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Chapter 7, Part B Chapter 7, Part B
Sampling and Sampling istri!utions Sampling and Sampling istri!utions
"ther Sampling #ethods "ther Sampling #ethods
p Sampling istri!ution o$ Sampling istri!ution o$
Properties o$ Point %stimators Properties o$ Point %stimators
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& simple random sample & simple random sample
o$ o$ n n elements is sele'ted elements is sele'ted
$rom the population( $rom the population(
Population Population
)ith proportion )ith proportion
pp * + * +
#a,ing -n$eren'es a!out a Population Proportion #a,ing -n$eren'es a!out a Population Proportion
The sample data The sample data
pro.ide a .alue $or the pro.ide a .alue $or the
sample proportion sample proportion (( p
The .alue o$ is used The .alue o$ is used
to ma,e in$eren'es to ma,e in$eren'es
a!out the .alue o$ a!out the .alue o$ pp((
p
Sampling istri!ution o$ Sampling istri!ution o$ p
2
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E p p ( ) =
Sampling istri!ution o$ Sampling istri!ution o$ p
)here0 )here0
pp * the population proportion * the population proportion
The The sampling distri!ution o$ sampling distri!ution o$ is the pro!a!ilit1 is the pro!a!ilit1
distri!ution o$ all possi!le .alues o$ the sample distri!ution o$ all possi!le .alues o$ the sample
proportion ( proportion ( p
p
p %2pe'ted 3alue o$ %2pe'ted 3alue o$
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p
p p
n
N n
N
=

( ) 1
1

p
p p
n
=
( ) 1
is re$erred to as the is re$erred to as the standard error o$ the standard error o$ the
proportion proportion((

p
Sampling istri!ution o$ Sampling istri!ution o$ p
5inite Population 5inite Population -n$inite Population -n$inite Population
p Standard e.iation o$ Standard e.iation o$
/
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The sampling distri!ution o$ 'an !e appro2imated The sampling distri!ution o$ 'an !e appro2imated
!1 a normal distri!ution )hene.er the sample si6e !1 a normal distri!ution )hene.er the sample si6e
is large( is large(
p
The sample si6e is 'onsidered large )hene.er these The sample si6e is 'onsidered large )hene.er these
'onditions are satis$ied0 'onditions are satis$ied0
np np 77 55 n n81 81 99 pp: : 77 55 and and
5orm o$ the Sampling istri!ution o$ 5orm o$ the Sampling istri!ution o$ p
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5or .alues o$ 5or .alues o$ pp near (50, sample si6es as small as 10 near (50, sample si6es as small as 10
permit a normal appro2imation( permit a normal appro2imation(
With .er1 small 8approa'hing 0: or .er1 large With .er1 small 8approa'hing 0: or .er1 large
8approa'hing 1: .alues o$ 8approa'hing 1: .alues o$ pp, mu'h larger samples , mu'h larger samples
are needed( are needed(
5orm o$ the Sampling istri!ution o$ 5orm o$ the Sampling istri!ution o$ p
4
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<e'all that 72= o$ the <e'all that 72= o$ the
prospe'ti.e students appl1ing prospe'ti.e students appl1ing
to St( &ndre)>s College desire to St( &ndre)>s College desire
on on- -'ampus housing( 'ampus housing(
%2ample0 St( &ndre)>s College %2ample0 St( &ndre)>s College
Sampling istri!ution o$ Sampling istri!ution o$ p
What is the pro!a!ilit1 that What is the pro!a!ilit1 that
a simple random sample o$ /0 appli'ants )ill pro.ide a simple random sample o$ /0 appli'ants )ill pro.ide
an estimate o$ the population proportion o$ appli'ant an estimate o$ the population proportion o$ appli'ant
desiring on desiring on- -'ampus housing that is )ithin plus or 'ampus housing that is )ithin plus or
minus (05 o$ the a'tual population proportion+ minus (05 o$ the a'tual population proportion+
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5or our e2ample, )ith 5or our e2ample, )ith n n * /0 and * /0 and pp * (72, the * (72, the
normal distri!ution is an a''epta!le appro2imation normal distri!ution is an a''epta!le appro2imation
!e'ause0 !e'ause0
n n81 81 - - pp: * /08(2?: * ?(4 : * /08(2?: * ?(4 77 55
and and
np np * /08(72: * 21(; * /08(72: * 21(; 77 55
Sampling istri!ution o$ Sampling istri!ution o$ p
5
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= =
p
.72(1 .72)
.082
30
8 : (72 E p =
p
Sampling Sampling
istri!ution istri!ution
o$ o$ p
Sampling istri!ution o$ Sampling istri!ution o$ p
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Step 10 Step 10 Cal'ulate the Cal'ulate the zz- -.alue at the .alue at the upper upper endpoint o$ endpoint o$
the inter.al( the inter.al(
zz * 8(77 * 8(77 -- (72:/(0?2 * (;1 (72:/(0?2 * (;1
PP8 8zz AA (;1: * (72@1 (;1: * (72@1
Step 20 Step 20 5ind the area under the 'ur.e to the le$t o$ the 5ind the area under the 'ur.e to the le$t o$ the
upper upper endpoint( endpoint(
Sampling istri!ution o$ Sampling istri!ution o$ p
;
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Cumulati.e Pro!a!ilities $or Cumulati.e Pro!a!ilities $or
the Standard Bormal istri!ution the Standard Bormal istri!ution
z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
. . . . . . . . . . .
.5
(;@15 (;@50 (;@?5 (701@ (7054 (70?? (712/ (7157 (71@0 (7224
.6
(7257 (72@1 (7/24 (7/57 (7/?@ (7422 (7454 (74?; (7517 (754@
.7
(75?0 (7;11 (7;42 (7;7/ (7704 (77/4 (77;4 (77@4 (7?2/ (7?52
.8
(7??1 (7@10 (7@/@ (7@;7 (7@@5 (?02/ (?051 (?07? (?10; (?1//
.9
(?15@ (?1?; (?212 (?2/? (?2;4 (?2?@ (?/15 (?/40 (?/;5 (?/?@
. . . . . . . . . . .
Sampling istri!ution o$ Sampling istri!ution o$ p
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(77 (77 (72 (72
&rea * (72@1 &rea * (72@1
p
Sampling Sampling
istri!ution istri!ution
o$ o$ p
(0?2
p
=
Sampling istri!ution o$ Sampling istri!ution o$ p
7
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Step /0 Step /0 Cal'ulate the Cal'ulate the zz- -.alue at the .alue at the lo)er lo)er endpoint o$ endpoint o$
the inter.al( the inter.al(
Step 40 Step 40 5ind the area under the 'ur.e to the le$t o$ the 5ind the area under the 'ur.e to the le$t o$ the
lo)er lo)er endpoint( endpoint(
zz * 8(;7 * 8(;7 -- (72:/(0?2 * (72:/(0?2 * - - (;1 (;1
PP8 8zz AA - -(;1: * (;1: * PP8 8zz 77 (;1: (;1:
* (270@ * (270@
* 1 * 1 -- ( 72@1 ( 72@1
* 1 * 1 -- PP8 8zz AA (;1: (;1:
Sampling istri!ution o$ Sampling istri!ution o$ p
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(;7 (;7 (72 (72
&rea * (270@ &rea * (270@
p
Sampling Sampling
istri!ution istri!ution
o$ o$ p
(0?2
p
=
Sampling istri!ution o$ Sampling istri!ution o$ p
?
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PP8(;7 8(;7 AA AA (77: * (45?2 (77: * (45?2 p
Step 50 Step 50 Cal'ulate the area under the 'ur.e !et)een Cal'ulate the area under the 'ur.e !et)een
the lo)er and upper endpoints o$ the inter.al( the lo)er and upper endpoints o$ the inter.al(
PP8 8- -(;1 (;1 AA zz AA (;1: * (;1: * PP8 8zz AA (;1: (;1: -- PP8 8zz AA - -(;1: (;1:
* (72@1 * (72@1 -- (270@ (270@
* (45?2 * (45?2
The pro!a!ilit1 that the sample proportion o$ appli'ants The pro!a!ilit1 that the sample proportion o$ appli'ants
)anting on )anting on- -'ampus housing )ill !e )ithin C/ 'ampus housing )ill !e )ithin C/- -(05 o$ the (05 o$ the
a'tual population proportion 0 a'tual population proportion 0
Sampling istri!ution o$ Sampling istri!ution o$ p
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(77 (77 (;7 (;7 (72 (72
&rea * (45?2 &rea * (45?2
p
Sampling Sampling
istri!ution istri!ution
o$ o$ p
(0?2
p
=
Sampling istri!ution o$ Sampling istri!ution o$ p
@
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Properties o$ Point %stimators Properties o$ Point %stimators
Be$ore using a sample statisti' as a point estimator, Be$ore using a sample statisti' as a point estimator,
statisti'ians 'he', to see )hether the sample statisti' statisti'ians 'he', to see )hether the sample statisti'
has the $ollo)ing properties asso'iated )ith good has the $ollo)ing properties asso'iated )ith good
point estimators( point estimators(
Consisten'1 Consisten'1
%$$i'ien'1 %$$i'ien'1
Dn!iased Dn!iased
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Properties o$ Point %stimators Properties o$ Point %stimators
-$ the e2pe'ted .alue o$ the sample statisti' is -$ the e2pe'ted .alue o$ the sample statisti' is
eEual to the population parameter !eing estimated, eEual to the population parameter !eing estimated,
the sample statisti' is said to !e an the sample statisti' is said to !e an un!iased un!iased
estimator estimator o$ the population parameter( o$ the population parameter(
Dn!iased Dn!iased
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Properties o$ Point %stimators Properties o$ Point %stimators
Fi.en the 'hoi'e o$ t)o un!iased estimators o$ Fi.en the 'hoi'e o$ t)o un!iased estimators o$
the same population parameter, )e )ould pre$er to the same population parameter, )e )ould pre$er to
use the point estimator )ith the smaller standard use the point estimator )ith the smaller standard
de.iation, sin'e it tends to pro.ide estimates 'loser to de.iation, sin'e it tends to pro.ide estimates 'loser to
the population parameter( the population parameter(
The point estimator )ith the smaller standard The point estimator )ith the smaller standard
de.iation is said to ha.e greater de.iation is said to ha.e greater relati.e e$$i'ien'1 relati.e e$$i'ien'1
than the other( than the other(
%$$i'ien'1 %$$i'ien'1
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Properties o$ Point %stimators Properties o$ Point %stimators
& point estimator is & point estimator is 'onsistent 'onsistent i$ the .alues o$ the i$ the .alues o$ the
point estimator tend to !e'ome 'loser to the point estimator tend to !e'ome 'loser to the
population parameter as the sample si6e !e'omes population parameter as the sample si6e !e'omes
larger( larger(
Consisten'1 Consisten'1
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"ther Sampling #ethods "ther Sampling #ethods
Strati$ied <andom Sampling Strati$ied <andom Sampling
Cluster Sampling Cluster Sampling
S1stemati' Sampling S1stemati' Sampling
Con.enien'e Sampling Con.enien'e Sampling
Gudgment Sampling Gudgment Sampling
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The population is $irst di.ided into groups o$ The population is $irst di.ided into groups o$
elements 'alled elements 'alled strata strata((
Strati$ied <andom Sampling Strati$ied <andom Sampling
%a'h element in the population !elongs to one and %a'h element in the population !elongs to one and
onl1 one stratum( onl1 one stratum(
Best results are o!tained )hen the elements )ithin Best results are o!tained )hen the elements )ithin
ea'h stratum are as mu'h ali,e as possi!le ea'h stratum are as mu'h ali,e as possi!le
8i(e( a 8i(e( a homogeneous group homogeneous group:( :(
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Strati$ied <andom Sampling Strati$ied <andom Sampling
& simple random sample is ta,en $rom ea'h stratum( & simple random sample is ta,en $rom ea'h stratum(
5ormulas are a.aila!le $or 'om!ining the stratum 5ormulas are a.aila!le $or 'om!ining the stratum
sample results into one population parameter sample results into one population parameter
estimate( estimate(
&d.antage &d.antage0 -$ strata are homogeneous, this method 0 -$ strata are homogeneous, this method
is as Hpre'iseI as simple random sampling !ut )ith is as Hpre'iseI as simple random sampling !ut )ith
a smaller total sample si6e( a smaller total sample si6e(
%2ample %2ample0 The !asis $or $orming the strata might !e 0 The !asis $or $orming the strata might !e
department, lo'ation, age, industr1 t1pe, and so on( department, lo'ation, age, industr1 t1pe, and so on(
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Cluster Sampling Cluster Sampling
The population is $irst di.ided into separate groups The population is $irst di.ided into separate groups
o$ elements 'alled o$ elements 'alled 'lusters 'lusters((
-deall1, ea'h 'luster is a representati.e small -deall1, ea'h 'luster is a representati.e small- -s'ale s'ale
.ersion o$ the population 8i(e( heterogeneous group:( .ersion o$ the population 8i(e( heterogeneous group:(
& simple random sample o$ the 'lusters is then ta,en( & simple random sample o$ the 'lusters is then ta,en(
&ll elements )ithin ea'h sampled 8'hosen: 'luster &ll elements )ithin ea'h sampled 8'hosen: 'luster
$orm the sample( $orm the sample(
1/
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Cluster Sampling Cluster Sampling
&d.antage &d.antage0 The 'lose pro2imit1 o$ elements 'an !e 0 The 'lose pro2imit1 o$ elements 'an !e
'ost e$$e'ti.e 8i(e( man1 sample o!ser.ations 'an !e 'ost e$$e'ti.e 8i(e( man1 sample o!ser.ations 'an !e
o!tained in a short time:( o!tained in a short time:(
isad.antage isad.antage0 This method generall1 reEuires a 0 This method generall1 reEuires a
larger total sample si6e than simple or strati$ied larger total sample si6e than simple or strati$ied
random sampling( random sampling(
%2ample %2ample0 & primar1 appli'ation is area sampling, 0 & primar1 appli'ation is area sampling,
)here 'lusters are 'it1 !lo',s or other )ell )here 'lusters are 'it1 !lo',s or other )ell- -de$ined de$ined
areas( areas(
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S1stemati' Sampling S1stemati' Sampling
-$ a sample si6e o$ -$ a sample si6e o$ n n is desired $rom a population is desired $rom a population
'ontaining 'ontaining NN elements, )e might sample one elements, )e might sample one
element $or e.er1 element $or e.er1 n n//NNelements in the population( elements in the population(
We randoml1 sele't one o$ the $irst We randoml1 sele't one o$ the $irst n n//NN elements elements
$rom the population list( $rom the population list(
We then sele't e.er1 We then sele't e.er1 n n//NNth element that $ollo)s in th element that $ollo)s in
the population list( the population list(
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S1stemati' Sampling S1stemati' Sampling
This method has the properties o$ a simple random This method has the properties o$ a simple random
sample, espe'iall1 i$ the list o$ the population sample, espe'iall1 i$ the list o$ the population
elements is a random ordering( elements is a random ordering(
&d.antage &d.antage0 The sample usuall1 )ill !e easier to 0 The sample usuall1 )ill !e easier to
identi$1 than it )ould !e i$ simple random sampling identi$1 than it )ould !e i$ simple random sampling
)ere used( )ere used(
%2ample %2ample0 Sele'ting e.er1 100 0 Sele'ting e.er1 100
th th
listing in a telephone listing in a telephone
!oo, a$ter the $irst randoml1 sele'ted listing !oo, a$ter the $irst randoml1 sele'ted listing
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Con.enien'e Sampling Con.enien'e Sampling
-t is a -t is a nonpro!a!ilit1 sampling te'hniEue nonpro!a!ilit1 sampling te'hniEue( -tems are ( -tems are
in'luded in the sample )ithout ,no)n pro!a!ilities in'luded in the sample )ithout ,no)n pro!a!ilities
o$ !eing sele'ted( o$ !eing sele'ted(
%2ample %2ample0 & pro$essor 'ondu'ting resear'h might use 0 & pro$essor 'ondu'ting resear'h might use
student .olunteers to 'onstitute a sample( student .olunteers to 'onstitute a sample(
The sample is identi$ied primaril1 !1 The sample is identi$ied primaril1 !1 'on.enien'e 'on.enien'e((
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&d.antage &d.antage0 Sample sele'tion and data 'olle'tion are 0 Sample sele'tion and data 'olle'tion are
relati.el1 eas1( relati.el1 eas1(
isad.antage isad.antage0 -t is impossi!le to determine ho) 0 -t is impossi!le to determine ho)
representati.e o$ the population the sample is( representati.e o$ the population the sample is(
Con.enien'e Sampling Con.enien'e Sampling
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Gudgment Sampling Gudgment Sampling
The person most ,no)ledgea!le on the su!Je't o$ the The person most ,no)ledgea!le on the su!Je't o$ the
stud1 sele'ts elements o$ the population that he or stud1 sele'ts elements o$ the population that he or
she $eels are most representati.e o$ the population( she $eels are most representati.e o$ the population(
-t is a -t is a nonpro!a!ilit1 sampling te'hniEue nonpro!a!ilit1 sampling te'hniEue((
%2ample %2ample0 & reporter might sample three or $our 0 & reporter might sample three or $our
senators, Judging them as re$le'ting the general senators, Judging them as re$le'ting the general
opinion o$ the senate( opinion o$ the senate(
1;
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Gudgment Sampling Gudgment Sampling
&d.antage &d.antage0 -t is a relati.el1 eas1 )a1 o$ sele'ting a 0 -t is a relati.el1 eas1 )a1 o$ sele'ting a
sample( sample(
isad.antage isad.antage0 The Eualit1 o$ the sample results 0 The Eualit1 o$ the sample results
depends on the Judgment o$ the person sele'ting the depends on the Judgment o$ the person sele'ting the
sample( sample(
/2 /2 Slide Slide 2005 Thomson/South 2005 Thomson/South- -Western Western
%nd o$ Chapter 7, Part B %nd o$ Chapter 7, Part B