o Communists practiced a Spartan style of life close to the common people. o Morale remained high in the army and was continuously bolstered by indoctrination and effective propaganda. As they had during the war years, Communist troops tried in many ways to win support of the masses. o In newly occupied areas, social policy was at first reformist rather than revolutionary. o Defeat of Japan different to way expected Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Had expected US Armies in China US Air-force In China These would have overwhelmed CCP and Japanese
CCP Resisted GMD claim's to liberated areas Lack of GMD Popular Support Base Outweighed American resources given to GMD 1945 GMD 5 Million Troops CCP 1.25 Million Troops GMD American Resources Reasons for GMD Loss o Negative GMD Attributes Corrupt Not true nationalists Despite hardware Brutal food requisitioning Detachment from China's real needs o Economy 65 percent of the budget was met by currency expansion and only 10 percent by taxes Dependence on Foreign aid the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration The constant depreciation in the value of paper currency undermined morale in all classes dependent upon salaries, including troops, officers, and civilian officials. Positive CCP Attributes o Organisations Controlled Peasant Associations "speak bitterness" campaigns o Morale high Attack government's rural class base Labour Unions Youth Leagues Mutual Aid Teams Converted to Guerrilla teams Able to expand as Japanese pulled out High Morale and Ideology "When the enemy advances, we retreat. When the enemy escapes, we harass. When they retreat, we peruse. When they tire, we attack". o Red army respect for peasantry Determined to win "the hearts of the people" o Dedication Greater role in government Nationalism o Mao Leadership Ruthlessness Strategy Civil War 1945-1949
From August 1945 to the end of 1946, the Nationalists and Communists raced to take over Japanese-held territories, built up their forces, and fought many limited engagements while still conducting negotiations for a peaceful settlement o American Support Japanese to surrender only to Chinese Nationalists o Attempts made, with their high point in 1947 to call a truce. It involved the formation of a joint government, however these were eventually stopped following resistance of conservatives amongst the KMT who feared the dilution of their party o Both wanted dominance over other Despite efforts of Marshall o During 1947 and the first half of 1948, after initial Nationalist success, the strategic balance turned in favour of the Communists. o the Communists won smashing victories in the latter part of 1948 and 1949 Struggle for hearts and minds already over. o 1947 GMD take Nanking GMD faced growing desertions. War weariness in GMD areas. o 1948 Shanghai Scenes Street-Corner Beheadings. Splits in GMD o November 1948 Defeat in Mukden Meant loss of China north of Bejing. o December 1948 Defeat in Hsuchow Railway Junction 1949 Chiang temporarily resigns Peace negotiations resume Nationalists control half of china: not prepared to surrender. Chiang withdraws to Taiwan with Air Force and gold reserves Early Nationalist and Communist Activity Nationalist Activity o Faced by huge area of uncontrolled territory o Tried negotiations, then launched wars against enemies o Helped by Resources from base Foreign Aid Revenue from Maritime Customs Service o Chiang in personal control Factions between Civil and Military Balanced so that he retained authority Reform in Urban China Education System Transportation and Communication Systems Decay in Rural China Heavy taxation Declining foreign markets for agricultural goods Foreign Affairs o Unequal treaties remain o Japan o Incursions into Manchuria (Sept 1931) But "Unity before resistance" Communist Party Activity o Set about creating 15 rural bases Culminated in Jiangxi Soviet 1931 o Mao's position is strengthened Mao advocated dissolution of United Front Official CCP line to accept Mao's judgement at face value Many historians now view it as possibly being influenced by Advocated rural rather than urban base Gained peasant support in areas controlled o Personality Ferocious E.G: Futien incident 1930. While attempting to crush rival red army faction that were supposed GMD / Li Lisan Supporters, 3,000 officers executed. o Given time to expand until 1934 o War around Shanghai 1932 o Japan 1931 Long March 1934-5
Causes o German military advise encirclement and starve policy - deny resources o Use pill-boxes o Manned road blocks Supposedly to resist Japanese o Nature Encompassed 6,000 Miles (Equivalent to marching from London to Lagos) 15 Battles 24 Rivers o Effects Brotherhood, Suffering, Selflessness, Determination inculcated into Communist Party members. Mao rises Exposes urban communists as abandoning successful guerrilla tactics. Position weak before Voted in as chairman Politburo session o Zhang Guoato chooses westward route (as it is nearer Russia). Fails, and rejoins Mao. Mao strengthened. o CCP Survive and grow o New Strategy United Front against Japan almost universally popular "Chinese don't fight Chinese" o Abandon Class warfare War Against Japan 1937
Causes o Began as militaristic Japan attempted to extend its influence from Manchuria into China Nature o Alliance with Russia after first year of resistance against Japan 1937 o Russia sent munitions, advisors and supplies o 1938 Japan controls most of the northern Chinese railways Most of the munitions, resources and tax base in Japanese Hands Government had lost the best of its armies. o 1939-43 Stalemate Repeated bombing of free china o 1940 Rival Government set up in Nanking Massive foreign aid, which subsequently dried up as war broke out Massive inflation Red army united with National Army carried out guerrilla attacks on isolated Japanese garrisons; growth rapid. o 1941 Renewed Conflict January 1941 - New Fourth Army Incident Government orders Red Army north, while it actually moves south In Kiangsu, fought with government for control of area Many killed, 2,000 communists captured Unwilling to risk all out war Economic blockade on CCP GMD Ally America post 1941 Aim to deter Japanese expansion Japanese incursions on Hong Kong and the problems along the Burma Road meant supplies were difficult to come by. Japan second priority vis--vis Germany o 1943 Allied strategy shifts to approaching Japan from south-west o 1944-5 Japan under pressure in Pacific and on supply lines Response Capture Chinese airfields Capture North South Airfields Chinese collapse under Ichigo Campaign Hundreds of thousands of men unable to resist Japanese attack on Rail Peasants attack army after defeat Wranglings between America and China over Training Command Lend-Lease supply usage Nationalist Deterioration Inflation Paper money produced as fiscal deficits mounted Fixed wages decrease Hoarding increased corruption Spread through govt and army Failure to manage economy Inflation 1937 Price Index=100 1948 Price Index= 287,700,000 Secret Police Activity Against CCP And all dissidents Ends August 14, 1945 Xian Incident Dec 1936
Causes o GMD General Zhang persuaded by CCP to use his contacts to turn Chiang against Japanese o Massive discontent over GMD war policy Chiang - selling space to buy time. Nature o Chiang captured and made to fight against Japanese o Russia and China clamoured for his release o Both feared country split Effects o Compromises o Chiang Made to fight Japan o CCP Abandon Soviet Government, replaced with democracy Affirmation of commitment to Sun Yatsen's three principles Abandon armed opposition to KMT End to forcible confiscation of Landlord's property Reorganisation of red army as component of national government CCP true nationalists Forgoes party advantage (not assassinating him) for the sake of the country Yanaan 1936-45
CCP detached from outside influence. Developed own strategy. o Sinification of Marxism Revolution comes from the peasants Red Army Instrument of propaganda. Code of conduct. Tactics for seizing control of countryside Village seized / infiltrated Landowners driven out/shot Land reallocated to peasants No government official allowed any Party Membership grows o 1937 - 40,000 o 1945 - 1,000,000 1942 Self Rectification campaign. o Unless party maintained constant against error revolution would be betrayed from within. o Party membership engaged in public self-criticism o Obliged to study texts 1949 Immediate Actions
After the revolution o Consolidation o First Actions Nationalisation Banks Public Utilities Assets of those that fled to Formosa Offered compensation to those willing to work with PRC o Administrative Structure Divided into Six Regions Led by 4 officials Chairman Party Secretary Military Commander Political Commissar Central Government Central People's Government Council 56 Leading Members 6 Vice-Chairmen 1 Chairman of Council o Reunification Campaigns Assert power over regions that might declare independence. . three armies dispatched. Areas North South (Xinjiang) West (Tibet) Acts: o 1950 Marriage Law o 1950 Trade Union Law o 1951 Agrarian Reform Law Land confiscated o Traitors repressed bureaucrat capitalists "four big families" of the Nationalist Party K'ungs Soongs Chiangs Ch'ens o Many foreign nationals Effects End the power of many industrialists Provided an economic basis for industrialization. Wars o Korea October 1950 o Translated spirit of external threat into spirit of sacrifice 1949-1952 Consolidation
o 1951 Three Anti-Movement Attacks Waste Corruption Inefficiency o 1952 Five Anti-Movement Attacks Industrial Espionage Tax Evasion Bribery Fraud Theft of Government Property Aims to destroy remnants of Bureaucratic Capitalist Class. Turned against those who had helped stabilised the CRP initially, but who now were expendable. o Opposition 1949 10 Political Parties 1952 All Gone (including Left GMD, Democratic League) Campaign against Counter-Revolutionaries and Imperialists I.e. enemies of the state o Underworld Gangsters 28,000 Killed in Shanghai 80,000 in Guangzhou o Religion Churches closed Christianity, Buddhism and Confucianism denounced o Youth Organizations taken over o Propaganda Wall Posters Loud Speakers Slogans Everywhere
1953-7 First Five Year Plan
Aims o State Directed Growth of Heavy Industry Nature o Establishment National Resource Committee o Take advantage of doubling in urbanisation rate o Took control of inflation 1949 = 1,000% 1951 = 15% o Achieved by Slashing Public Expenditure Raising Taxation Dollar Renminbi o Show Projects Road and Rail Bridge across Yangzi at Nanking o Development of Industry Coal Steel Petro-Chemicals Automobile and Transport Effects o Massive growth in output across the board. o Much financed by Russia (95% loans) o Deterioration in relationship 1957 Hundred Flower's Campaign
Causes o Mao felt that he was in touch after travelling widely in China "Let a hundred flowers bloom, let a hundred schools of though contend". Nature o Policies and individuals attacked On grounds of lack of realism, corruption, inefficiency o After initial hesitation, much criticism followed. o Eventually stopped Effects o Critics forced to retract o Critics forced into re-education o Best minds lost 1958-1962 Great Leap Forward
Collectivisation o Complement to industrialisation. Peasants had been encouraged to collectivise in 1949. Causes o Lack of labour o Increase in production Nature o Division of China o China's land divided into 70,000 commmunes. o Each commune divided into 750,000 brigades o Each brigade made up of 200 households. Centralisation o Methods, Sales and Prices dictated by CCP. o Presentation Presented as response to the peasant's wishes o Had the state become the ultimate landlord? Effects o Famine Greatest Ever o No incentives o Use of Lysenkoism Made official policy in 1958 Universally enforced, even where unsuitable All Chinese made to kill sparrows Make noise Sparrows die Pests population grows exponentially Eats crops Rats Multiply o 20% Population of Tibet Wiped out o Exports Increased o Party officials reported that in fact production had increased, so exports followed suit. Motivation o Crassness? o Enforce Control? Industry o Backyard furnaces o Idea that mass labour could result in mass production o Primitive inefficient, poor quality furnaces and inputs used. o Good will did not produce steel. 1962-1966 Power Struggle
Causes o With the failure of the great leap forward, mao's reputation and standing in the party was damaged. o In 1962 President Liu Shaoqui and General Secretary Deng Xiaoping were invited to take over and correct the damage. o Their Solution Restoration of capitalist system Admission that communism had failed o Mao worried about their threat within the party Regretted giving up Chairmanship in 1958 Regretted making less public appearances after 1958 Wu Han Crackdown Play set in early dynasty Called The dismissal of Hai Rai from office Story about a courageous government official and his defiance of a corrupt dictator Solution o Compiled little red book o Politicised army o Prescribed for every school and curriculum. o Slogan "Learn from the PLA" Necessary to have it with you all the time o 1963 Diary of Lei Feng Truck driver Socialist Martyr Fabricated o Jiang Qing urges action against opponents 1966-70 Cultural Revolution
Motives o Reassert authority over CCP o Extension of permanent revolution o Old guard had lost their fervour o Preserve revolution as a peasant one o Criticism of Stalin and Cult of personality in Russia, with Kruschev o Viewed Kruschev as a traitor to the revolution by compromising with the west and adopting revisionism. o Convinced that the west would attack Course Phase 1 o Mao encourages students to put up posters attacking educational institutions for their divergence from the revolutionary past o Deng and Liu Shaoqui want peace: send emissaries to calm down students o Mao appears near Wuhan in the Yanghtze, swimming Press print it Downgraded Lio Shaoqui and Upgraded Lin Bao (who helped write the little red book etc). Deng and Liu accused of being the "spearheads of the erroneous line" o Posters denounce them Liu dies in his own faeces in 1973 Deng shouted at by 3000 red guards; son thrown from a window a paralysed. o Mao withdraws to the country. Red guards surround Zhongnanhai (the equivalent of Whitehall), and, as directed by Jiang Quing and Lin Bao, jeer / maim / kill rightist officials that had betrayed the revolution and become soviet style revisionists. Phase 2 - "The Red Guard Terror" o "To Rebel is justified" o No departure from Confuscious - merely new master o Art desecrated - labelled as "Confuscius and Co." o Anyone with decadent tendencies manhandled etc. o Radio and TV stations taken over o Most action officially directed and sanctioned. o Victimisers became victims Some sickened by occurrences, then accused o Intra-faction wars Workers Vs. Students Regional Students Vs. Other Regional Students o General Change in Culture Taken over by Jiang Qing Destruction of Four Olds Thought Culture Customs Habits o Reinterpretation of history into Good and Bad Any nuance could be misinterpreted ; therefore much banned Underlined by Marxist idea that culture is symptomatic of the political and social circumstances Or can possess any intrinsic value away from its class circumstances o Proletarian art only art that could exist "Children made to trample grass and knock the heads off flowers to show their rejection of the notion of bourgeois beauty" o Most artists sent to re-education camps Final Phase o Late 1960's Mao calls an end to the revolution and brings in the PLA. Replaced by a call for the students to go into the countryside and learn from the peasants. To experience the dignity of labour To enhance their understanding of the revolution o 1972 Death of Lin Bao Growing power means he is submitted for reeducation Plots Mao's assassination Discovered, boards plane to flee for Russia Shot down over Mongolia o Rememergence of Zhou Enlai and Deng Zhou Enlai Foreign Statesman Lifts bamboo curtain Gets Nixon in 1972. Dies 1976 Demonstrations in support of policies, after funeral. o Deng Party Secretary by 1975 Despite an attack by Jiang Quing on the "pragmatist clique" o Mao 1973 in a permanent "coma" only sustained by drugs.