bandwa
gon/article_7577c770-8fee-11e2-b8e1-0019bb30f31a.html. Accessed 6 Mar. 2018.
This is a primary source. This is a photo of a newspaper from 1948 in support of
sterilizations.

Screenshot of the Logo for the Rebecca Project of Justice. ​The Rebecca Project for Justice,​
www.rebeccaprojectjustice.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=
29&Itemid=56. Accessed 27 Apr. 2018.
This is a screen shot of the logo for the Rebecca Project for Justice, an organization
created by Elaine Riddick. This photo was used for the slideshow presentation.

Seal of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina​. ​CharlotteNC.Gov​,

charlottenc.gov/stormwater/Pages/default.aspx. Accessed 27 Apr. 2018.
This photo, a primary source, is a of the Mecklenburg County seal. This photo was used
in the slide show presentation.

Sterilization Consent Form. ​http://www.journalnow.com​,

www.journalnow.com/news/local/still-hiding/article_e26e967e-8fe4-11e2-b104-0019bb3
0f31a.html.
This is a primary source. This is a photo of a sterilization consent form. It is used as a
prop.

Tajima-Peña, Renee. “Renee Tajima-Peña on the Women of the Madrigal vs Quilligan Case.”
Interview by Craig Phillips. ​pbs.org​, 29 Jan. 2016,
www.pbs.org/independentlens/blog/renee-tajima-pena-on-the-women-of-the-madrigal-vs
-quilligan-case/. Accessed 10 Jan. 2018.
This is a primary source. This is an interview with Renee Tajima-Peña who created the
film ​No Más Bebés,​ which is about the Madrigal vs. Quilligan Case.

“Tillis-Carper Bill To Protect Benefits For Eugenics Victims Heads To President Obama’s
Desk.” ​tillis.senate.gov,​ 27 Sept. 2016,
www.tillis.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/2016/9/tillis-carper-bill-to-protect-benefits-for-eu
genics-victims-heads-to-president-obama-s-desk. Accessed 2 Jan. 2018.
 This is a primary source. This webpage updates the public on the process of the
Tillis-Carper Bill, which protects eugenics victims and provides federal benefits.

United States, Congress, House. Treatment of Certain Payments in Eugenics Compensation Act.
Government Printing Office, 2015. ​congress.gov​,
www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/1698. Accessed 2 Jan. 2018. 114th
Congress, House Bill 1698.
This is a primary source. This is the actual federal bill that was enacted in 2015 that gives
compensation and federal benefits to any victim of a state eugenics compensation
program.

United States. ​Cox v. Stanton.​ www.leagle.com/decision/1974730381fsupp3491675. Accessed

22 Apr. 2018.
This is a primary source. This is a lawsuit against North Carolina brought by Nial Cox
Ramirez for their forced sterilization. This was one of the reasons why the Eugenics
Board petitions decreased.

United States, Supreme Court. ​Buck v. Bell.​ 2 May 1927. ​supreme.justia.com,​

supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/274/200/case.html. Accessed 3 Nov. 2017. 274 US.
This is a primary source. This was the Supreme Court case that ruled that forced
sterilization was legal if it helped the patient’s health. This ruling has not been officially
overturned since.

Vachon, John. ​Drinking Fountain on the County Courthouse Lawn, Halifax, North Carolina.​
Apr. 1938. ​Library of Congress,​ Apr. 1938, www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2017717044/.
Accessed 27 Apr. 2018.
This photo shows the segregation that happened in the United States. The girl is drinking
from a water foundation specifically labeled for those who are colored. This photo was
used in the slideshow presentation.

Will Serve Again: Mrs. J. Howard Moser (left) director of literature, looks over reports with
three of the four re-elected officers of the Human Betterment League of N.C. They are
Nat S. Crews, Mrs. A.B. Stroup and James G. Hanes. Mrs David Henderson, the fourth
officer was not present. 1953. ​journalnow.com,​
www.journalnow.com/news/local/selling-a-solution/article_eab9ad54-8fea-11e2-b351-00
19bb30f31a.html. Accessed 17 Apr. 2018.
This is a primary source. This is a photo of three of the four members of the Human
Betterment League.
Winston-Salem Journal​ [Winston-Salem]. 2017. ​Winston-Salem Journal,​
www.journalnow.com/specialreports/againsttheirwill/. Accessed 13 Feb. 2018.
This is a primary article, with secondary qualities; it contains both current analysis, but
also historical data. It contains data on eugenics in North Carolina.

WSJ..
This is a primary source. This is a photo of the “Against Their Will” series in the
Winston-Salem Journal​. It is used in the slideshow.

​www.inclusiondaily.com​. www.inclusiondaily.com/news/institutions/nc/eugenics.htm. Accessed

12 Feb. 2018.
This is a primary source. This webpage is about how Governor Easley signed a law that
to repeal North Carolina’s 1933 sterilization law and gave an official apology.

You Wouldn’t Expect.​ 1950. ​North Carolina Digital Collections​, North Carolina Dept. of Natural
and Cultural Resources, digital.ncdcr.gov/cdm/ref/collection/p249901coll37/id/14969.
Accessed 5 Mar. 2018.
These photographs are of a pamphlet mailed out in the 1950s by the Human Betterment
League of North Carolina. This pamphlet was specifically mailed to Miss Marjorie Bead
in Raleigh, North Carolina. The pamphlet was telling recipients that those that are
feebleminded were not trusted to do jobs, therefore they should not be trusted with the
job of parenthood. The Betterment League was offering sterilization as a form of birth
control.

Secondary Sources
Abate, Tom. “State’s little-known history of shameful science / California’s role in Nazis’ goal
of ‘purification.’” ​SFGate​ [San Francisco], 10 Mar. 2003,
www.sfgate.com/business/article/State-s-little-known-history-of-shameful-science-26639
25.php. Accessed 10 Nov. 2017.
This is a secondary piece. This is a news article about sterilization in the state of
California.

Begos, Kevin. “ALL ABOARD: Newspapers jumped on sterilization bandwagon.”

Winston-Salem Journal​ [Winston-Salem], 9 Dec. 2002. ​journalnow.com,​
www.journalnow.com/news/local/all-aboard-newspapers-jumped-on-sterilization-bandwa
gon/article_7577c770-8fee-11e2-b8e1-0019bb30f31a.html. Accessed 6 Mar. 2018.
This is a secondary source and is from the “Against Their Will” series. This article is
about how newspapers in the 1950s wrote articles in support of sterilizations.
Begos, Kevin. “CASTRATION: Files suggest that punishment was often the aim.”
Winston-Salem Journal​ [Winston-Salem], 9 Dec. 2002. ​journalnow.com,​
www.journalnow.com/news/local/castration-files-suggest-that-punishment-was-often-the
-aim/article_a55713e6-8fea-11e2-a9da-0019bb30f31a.html. Accessed 11 Feb. 2018.
This is a secondary source and is from the “Against Their Will” series. This article is
about how the eugenics board also used castration on male victims.

Begos, Kevin. “FEWER PEOPLE: Peru resorting to sterilization?” ​Winston-Salem Journal

[Winston-Salem], 9 Dec. 2002. ​journalnow.com​,
www.journalnow.com/news/local/fewer-people-peru-resorting-to-sterilization/article_812
412a6-8fe7-11e2-ad4b-0019bb30f31a.html. Accessed 11 Feb. 2018.
This is a secondary source. This article is from the “Against Their Will” series. It talks
about how Peru may be forcing or bribing women into sterilization.

Begos, Kevin. “Lifting the Curtain on a Shameful Era.” ​Winston-Salem Journal

[Winston-Salem], 9 Dec. 2002. ​journalnow.com​,
www.journalnow.com/news/local/lifting-the-curtain-on-a-shameful-era/article_fa19404e-
8fdf-11e2-8fba-0019bb30f31a.html. Accessed 11 Feb. 2018.
This is a secondary source. This is the first article in the series “Against Their Will”
which exposed North Carolina’s sinful history of sterilization. This article gave the
history of the eugenics board and reasons why people were sterilized.

Begos, Kevin. “Painless and Permanent.” ​Winston-Salem Journal​ [Winston-Salem], 9 Dec. 2002.
journalnow.com​,
www.journalnow.com/news/local/painless-and-permanent/article_1c31b070-8ff0-11e2-a
15d-0019bb30f31a.html. Accessed 16 Mar. 2018.
This is a secondary source and is from the “Against Their Will” series. This article is
about two new painless and cheaper forms of sterilization. Both are inserted into the
uterus and block off the fallopian tubes. Many hope that this will become accessible to
women. However, some believe that the creation of these two methods have eugenics in
mind.

Begos, Kevin. “Benefactor With a Racist Bent.” ​Winston-Salem Journal​ [Winston-Salem], 9

Dec. 2002. ​journalnow.com​,
www.journalnow.com/news/local/benefactor-with-a-racist-bent/article_c3233614-8fe7-1
1e2-9446-0019bb30f31a.html. Accessed 11 Feb. 2018.
This is a secondary source is from the “Against Their Will” series. This article is about
the beginnings of the research of white superiority and how researchers received a lot of
money from doctors.
Begos, Kevin “Records unexpectedly available.” ​Winston-Salem Journal​ [Winston-Salem], 9
Dec. 2002. ​journalnow.com​,
www.journalnow.com/news/local/records-unexpectedly-available/article_5b7781c8-8fe7-
11e2-92f3-0019bb30f31a.html. Accessed 11 Feb. 2018.
This is a secondary source. This article is part of the “Against Their Will” series and is
about how the sterilization records were kept private from the public. However,
researcher Johanna Schoen was able to obtain thousands of pages of documents. She then
gave to the ​Winston-Salem Journal.

Begos, Kevin. “Selling a Solution.” ​Winston-Salem Journal​ [Winston-Salem], 9 Dec. 2002.

journalnow.com​,
www.journalnow.com/news/local/selling-a-solution/article_eab9ad54-8fea-11e2-b351-00
19bb30f31a.html. Accessed 6 Mar. 2018.
This is a secondary source and is from the “Against Their Will” series. This article is
about James G. Hanes, who was a major figure in North Carolina’s sterilizations. By
1945, sterilizations had follow to a low of 117. Scared, Hanes drafted a plan in order to
increase the number of sterilizations. After learning that a number of boys and men from
North Carolina was rejected from the World War Two draft because of mental
retardation, he decided to create a new feebleminded test that was sent out to schools.
These results were used by the eugenics board to target specific people. Also, the term
“feebleminded” was started to be used for a wide spread list of topics.

Begos, Kevin. “Sterilization was often the way out.” ​Winston-Salem Journal​ [Winston-Salem], 9
Dec. 2002. ​journalnow.com​,
www.journalnow.com/news/local/sterilization-was-often-the-way-out/article_97931328-
8fee-11e2-bf88-0019bb30f31a.html. Accessed 13 Mar. 2018.
This is a secondary source and is part of the “Against Their Will” series. This article is
about how the board often forced sterilization on those who were leaving state hospital
and training schools. The only way out of these places were if the patients were sterilized.
The board knew that the patients knew that the IQ test were inaccurate at times so they
can not be depended on. Also, some board did not agree with sterilization at all.

​bioethics.wfu.edu.​
bioethics.wfu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/WickedSilenceStudentDiscussionGuide.p
df. Accessed 17 Mar. 2018.
This is a secondary source. This is the student discussion guide for the documentary
“Wicked Silence.”
Blythe, Anne. “Families of NC eugenics victims no longer alive still have shot at compensation
Read more here:
http://www.newsobserver.com/news/politics-government/state-politics/article139219933.
html#storylink=cpy.” ​The News & Observer,​ 17 Mar. 2017. ​www.newsobserver.com,​
www.newsobserver.com/news/politics-government/state-politics/article139219933.html.
Accessed 28 Nov. 2017.
This is a secondary source. This article is about how it is possible that dead victims of the
North Carolina Eugenics Board may be able to receive compensation. The compensation
may go to their families.

Bold, Mark G. “It’s time for California to compensate its forced-sterilization victims.” ​Los
Angeles Times​ [Los Angeles], 5 Mar. 2015. ​beta.latimes.com,​
beta.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-0306-bold-forced-sterilization-compensation-2015
0306-story.html. Accessed 9 Jan. 2018.
This is a secondary source. This article is about the California compensation program.
California is the third state to pay compensation to their eugenics victims. However, not
California is illegally sterilizing prisoners. So the question is, have California learn from
the mistakes or not?

“Buck v. Bell.” ​oyez.org,​ www.oyez.org/cases/1900-1940/274us200. Accessed 2 Jan. 2018.

This is a secondary source. This web page is a summary of the Supreme Court court case
Buck v. Bell.

“Buck v. Bell: Inside the SCOTUS Case That Led to Forced Sterilization of 70,000 & Inspired
the Nazis.” ​democracynow.org,​ 17 Mar. 2016,
www.democracynow.org/2016/3/17/buck_v_bell_inside_the_scotus. Accessed 10 Jan.
2018.
This is a secondary source. This is a transcript of a radio show that talked about the
history of the Supreme Court case of Buck v Bell and the role Margaret Sanger played in
eugenics.

Campos, Paul. “Eugenics Are Alive and Well in the United States.” ​Time Magazine​, 10 July
2013. ​Time​, ideas.time.com/2013/07/10/eugenics-are-alive-and-well-in-the-united-states/.
Accessed 2 Jan. 2018.
This article for the Time Magazine provides light on a topic that has been hidden. It was
written about the illegal sterilization that is currently happening on women who are in
prison. This is a secondary source.
Carmon, Irin. “For eugenic sterilization victims, belated justice.” ​MSNBC,​ 27 June 2014.
www.msnbc.com,​ www.msnbc.com/all/eugenic-sterilization-victims-belated-justice.
Accessed 26 Nov. 2017.
This is a secondary source. There are some personal stories of victims of the North
Carolina sterilization program.

Chappell, Bill. “California’s Prison Sterilizations Reportedly Echo Eugenics Era.” ​npr.org​, 9
July 2013,
www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/07/09/200444613/californias-prison-sterilization
s-reportedly-echoes-eugenics-era. Accessed 5 June 2018.
This is a secondary source. In California, between 1997 and 2010, California prisons
were sterilizing female inmates. This operation was suppose to be voluntary and have
approval by the state, but many times, doctors did not listen to these guidelines. This
source is important because it describes the reason for these sterilizations. Officials did
not want more children burdening welfare funds, the same reason for sterilizations during
the later eugenics age.

“Court battle holds up payments to victims of NC sterilization program.” ​wral.com​, 10 Nov.

2016,
www.wral.com/court-battle-holds-up-payments-to-victims-of-nc-sterilization-program/16
218271/. Accessed 1 Jan. 2018.
This is a secondary source. This article is about how survivors are complaining that the
compensation is taking to long to come to them and that they deserve it.

Deaver, Danielle. “Bedfellows in the Cause.” ​Winston-Salem Journal​ [Winston-Salem], 9 Dec.

2002. ​journalnow.com​,
www.journalnow.com/news/local/bedfellows-in-the-cause/article_6326247a-8ff0-11e2-a
2e5-0019bb30f31a.html. Accessed 17 Mar. 2018.
This is a secondary source and is part of the “Against Their Will” series. This article is
about how in 1938, North Carolina became the first state in providing birth control to the
poor. They original intent for the birth control was to use it as a way of eugenics.

Deaver, Danielle. “City’s kids put to the test in ‘48.” ​Winston-Salem Journal​ [Winston-Salem], 9
Dec. 2002. ​journalnow.com​,
www.journalnow.com/news/local/city-s-kids-put-to-the-test-in/article_3caaed8c-8fee-11e
2-a790-0019bb30f31a.html. Accessed 6 Mar. 2018.
This is a secondary source and is from the “Against Their Will” series. This article is
about how IQ tests were implemented in North Carolina schools in order to determine the
mental state of the students.
Deaver, Danielle. “Comes a Stranger.” ​Winston-Salem Journal​ [Winston-Salem Journal], 9 Dec.
2002. ​journalnow.com​,
www.journalnow.com/news/local/comes-a-stranger/article_2eaefbba-8fe9-11e2-bbfb-001
9bb30f31a.html. Accessed 11 Feb. 2018.
This is a secondary source and is from the “Against Their Will” series. This article is
about Dr. William Allan and how he tried to trace heredity disease in Watauga County.

Deaver, Danielle. “Forsyth in the Forefront.” ​Winston-Salem Journal​ [Winston-Salem], 9 Dec.

2002. ​journalnow.com​,
www.journalnow.com/news/local/forsyth-in-the-forefront/article_647de82c-8c02-11e2-af
fa-001a4bcf6878.html. Accessed 11 Feb. 2018.
This is a secondary source. This article is from the “Against Their Will” series and is
about the start of the eugenics movement in North Carolina.

Deaver, Danielle. “Prev Previous Crash involving ambulance leads to DWI charge against
Winston-Salem man A Winston-Salem man faces DWI charges in a crash involving a…
Next Next Up Aging Matters: Shepherd’s Center to have Medicare session Shepherd’s
Center to offer Medicare session LEGAL: N.C. can still sterilize retarded adults.”
Winston-Salem Journal​ [Winston-Salem], 9 Dec. 2002. ​journalnow.com,​
www.journalnow.com/news/local/legal-n-c-can-still-sterilize-retarded-adults/article_9dd9
7824-8ff0-11e2-a294-0019bb30f31a.html. Accessed 11 Feb. 2018.
This is a secondary source and is from the “Against Their Will” series. North Carolina
can still sterilization mentally retarded people if they have the consent of their guardians.
This law is still going on. After all North Carolina has done, it appears they still have not
learned their lesson.

Deaver, Danielle. “Stirring Up Academia.” ​Winston-Salem Journal​ [Winston-Salem], 9 Dec.

2002. ​journalnow.com​,
www.journalnow.com/news/local/stirring-up-academia/article_c18fd50c-8fef-11e2-9d5c-
0019bb30f31a.html. Accessed 16 Mar. 2018.
This is a secondary source and is part of the “Against Their Will” series. This article is
about the modern day eugenics movement in which some professors believe that some
races are less intelligent than other, subjecting them to failure. They propose that if they
can eliminate that race, then the world will be better. Now civil rights organizations are
tracking these certain professors.

Deaver, Danielle. “Tempting Choices.” ​Winston-Salem Journal​ [Winston-Salem], 9 Dec. 2002.

journalnow.com​,
 www.journalnow.com/news/local/tempting-choices/article_464ab9f2-8fef-11e2-b9d7-00
19bb30f31a.html. Accessed 16 Mar. 2018.
This is a secondary source and is from the “Against Their Will” series. This article is
about how even through sterilization of the feebleminded is not being carried through,
eugenics still happen. Today, mothers can receive sonograms and ultrasounds to detect
conditions, syndromes, or genetic mutations. Some choose to abort their baby because
they do not want to have a defective baby. This can still be considered eugenics because
they eliminate the weak.

Deaver, Danielle. “TYING THE TUBES: Operation has become faster, less painful.”
Winston-Salem Journal​ [Winston-Salem], 9 Dec. 2002. ​journalnow.com,​
www.journalnow.com/news/local/tying-the-tubes-operation-has-become-faster-less-painf
ul/article_82334adc-8fe6-11e2-8310-0019bb30f31a.html.
This is a secondary source. This article explains the advantages in tubal ligation, the
process of the surgery, and the recovery time.

Desimone, Jason. ​1 The Illegitimacy of Sterilization: The Merging of Welfare and Eugenics in
North Carolina, 192 9 - 201 5​.
bir.brandeis.edu/bitstream/handle/10192/31290/DesimoneThesis2015.pdf. Accessed 30
May 2018.
This is a secondary source. This is a senior thesis written by Jason Desimone concerning
the North Carolina Eugenics Boards.

Dunn, Adrienne. “Human Betterment League of North Carolina.” ​North Carolina History,​ John
Locke Foundation,
northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/human-betterment-league-of-north-carolina/.
Accessed 10 Mar. 2018.
This article, a secondary source, explains the start of eugenics in North Carolina. The
Human Betterment League of North Carolina used mass media and advertisements to
implement the idea of sterilization in its citizens. They persuaded that sterilization was
for the public safety for those who were mentally defective were living among citizens,
not in mental institutions.

Dusenbery, Maya. “Photos: Survivors of North Carolina’s Eugenics Program.” ​Mother Jones​, 9
May 2012. ​motherjones.com​,
www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/05/north-carolina-sterilization-eugenics-photos/.
Accessed 2 Jan. 2018.
This is a secondary source. This article is about the North Carolina sterilization program.
It also includes some victim’s stories.
“Eugenics: Compulsory Sterilization in 50 American States.” ​uvm.edu,​
www.uvm.edu/~lkaelber/eugenics/. Accessed 11 Mar. 2018.
This is a secondary source. This webpage contains history of sterilization in American
and also what each state did for sterilization.

“Forced Sterilization.” ​The United States Holocaust Museum​,

www.ushmm.org/learn/students/learning-materials-and-resources/mentally-and-physicall
y-handicapped-victims-of-the-nazi-era/forced-sterilization. Accessed 29 Jan. 2018.
This article, a secondary source, was written by the United States Holocaust Museum to
educate students on the beginning of the Holocaust. Starting in January of 1934, an
estimated 300,000 to 400,000 were subjected to forced sterilizations under Hitler’s
Germany. Many were sterilized under the argument of feeble mindedness. However
before Germany, the United States led the world in forced sterilizations, for between
1907 to 1939, 30,000 people were sterilized against their will.

“Forced Sterilization.” ​Women and Global Human Rights​,

faculty.webster.edu/woolflm/forcedsterilization.html.
Forced sterilization is practiced throughout many countries. In the United States, Indiana
created the first law on forced sterilization in 1907. In 1927, the Supreme Court ruled in
Buck v. Bell, that forced sterilization for constitutional because it causes the safety of the
public. Those for are selected for forced sterilization are usually poor, minorities,
epileptics, manic depressives, prostitutes, alcoholics, homeless, and criminals. This is a
secondary source.

Gould, Stephen Jay. “Carrie Buck’s Daughter.” ​Natural History​, July 1984,
faculty.uca.edu/benw/biol4415/papers/carriebuck.pdf. Accessed 13 Feb. 2018.
This is a secondary source; describing in brief the history of Ms. Carrie Buck, who was
sterilized based upon only the evidence of her father, thereby removing free will.

Helms, Ann Doss, and Tommy Tomlinson. “Wallace Kuralt’s era of sterilization.” ​Charlotte
Observer​ [Charlotte]. ​charlotteobserver.com​,
www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article9068186.html. Accessed 1 Jan. 2018.
This is a secondary source. This article is about Wallace Kuralt who was Mecklenburg
County welfare director from 1945 to 1972. He increased the number of sterilizations
performed. He used sterilizations as a form of birth control and also targeted
feebleminded people. He claimed that this was needed to protect people.

Holloway, Kali. “Modern-day Eugenics? Prisoners Sterilized for Shorter Sentences.” ​Salon
Media Group,​ 28 July 2017. ​Salon​,
 www.salon.com/2017/07/28/modern-day-eugenics-prisoners-sterilized-for-shorter-senten
ces_partner/. Accessed 2 Jan. 2018.
Recently a Tennessee county created a modern-day eugenics program under the cover of
offering prisoners a better future. In White County, Judge Sam Benningfield offered
prisoners a shorter sentence if they agree to be sterilized. He believes that people should
have the choice not to be burdened by children. This is viewed as a modern eugenics
program. This article also shed light on past and current sterilization programs happening
in the United States. This is a secondary source.

Hutchison, Courtney, and ABC News Medical Unit. “Sterilizing the Sick, Poor to Cut Welfare
Costs: North Carolina’s History of Eugenics.” ​ABC News​, 4 Aug. 2011. ​abcnews.go.com​,
abcnews.go.com/Health/WomensHealth/sterilizing-sick-poor-cut-welfare-costs-north-car
olinas/story?id=14093458. Accessed 3 Jan. 2018.
This is a secondary source. This article is about the North Carolina’s Sterilization
Program and the victims that were affected.

Hylan, Nicolette. ​Selling Eugenic Sterilization: The Human Betterment League of North
Carolina, 1947-1959.​ .
This is a secondary source. This essay is about the Human Betterment League, its works,
members, and beginnings.

Kaelber, Lutz. “Eugenics/Sexual Sterilizations in North Carolina.” ​Eugenics: Compulsory

Sterilization in 50 American States,​ edited by Lutz Kaelber, 30 Oct. 2014,
www.uvm.edu/~lkaelber/eugenics/NC/NC.html. Accessed 13 Feb. 2018.
This is a secondary source, containing data on the North Carolina eugenics programs.
Raw statistics, personal cases and procedures are all included.

Kaelber, Lutz. “Eugenics/Sexual Sterilizations in North Carolina.” ​UVM.EDU​,

www.uvm.edu/~lkaelber/eugenics/NC/NC.html. Accessed 11 Mar. 2018.
This presentation by Lutz Kaelber, who is an Associate Professor of Sociology at the
University of Vermont, focuses on sterilization in North Carolina. It talks about the data
and the number of people who were sterilized, the history and start of sterilization, the
lives of those who were sterilized, and the mindset behind those who sterilized people.
This is a secondary source.

Kamenev, Marina. “Sterilizing a Child, for a Better Life.” ​The Atlantic​, 19 Mar. 2013,
www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/09/sterilizing-a-child-for-a-better-life/279765/.
Accessed 12 Mar. 2018.
 This is a secondary source. This web page is about how parents sterilize their daughters
because they are concerned about the mental health and dealing with their periods. Some
parents said that they cannot handle monthly, so they get their child sterilized to stop their
menstruation.

Kickler, Troy L. “Compensation for Victims of Eugenics Gains Notice.”

northcarolinahistory.org,​
northcarolinahistory.org/commentary/compensation-for-victims-of-eugenics-gains-notice
/. Accessed 2 Jan. 2018.
This is a secondary source. This source is a brief overview of the North Carolina
Eugenics Board.

Kickler, Troy L., Dr. “Eugenics Board.” ​North Carolina History Project,​ John Locke
Foundation, northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/eugenics-board/. Accessed 3 Mar.
2018.
This webpage from the North Carolina History Project gives a description and a summary
of the North Carolina Eugenics Board that was in session from 1933. The purpose of the
Board was to “ensure the constitutionality of the sterilization laws.”

Ko, Lisa. “Unwanted Sterilization and Eugenics Programs in the United States.” ​pbs.org,​ PBS,
29 Jan. 2016,
www.pbs.org/independentlens/blog/unwanted-sterilization-and-eugenics-programs-in-the
-united-states/.
This is a secondary source. This article covers America’s dark history of forced
sterilizations for the reasons of racism, health, and population control.

Lombardo, Paul. “Eugenic Sterilization Laws.” ​eugenicsarchive.org​,

www.eugenicsarchive.org/html/eugenics/essay8text.html. Accessed 12 Mar. 2018.
This is a secondary source. This web page gives a brief history of sterilization laws in
America. It mentions the cases of Buck v Bell and Skinner v Oklahoma.

“Maafa 21.” ​YouTube​, www.youtube.com/watch?v=0eWxCRReTV4.

This is a secondary source. This is a documentary about genocide of African Americans
in America. It exposes the fact that birth control was created to eliminate the African
American population. This documentary was recommended to us by Elaine Riddick.

Mennel, Eric. “Payments Start For N.C. Eugenics Victims, But Many Won’t Qualify.” ​NPR.​
npr.org​,
 www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/10/31/360355784/payments-start-for-n-c-eugeni
cs-victims-but-many-wont-qualify. Accessed 26 Nov. 2017.
This is a secondary source. This article talks about how North Carolina is providing
compensation for their sterilization victims, but some won’t qualify because they case
was never documented.

Murdock, Sebastian. “North Carolina Eugenics: Sterilization Program Victims Offered Funds.”
Huffpost.​ ​huffingtonpost.com,​
www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/26/north-carolina-eugenics-sterilization-victims-offere
d-funds_n_3657982.html. Accessed 26 Nov. 2017.
This is a secondary source. This talks about the tragic history of sterilization in North
Carolina and how the victims are receiving compensation.

Pandit, Eesha. “America’s secret history of forced sterilization: Remembering a disturbing and
not-so-distant past.” ​salon.com​, 29 Jan. 2016,
www.salon.com/2016/01/29/americas_secret_history_of_forced_sterilization_rememberi
ng_a_disturbing_and_not_so_distant_past/. Accessed 11 Jan. 2018.
This is a secondary source. This article is about the film No Mas Bebes and the
sterilization of Latina women.

Parry, Marc. “How U.S. Law Inspired the Nazis.” ​The Chronicle of Higher Education,​ 19 Mar.
2017. ​chronicle.com​, www.chronicle.com/article/How-US-Law-Inspired-the/239494.
Accessed 12 Feb. 2018.
This is a secondary source. This article is about how the Nazi actually took some of the
United State’s eugenics laws and implemented them into their own.

“Payments Start For N.C. Eugenics Victims, But Many Won’t Qualify.” ​npr.org,​ 31 Oct. 2014,
www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/10/31/360355784/payments-start-for-n-c-eugeni
cs-victims-but-many-wont-qualify.
This is a secondary source. This article is about Debra Blackmon who was sterilized at
the age of fourteen in 1972. However she does not qualify for the North Carolina
compensation because her name is not in the North Carolina Eugenic Board’s database.

Powell, William S. “Winston, Ellen Black.” ​NCpedia,​ U of North Carolina P, 1996,

www.ncpedia.org/biography/winston-ellen-black. Accessed 21 May 2018.
This is the webpage of the database on Ellen Black Winston. This describes the
accomplishments of her life. This was used to help describe Ms. Winston. This is a
secondary source.
Railey, John. “Advocate: Wake Forest president embraced eugenics movement.” ​Winston-Salem
Journal​ [Winston-Salem], 9 Dec. 2002. ​journalnow.com,​
www.journalnow.com/news/local/advocate-wake-forest-president-embraced-eugenics-m
ovement/article_7f82bba2-8fea-11e2-aa34-0019bb30f31a.html. Accessed 11 Feb. 2018.
This is a secondary source. This article is from teh “Against Their Will” series and is
about William Louis Poteat and his beliefs in eugenics.

Railey, John. “’BAD’ GIRLS: Indians posed a tricky race problem for the state.” ​Winston-Salem
Journal​ [Winston-Salem], 9 Dec. 2002. ​journalnow.com,​
www.journalnow.com/news/local/bad-girls-indians-posed-a-tricky-race-problem-for-the/
article_f02c5c24-8fee-11e2-8065-0019bb30f31a.html. Accessed 13 Mar. 2018.
This is a secondary source and is part of the “Against Their Will” series. This article is
about how in 1938, Native Americans and African Americans were not allowed in state
schools. Two Lumbee Indian girls were recommended for placement into a state school,
however they were not allowed to enter because of their race. Their race actually
protected them from sterilization.

Railey, John. “Church Silent: Scarce Catholics no threat to N.C. drive to sterilize.”
Winston-Salem Journal​ [Winston-Salem], 9 Dec. 2002. ​journalnow.com,​
www.journalnow.com/news/local/church-silent-scarce-catholics-no-threat-to-n-c-drive/ar
ticle_569ab868-8ff2-11e2-8003-0019bb30f31a.html. Accessed 12 Mar. 2018.
This is a secondary source and is from the “Against Their Will” series. This article is
about how few religious leaders spoke out against sterilization. Few Catholics did, but the
Protestants remained silent.

Railey, John. “’Wicked Silence.’” ​Winston-Salem Journal​ [Winston-Salem], 9 Dec. 2002.

journalnow.com​,
www.journalnow.com/news/local/wicked-silence/article_32176086-8fe8-11e2-a99e-0019
bb30f31a.html. Accessed 6 Mar. 2018.
This is a secondary source and from the “Against Their Will” series. This article is how
the number of African American sterilizations increased, yet no wanted cared at all.

Railey, John, and Kevin Begos. “Board did its duty, quietly.” ​Winston-Salem Journal
[Winston-Salem], 9 Dec. 2009. ​journalnow.com​,
www.journalnow.com/news/local/board-did-its-duty-quietly/article_c34a944e-8fe6-11e2-
a729-0019bb30f31a.html. Accessed 11 Feb. 2018.
This is a secondary source. This article is from the “Against Their Will” series and it is
about the actual members of the eugenics board.
Railey, John. “DETOUR: In ‘48 state singled out delinquent boys.” ​Winston-Salem Journal
[Winston-Salem], 9 Dec. 2002. ​journalnow.com​,
www.journalnow.com/news/local/detour-in-state-singled-out-delinquent-boys/article_d56
042a4-8fec-11e2-aaa1-0019bb30f31a.html. Accessed 12 Mar. 2018.
This is a secondary source and is part of the “Against Their Will” series. This article is
how boys in reform were not targeted for sterilizations as much as girls. However during
1948, the North Carolina Eugenics Board suddenly started to target these boys. Many of
these males were on their way out of the school. They had to receive the surgery or not
leave the school. The board targeted this males because they believed if they were
sterilized, they would not end up in the schools again. After 1948, the board targeted girls
outside of institutions and reform schools.

Read George W. Bush’s speech at the African American Museum, 13 years after signing the bill
to build it.​ 24 Sept. 2016. ​washingtonpost.com,​
www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2016/09/24/read-george-w-b
ushs-speech-at-the-african-american-museum-13-years-after-signing-the-bill-to-build-it/?
utm_term=.3a974478a268. Accessed 8 June 2018.
This is a secondary source. This article is about Bush’s speech at the African American
museum .This source is important because we used a quote in the performance.

Remsberg, Rich. “Found In The Archives: America’s Unsettling Early Eugenics Movement.”
npr.org​, 1 June 2011,
www.npr.org/sections/pictureshow/2011/06/01/136849387/found-in-the-archives-americ
as-unsettling-early-eugenics-movement. Accessed 8 Jan. 2018.
This a secondary source with primary photos. This article talks about America’s history
of eugenics.

Reynolds, Dave. “North Carolina’s Eugenics Past.” ​Inclusion Daily Express​ [Spokane], 2006.
Inclusion Daily Express​, www.inclusiondaily.com/news/institutions/nc/eugenics.htm.
Accessed 13 Feb. 2018.
This is a secondary source. It includes basic statistics, but also includes quotes by high
ranking officials on the issues of eugenics and sterilization.

Richardson, Bradford. “Insurance Companies Denied Treatment to Patients, Offered to Pay for
Assisted Suicide, Doctor Claims.” ​Washington Post,​ 31 May 2017,
www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/may/31/insurance-companies-denied-treatment-to
-patients-o/. Accessed 11 Mar. 2018.
This article, secondary source, is about Brian Callister, associate professor of internal
medicine at the University of Nevada, who tried to transfer patients to local treatment
 centers, but their insurance denied to pay for the treatment, instead offering assisted
suicide. This relates to sterilization because people were sterilized so they would no
longer take up more welfare. In both cases, people are choosing the cheaper option over
personal freedom.

Rose, Julie. “A Brutal Chapter In North Carolina’s Eugenics Past.” ​NPR​, 28 Dec. 2011. ​npr.org,​
www.npr.org/2011/12/28/144375339/a-brutal-chapter-in-north-carolinas-eugenics-past.
Accessed 26 Nov. 2017.
This is a secondary source. This article explains the history of North Carolina’s Eugenic
Board. It also focuses on the sterilization program in Mecklenburg county.

Rosenberg, Jeremy. “When California Decided Who Could Have Children and Who Could Not.”
kcet.org,​ 18 June 2012,
www.kcet.org/history-society/when-california-decided-who-could-have-children-and-wh
o-could-not. Accessed 8 Nov. 2017.
This is a secondary source. This source is an article about the sterilization program in
California.

Schoen, Johanna. ​Choice & Coercion.​

This is a secondary source. This book is about sterilization, women’s health, and planned
parenthood in North Carolina. This is an important source because it was written by
Johanna Schoen. She was the one that discovered North Carolina’s dark history. This
source is very different to other ones because Schoen had access to the Eugenics Boards
records, something that was sealed away for a long time and is rare to gain access too. In
her book, there are many victims stories that other sources do not have.

Severson, Kim. “Thousands Sterilized, a State Weighs Restitution.” ​The New York Times​ [New
York], 9 Dec. 2011. ​The New York Times,​
www.nytimes.com/2011/12/10/us/redress-weighed-for-forced-sterilizations-in-north-caro
lina.html. Accessed 4 June 2018.
This is a secondary source. This article is about the North Carolina Eugenics Board and
includes two victim’s stories. This is an important source because it describes Wallace H.
Kuralt as a sympathetic bureaucrat to the Human Betterment League’s cause.

“Son of eugenics victim honors mom with gift.” ​maafa21.com,​ 24 Feb. 2015,
www.maafa21.com/2015/02/24/son-eugenics-victim-honors-mom-gift/. Accessed 23
Apr. 2018.
This is a secondary source. ​Maafa 21​ is a documentary about black genocide in America.
This page is about Elaine Riddick.
“The Supreme Court Ruling That Led To 70,000 Forced Sterilizations.” ​npr.org,​ 7 Mar. 2016,
www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/03/07/469478098/the-supreme-court-ruling-that
-led-to-70-000-forced-sterilizations. Accessed 12 Jan. 2018.
This is a secondary source. These are highlights from an interview conducted by NPR
about sterilization, American eugenics, and Buck v Bell.

Thomas, Heidi. “Christmas Special 2014.” ​Call the Midwife​, BBC, 25 Dec. 2014.
This is a secondary source. This is the episode on ​Call the Midwife t​ hat helped us find our
topic. A couple learn that they are not in fact expecting, but rather they were sterilized
without their knowledge. After learning that some mental institutions in Britain forcibly
sterilization their patients, we were interested to see if America did anything like this.

Trent, James W. ​Inventing the Feeble Mind: A History of Intellectual Disability in the United
States.​ 1994.
This is a secondary source. This is a book is about the perspective of mental retardation
throughout history. This source is important because it says that Ellen Winston was a
member of the Human Betterment League.

Valdes, Marcela. “When Doctors Took ‘Family Planning’ Into Their Own Hands.” ​The New
York Times Magazine,​ 1 Feb. 2016. ​The New York Times​,
www.nytimes.com/2016/02/01/magazine/when-doctors-took-family-planning-into-their-o
wn-hands.html. Accessed 10 Jan. 2018.
This is a secondary source. This article is about Madrigal v. Quilligan which is a case that
questioned if County Hospital in Los Angeles was sterilization Latina mothers without
consent and if they were targeted Latinas in order to color the population.

Vasquez, Tina. “‘State of Eugenics’ Film Sheds Light on North Carolina’s Sterilization Abuse
Program.” ​rewire.news,​ 30 Jan. 2017,
rewire.news/article/2017/01/30/state-eugenics-sheds-light-north-carolinas-sterilization-ab
use/. Accessed 1 Jan. 2018.
This is a secondary source. This article is about the documentary ​State of Eugenics,
which is about the forced sterilizations in North Carolina. It always has the testimony
of Nial Cox Ramirez, who was a victim.

“Victims of forced sterilization protected in bill pushed by Sen. Thom Tillis.” ​tillis.senate.gov​, 4
Dec. 2015,
www.tillis.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/thom-in-the-news?ID=AF7961E7-BFC8-4735-A
5A6-8D37CF045337. Accessed 2 Jan. 2018.
 This is a secondary source. This is an article about the process of the eugenics
compensation bill and the introduction of it.

Wicked Silence: The North Carolina Forced Sterilization Program​.

This is a secondary source. This is a documentary about the North Carolina sterilization
program and board. This source is important because it explains the background of the
board.

Wills, Matthew. “When Forced Sterilization was Legal in the U.S.” ​JSTOR Daily​, 3 Aug. 2017.
JSTOR​, daily.jstor.org/when-forced-sterilization-was-legal-in-the-u-s/. Accessed 11 Jan.
2018.
This is a secondary source. This newsletter is about the Supreme Court case Buck v Bell.
It talks about how the evidence used against Bell was all fake and not proven.

“Winston, Ellen Black.” ​socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu,​

socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/people/winston-ellen-black/.
This is a secondary source. This webpage is about Ellen Black Winston, who was the
first U.S. Commissioner of Welfare in the U.S. Department of Health, Education and
Welfare. She was also the public welfare commissioner of North Carolina, chairman of
the Eugenics Board, and a member of the Human Betterment League.

Winston-Salem Journal​ [Winston-Salem]. 29 May 2015. ​journalnow.com,​

www.journalnow.com/opinion/columnists/john_railey/rage-to-redemption-tells-story-of-
victims-of-forced-sterilization/article_d25a9030-d4ed-11e4-ba5c-5b0e87ddb773.html.
Accessed 22 Apr. 2018.
This is a secondary source. This is an excerpt from John Railey’s new book, ​Rage to
Redemption in the Sterilization Age​.

Zucchino, David. “Sterilized by North Carolina, She Felt Raped Once More.” ​Los Angeles Time
[Los Angeles], 25 Jan. 2012. ​Los Angeles Times,​
articles.latimes.com/2012/jan/25/nation/la-na-forced-sterilization-20120126. Accessed 2
Jan. 2018.
This newspaper article, a secondary source, describes the story of Elaine Riddick. At the
age of fourteen years old, Elaine was raped and became pregnant. The North Carolina
Eugenics Board decided that she was feeble minded and was sterilized. The article
describes her views on the $50,000 compensation money offered, and her activism
against eugenics.