From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses) Studio album by Slipknot Released May 25, 2004 Recorded 2003 at The Mansion in Laurel Canyon, Los Angeles, California; A kademie Mathematique of Philosophical Sound Research and Sound City in Los Angel es, California[1] Genre Alternative metal, heavy metal Length 60:09 Label Roadrunner Producer Rick Rubin Slipknot chronology Iowa (2001) Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses) (2004) 9.0: Live (2005) Singles from Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses) "Duality" Released: May 4, 2004 "Vermilion" Released: October 16, 2004 "Vermilion Pt. 2" Released: October 16, 2004 "Before I Forget" Released: June 13, 2005 "The Nameless" Released: November 1, 2005 "The Blister Exists" Released: February 6, 2007 Alternative cover Special edition cover Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses) is the third studio album by American metal band Slipknot. The album was released on May 25, 2004, through Roadrunner Records, a nd a special edition, containing a bonus disc, was released on April 12, 2005. I t is the band's only album produced by Rick Rubin and also the only one not to f eature profanity. Following the bands tour to promote its second album in 2002, s peculation regarding the future began. Some band members had already been involv ed in side projects including Murderdolls, To My Surprise, and the reformation o f Stone Sour. In 2003, Slipknot moved into The Mansion to work on the album. Ini tially, the band was unproductive; lead vocalist Corey Taylor was drinking heavi ly. Nevertheless, they wrote more than enough material for a new albumthe bands fi rst to incorporate more traditional, melodic song structures, guitar solos and a coustic guitars. The album received generally positive reviews. Slipknot was praised by Allmusic for its "dedication to making it a Slipknot album",[2] while Q added that the al bum was "a triumph".[3] The album peaked within the top ten in album sales acros s eleven countries, and went Platinum in the United States. The band also receiv ed the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance for the song "Before I Forget". A t the end of 2009, "Before I Forget" was listed as "AOL's Top Metal Song of the Decade".[4] Roadrunner Records have listed the music video for "Duality" as the best video in Roadrunner history.[5] Contents [hide] 1 Production 1.1 Artwork 2 Promotion 3 Musical and lyrical themes 4 Reception 5 Track listing 6 Chart positions 6.1 Certifications 7 Personnel 8 References 9 External links Production[edit] Slipknot recorded Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses) with producer Rick Rubin at Th e Mansion in Los Angeles, California in 2003.[6] Earlier there had been speculat ion regarding the possibility of a third album and the band's future, as some me mbers worked on other musical projects.[7] After the album was completed, the ba nd said that these side projects "saved the band" and "helped [them] break out o f the box [they] were in".[8] Coming back together and working out their differe nces hindered the writing process initially. During an interview in 2008, drumme r Joey Jordison said "we didn't talk to each other for three months, we just sat there wasting money in the fucking Houdini mansion."[9] Speaking retrospectivel y percussionist Shawn Crahan states; "eventually we got sick of waiting for shit to happen. We got together, had a few beers and wrote a really artsy, fucked up song called 'Happy Ending'."[10] In a 2003 interview, Jordison explained that despite the initial problems more t han enough material was written for the album and added that "it's better to hav e stuff to pick from than to settle for shit", in contrast to how Slipknot settl ed too soon with fewer songs on previous albums.[11] Band members were divided o ver their experience of working with producer Rubin; some doubted his commitment to Slipknot as he split his time between many artists at once.[10] Lead vocalis t Corey Taylor admitted in an interview that he drank heavily throughout their t ime in the mansion, saying "I would drink from the moment I got up until the mom ent I passed out."[12] He explained that; "everything I did while I was drinking sounded like shit", while expressing how unhappy he was with the choice of voca l takes which ended up on the album.[10] During this time, percussionist Crahan worked on Voliminal: Inside the Nine, a video documenting the creation process o f the album and the touring which would follow.[13] In a 2008 interview, Corey Taylor said that he only met Rubin four times during the entire recording process of Vol. 3 (The Subliminal Verses) and that Rubin ba rely ever showed up to the studio: "...we were being charged horrendous amounts of money. And for me, if you're going to produce something, you're fucking there . I don't care who you are."[14] He also added: "He is overrated, he is overpaid , and I will never work with him again." Conversely, Slipknot's guitarist Jim Ro ot had said in that same interview that "A lot of the guys in the band say Rick was unavailable. And yeah, he takes on a lot of projects at one time, but he als o does things that are beneficial. He would listen to what we'd done, then have us retrack things that needed work. He's kind of like Big Brother up on the hill . Even though he wasn't there physically every day, he was. That's my favorite r ecord we've done."[15] Artwork[edit] The cover of the album features the "maggot mask" designed by Shawn Crahan.[16] The name of the mask is a reference to the name given to fans by the band.[17] T he mask was made of stitched leather, with a zipper around the mouth area,[16] a nd copies can be obtained as part of the band's merchandise.[18] It is featured in the music video for the album's second single "Vermilion", in which the band appears whenever the protagonist wears the mask.[19] Promotion[edit] Slipknot performing in 2005 as part of The Subliminal Verses World Tour Prior to the release of the album, the band released "Pulse of the Maggots" in i ts entirety as a free downloadable track on the now defunct SK Radio website, it was available for one day only on March 30, 2004.[20] This also marked the begi nning of Slipknot's touring cycle, The Subliminal Verses World Tour, starting wi th their appearance on the Jgermeister Music Tour.[21] On May 4, 2004, "Duality" was released as their first official single.[22] Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses) was finally released on May 25, 2004,[23] to coincide with the release of the a lbum "Duality" was released on a special edition 7-inch red vinyl.[24] Alongside the normal edition of the album Roadrunner Records also released a limited edit ion CD that could connect to the Slipknot web site and obtain new songs and othe r promotional material, but as of 2009 the link on the CD has stopped working.[2 5] Other singles from the album included "Vermilion", "Before I Forget" and "The Blister Exists".[26][27][28] On April 12, 2005, a special edition version of th e album, containing a bonus disc, was released.[29] Musical and lyrical themes[edit] Before the release of Vol. 3, band members had promised a more experimental albu m; drummer Jordison said that "it's almost as if Slayer was tapping on Radiohead ".[11] For the first time in Slipknot's career, songs such as "Circle" and "Verm ilion Pt. 2" were led by an acoustic rather than an electric guitar. According t o Todd Burns of Stylus, songs such as "Pulse of the Maggots" and "Before I Forge t" incorporate a "pounding metal" style.[30] Allmusic wrote that tracks, such as "The Blister Exists", "Three Nil", and "Opium of the People", combine the two e xtremes of their recognizable metal edge with melody, and the most apparent shif ts being in Taylor's vocal style, with relatively few songs relying solely on sc reamed vocals in comparison to their earlier work.[2] Entertainment Weekly wrote that the album "[bounced] between over-powering speed-metal and haunting acoust ic rock".[31] "Vermilion" MENU0:00 "Vermilion" makes use of guitar solos and melodic song structures which were abs ent from the band's previous albums.[2] Problems playing this file? See media help. Vol. 3 (The Subliminal Verses) is Slipknot's first album that does not warrant a Parental Advisory label, mainly because the lyrics of Vol. 3, compared to other Slipknot albums, are much less explicit in terms of profanity and obscure dark themes. The special edition still has a Parent Advisory label. In a 2008 intervi ew, guitarist Mick Thomson explained that vocalist Corey Taylor made a point of avoiding the use of profanity in response to claims that he relied on use of it. [32] Only two instances of profanity occur; the use of the word "bitched" in Dua lity and "bastards" which appears in the monologue leading into "Pulse of the Ma ggots". According to Allmusic, the lyrics of Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses) inc lude metaphors and touch on themes that include anger, disaffection, and psychos is.[2] Taylor's diversity in his vocal delivery was praised; Burns considered tr acks like "Vermilion Pt. 2" to have "stately vocal harmonies". Taylor's performa nce on the closing track "Danger Keep Away" was specifically praised; Stylus cal led it the most "depressing and emotional" track on the album. Burns concluded t hat overall "the riffs have lost none of their impact, but it seems like finally the group also wants you to appreciate their vocal and lyrical impact."[30] Reception[edit] Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 70/100 [33] Review scores Source Rating Allmusic 4/5 stars[2] Blender 3/5 stars[34] The Boston Globe favorable[35] The Detroit News favorable[36] NME 8/10[37] Playlouder 4/5 stars[38] Rolling Stone 3/5 stars[39] Stylus B[30] The Washington Post favorable[40] Yahoo! Music 6/10 stars[41] Critical reception to Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses) was generally positive. It received a score of 70% on review aggregator Metacritic based on 12 reviews.[33 ] Johnny Loftus of Allmusic called the album "not just another flashy alt-metal billboard", praising the band's "dedication to making it a Slipknot album".[2] T odd Burns of Stylus wrote that people who accuse the band of having "softened" a re "mistaking softness for maturation". Burns went on to call the album "the bes t pop inflected metal album since System of a Down's Toxicity".[30] Sean Richard son of Entertainment Weekly gave the album an A- and wrote that it is a "derange d hippie update" of Slayer's "masterpiece" Reign in Blood, which was also produc ed by Rubin.[31] Q hailed Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses) as "a triumph".[3] Joh n Robb of PlayLouder complimented Slipknot's unexpected rise to become "one of t he biggest groups in the world", dubbing "Before I Forget" a "classic [Slipknot] anthem". Robb added that the album is better than Iowa, citing its "differing t extures".[38] Rolling Stone gave the album a rating of 3 out of 5, stating the a lbum presented "newer extremes" for the band, "which in Slipknot's case means tu nefulness and traditional song structures".[39] A review from the BBC praised the album, declaring that there "is no finer metal band on the planet". It cited the group's integration of "hyperactive bass drum s, complex, compelling riffs and ridiculously fast fretwork" with more melodic s tyles and described Vermilion as "the key track... an emotional, melodramatic, u tterly convincing rollercoaster ride".[42] Alternative Press criticized the album, writing that it "plays out like a tepid, second-rate version of Iowa, which pretty much makes it a third-rate anything e lse."[43] Yahoo!'s Chris Heath also reviewed the album negatively, writing that "The Nameless" combines "the ludicrously vicious and ridiculously placid" and th at by doing so makes the track feel "awkward". Heath added, "the themes are pred ictably absurd [...] yet mildly comical given the inclusion of such disparate st yles stationed side by side."[41] Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses) peaked at position number two on the US Billboar d 200, online, Australian Recording Industry Association, and Canadian sales cha rts.[44][45] The album was certified Platinum in the United States on February 2 1, 2005.[46] In 2006, the band won their first Grammy for Best Metal Performance with "Before I Forget".[47] In 2009, Metal Hammer called it one of the "Albums of the Decade".[48] It was also rated 31st in UK magazine Kerrang!'s "The 50 Bes t Albums of the 21st Century" reader poll.[49] In 2005, the album was ranked num ber 396 in Rock Hard magazine's book of The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time.[50] Track listing[edit] All songs written by Shawn Crahan, Chris Fehn, Paul Gray, Nathan Jordison, Corey Taylor, Mick Thomson and Sid Wilson.[51] No. Title Length 1. "Prelude 3.0" 3:57 2. "The Blister Exists" 5:19 3. "Three Nil" 4:48 4. "Duality" 4:12 5. "Opium of the People" 3:12 6. "Circle" 4:23 7. "Welcome" 3:15 8. "Vermilion" 5:16 9. "Pulse of the Maggots" 4:19 10. "Before I Forget" 4:38 11. "Vermilion Pt. 2" 3:44 12. "The Nameless" 4:28 13. "The Virus of Life" 5:25 14. "Danger Keep Away" 3:13 Total length: 60:09 [show]Japanese Edition bonus tracks [show]Special edition bonus disc [show]Australian tour edition bonus disc Chart positions[edit] Chart (2004) Peak position Australian Albums Chart[45] 2 Austria Albums Chart[52] 5 Belgium Albums Chart (Flanders)[53] 6 Belgium Albums Chart (Wallonia)[54] 12 Canadian Albums Chart[44] 2 Danish Albums Chart[55] 7 Dutch Albums Chart[56] 14 Finnish Albums Chart[57] 2 French Albums Chart[58] 6 German Albums Chart[59] 2 Irish Albums Chart[60] 5 Italian Albums Chart[61] 14 New Zealand Albums Chart[62] 3 Norwegian Albums Chart[63] 15 Polish Albums Chart[64] 24 Portuguese Albums Chart[65] 13 Swedish Albums Chart[66] 2 Swiss Albums Chart[67] 8 UK Albums Chart[68] 5 US Billboard 200[44] 2 Certifications[edit] Country Certification Sales Australia Platinum[69] 70,000+ Canada Platinum[70] 100,000+ Germany Gold[71] 100,000+ Japan Gold[72] 100,000+ New Zealand Gold[73] 7,500+ United Kingdom Platinum[74] 300,000+ United States Platinum[46] 1,000,000+ Personnel[edit] Aside from their real names, members of the band are referred to by numbers zero through eight.[20] Slipknot (#0) Sid Wilson turntables (#1) Joey Jordison drums, mixing (#2) Paul Gray bass guitar, backing vocals (#3) Chris Fehn custom percussion, backing vocals (#4) Jim Root guitars (#5) Craig Jones samples, media, keyboards (#6) Shawn Crahan custom percussion, backing vocals, art direction, photography (#7) Mick Thomson guitar (#8) Corey Taylor vocals Technical personnel Michael Boland design for The Boland Design CO. Phillip Broussard assistant engineering Lindsay Chase album production coordination Greg Fidelman Mixing Ted Jensen mastering Dan Monti assistant engineering Rick Rubin Production Miles Wilson assistant engineering Neil Zlozower band photography References[edit] Jump up ^ "Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses) (EXPLICIT) (CD)". Tower Records. Retr ieved July 15, 2008. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Loftus, Johnny. "Vol. 3: The Subliminal Verses Review" . Allmusic. Retrieved June 14, 2008. ^ Jump up to: a b "Vol. 3: The Subliminal Verses". Q: 124. July 2004. Jump up ^ "Top Metal Songs of the Decade 2000s". AOL. Retrieved May 4, 2010 Jump up ^ "THE TEN GREATEST MUSIC VIDEOS IN ROADRUNNER HISTORY: #5 - #1". April 30, 2010. Roadrunner Records. Retrieved May 4, 2010 Jump up ^ "Slipknot Studio Update". Metal Hammer. November 11, 2003. Archived fr om the original on April 20, 2008. Retrieved June 14, 2008. Jump up ^ "Slipknot Up To Our Necks". Chrome Dreams (DVD). 2004. Jump up ^ Browne, Nichola (April 17, 2004). "The Return of The Kings". Kerrang!: 1822. Jump up ^ Epstein, Dan (August 2008). "Wait and Bleed". Revolver: 5456. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Slipknot 10 years after". Rocksound. May 2009. pp. 6065. ^ Jump up to: a b Lukes, Daniel (October 25, 2003). "You Cannot Kill The 'Knot". Kerrang!: 2223. Jump up ^ "Corey Taylor off drink". Metal Hammer. May 1, 2006. Retrieved June 18 , 2008. Jump up ^ Graff, Gary (October 26, 2006). "Don't Call It A DVD: Slipknot Slaves Over Lavish Film". Billboard. Retrieved July 15, 2008. Jump up ^ SLIPKNOT Members On Working With Producer RICK RUBIN - Sep. 21, 2008 Jump up ^ "SLIPKNOT Members On Working With Producer RICK RUBIN". Blabbermouth. September 21, 2008. Retrieved April 9, 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b D'Angelo, Joe (April 9, 2004). "Slipknot Want Their Maggots To Be Just As Hideous As The Band". MTV. Retrieved July 23, 2008. Jump up ^ Wiederhorn, Jon (March 29, 2004). "Slipknot's Maggots Destroy Iowa Hom e". MTV. Retrieved July 23, 2008. Jump up ^ "Slipknot official store Maggot mask". Bravado. Retrieved May 19, 2010 . Jump up ^ "Slipknot "Vermilion" photo gallery". MTV. Retrieved July 23, 2008. ^ Jump up to: a b "Biography". Slipknot. Allmusic. Retrieved July 31, 2008. Jump up ^ Wiederhorn, Jon (September 3, 2004). "Slipknot Ready To Unveil New Mas ks, Subliminal LP". VH1. Retrieved July 15, 2008. Jump up ^ "Slipknot Set First Single Off New Album". Blabbermouth.net. March 6, 2004. Retrieved March 6, 2008. Jump up ^ "For The Record: Quick News On Dave Chappelle, Chris Martin And Gwynet h Paltrow, Jessica Simpson, Lenny Kravitz & More". MTV. May 17, 2004. Retrieved July 15, 2008. Jump up ^ "Slipknot To Release 'Duality' Seven-Inch Vinyl Single". Blabbermouth. net. May 24, 2004. Retrieved March 6, 2008. Jump up ^ "Original access link to the portal reserved for the possessors of the 2004 limited edition of Subliminal Verses". Slipknot Official Web Site. May 25, 2004. Retrieved November 1, 2009.[dead link] Jump up ^ "allmusic ((( Vermilion > Overview )))". Allmusic. Retrieved June 8, 2 010 Jump up ^ (2005-05-22) "SLIPKNOT: 'Before I Forget' 7" Picture Discs Due In June ". Blabbermouth.net. Retrieved June 9, 2010 Jump up ^ (2005-02-03) "Slipknot Choose "Before I Forget" For New Single". Metal Underground. Jump up ^ "'Clown' Leaves Slipknot Tour To Be With Ailing Wife". Yahoo! Music. M arch 21, 2005. Retrieved July 15, 2008.[dead link] ^ Jump up to: a b c d Burns, Todd (May 28, 2004). "Slipknot Vol. 3: The Sublimin al Verses". Stylus Magazine. Retrieved June 14, 2008. ^ Jump up to: a b Sean Richardson (June 4, 2004). "Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verse s) (2004)". Entertainment Weekly. p. 80. Retrieved June 14, 2008. Jump up ^ Thomson, Mick. "NAMM 2008 Report". On Track Magazine. Retrieved July 1 4, 2008. ^ Jump up to: a b "Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses)". Metacritic. Retrieved July 14, 2008. Jump up ^ Ratliff, Ben (May 25, 2004). "Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses) Blender review". Blender. Retrieved June 14, 2009.[dead link] Jump up ^ Morse, Steve (June 18, 2004). "Slipknot: Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verse s)". The Boston Globe. Retrieved November 20, 2009. Jump up ^ "Slipknot: Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses)". The Detroit News. May 28, 2004. Retrieved November 20, 2009. Jump up ^ Silver, Dan (June 8, 2004). "Slipknot : Vol 3: The Subliminal Verses". NME. Retrieved June 14, 2009. ^ Jump up to: a b John Robb (May 26, 2004). "Vol. 3: The Subliminal Verses". Pla ylouder. Archived from the original on June 25, 2004. Retrieved June 18, 2008. ^ Jump up to: a b Robert Cherry (June 10, 2004). "Slipknot (Metal) Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses)". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on June 19, 2008. Retrieved June 14, 2008. Jump up ^ Deeds, Michael (June 2, 2004). "Quick Spins: Vol. 3: (The Subliminal V erses)". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 20, 2009. ^ Jump up to: a b Heath, Chris (June 3, 2004). "Slipknot Vol. 3: The Subliminal Verses". Yahoo! Music. Archived from the original on June 16, 2004. Retrieved No vember 20, 2009. Jump up ^ Reynolds, Nick (2004). "Slipknot Volume 3: (The Subliminal Verses) Rev iew". BBC. Retrieved April 9, 2014. Jump up ^ "Vol. 3: The Subliminal Verses". Alternative Press: 142. July 2004. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Vol. 3: The Subliminal Verses". Billboard. ^ Jump up to: a b "Slipknot Australian Charts". australiancharts.com. Retrieved February 9, 2008. ^ Jump up to: a b "Gold and Platinum database". Recording Industry Association o f America. February 21, 2005. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Jump up ^ "List of Grammy winners". CNN. February 9, 2006. Retrieved June 18, 20 08. Jump up ^ "Albums Of The Decade: Slipknot Vol. 3:(The Subliminal Verses)". Metal Hammer. June 30, 2009. Retrieved July 16, 2009. Jump up ^ "A Century of Sound". Kerrang!. August 8, 2009. pp. 2247. Jump up ^ [], Rock Hard (Hrsg.). [Red.: Michael Rensen. Mitarb.: Gtz Khnemund] (200 5). Best of Rock & Metal die 500 strksten Scheiben aller Zeiten. Knigswinter: Heel . p. 51. ISBN 3-89880-517-4. Jump up ^ Stocker, Pete Billmann and David (2004). Vol. 3: The Subliminal Verses (Guitar tab. ed.). Milwaukee, Wis.: Hal Leonard. ISBN 9780634086533. Jump up ^ "Slipknot Austrian Charts" (in German). austriancharts.at. Retrieved F ebruary 7, 2008. Jump up ^ "Slipknot Belgium (Flanders) Charts" (in Dutch). ultratop.be. Jump up ^ "Slipknot Belgium (Wallonia) Charts" (in French). ultratop.be. Jump up ^ "Slipknot Danish Charts". danishcharts.com. Jump up ^ "Slipknot Dutch Charts" (in Dutch). dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved February 7, 2008. Jump up ^ "Slipknot Finnish Charts". finnishcharts.com. Retrieved February 9, 20 08. Jump up ^ "Slipknot French Charts" (in French). lescharts.com. Retrieved Februar y 9, 2008. Jump up ^ "Slipknot Germany Chart history" (in German). musicline.de. Retrieved February 9, 2008. Jump up ^ "Slipknot Irish Charts". irish-charts.com. Jump up ^ "Slipknot Italian Charts". italiancharts.com. Jump up ^ "Slipknot New Zealand Charts". charts.org.nz. Retrieved February 9, 20 08. Jump up ^ "Slipknot Norwegian Charts" (in Norwegian). norwegiancharts.com. Retri eved February 7, 2008. Jump up ^ "OLiS: sales for the period 24.05.2004 - 30.05.2004". OLiS. Jump up ^ "Slipknot Portuguese Charts". portuguesecharts.com. Retrieved February 1, 2009. Jump up ^ "Slipknot Swedish Charts" (in Swedish). swedishcharts.com. Retrieved F ebruary 7, 2008. Jump up ^ "Slipknot Swiss Charts". hitparade.ch. Retrieved February 7, 2008. Jump up ^ Zobbel (June 16, 2007). "Chart Log UK". Zobbel. Retrieved September 3, 2008. Jump up ^ "Accreditations - 2008 albums". Australian Recording Industry Associat ion. Jump up ^ "Gold & Platinum Certification". Canadian Recording Industry Associati on. Jump up ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Slipknot)" (in German). Bundesverband Musikin dustrie. Jump up ^ "?????????? 2004?9?". Recording Industry Association of Japan (in Japan ese). October 10, 2004. Retrieved November 13, 2010. Jump up ^ "Top 40 albums (#1444)". Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . January 24, 2005. Jump up ^ "Certified Awards". British Phonographic Industry. External links[edit] Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses) at Metacritic [show] v t e Slipknot This is a featured article. Click here for more information. Categories: 2004 albumsAlbums produced by Rick RubinRoadrunner Records albumsSli pknot (band) albumsAlbums certified gold by the Bundesverband MusikindustrieAlbu ms certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of JapanAlbums certified platinum by Recorded Music NZAlbums certified platinum by the Australian Record ing Industry AssociationAlbums certified platinum by the British Phonographic In dustryAlbums certified platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry AssociationAl bums certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of AmericaEnglish- language albums Navigation menu Create accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView history Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikimedia Shop Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Data item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages ?????????? 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