EEE C364/INSTR C364

Analog Electronics
Voltage Regulators
Lecture 25
27-03-2012
Voltage Regulators
2. Performance measures of voltage regulators
1. Introduction
3. Voltage Regulator circuits
(i) Zener Diode Regulator
(ii) Emitter Follower Regulator
(iii) Feedback Voltage Regulator
(iv) Feedback Voltage Regulator using Op-amp
4. Short Circuit Protection
5. Foldback Current Limiting
6. Thermal Shutdown
Introduction
Fig 7.1 (a) Block diagram of ac to dc converter
Fig 7.1 (b) Block diagram of dc to dc converter
2. Performance measures of voltage regulators
The factors for poor regulation are:
(i) The line voltage changes and the ripple content
in the dc voltage
(ii) The voltage drop across the internal resistance
of the regulator due to load current changes
(iii) The temperature dependence of the device
parameters which caused change in the
output voltage
T S I R V S V
as defined be can regulator a of tage output vol in change The
T L o i V o
A + A + A = A
2. Performance measures of voltage regulators
T S I R V S V
as defined be can regulator a of tage output vol in change The
T L o i V o
A + A + A = A
0 , 0 = A = A
A
A
=
T I
i
o
v
L
V
V
S
0 , 0 = A = A
A
A
=
T V
L
o
o
i
I
V
R
0 , 0 = A = A
A
A
=
L i
I V
o
T
T
V
S
where S
v
is the voltage stability factor, R
o
is the output resistance
and S
T
is the temperature coefficient
Fig 7.2 Voltage variations in ideal and practical
regulators with load current
2. Performance measures of voltage regulators
3. Voltage Regulator Circuits
(i) Zener Diode Regulator
Zener Diode Regulator
The zener diode voltage V
Z
remains almost
constant in the breakdown region so long as
(max) (min) z z z
I I I s s
Z
Z
z(max) Z z(max)
V
P
I diode, zener the of P rating power by the decided is I where =
z
z
z
I
V
r , resistance zener finite a has diode zener practical A
Vz. source, oltage constant v a as acts diode zener ideal An
=
The value of R
s
is selected such that it fulfill the following requirements:
1) When the input voltage is minimum and load current is maximum,
I
z
is sufficient to keep the zener diode under breakdown region.
2) When the input voltage is maximum and the load current is minimum, the
zener diode current must not exceed the maximum value(I
z(max)
).
Zener Diode Regulator
The optimum value of R
s
can be found using the following equations:
(max)
(min)
(min)
(min)
(max)
(max)

L
s
z in
z
L
s
z in
z
I
R
V V
I
I
R
V V
I

>
(max) (min)
(min)
(max)
(min) (max)
(max)
(min)
and
L z
z in
s
L z
z in
s
I I
V V
R
I I
V V
R
+

=
+

=
Hence Rs should be chosen such that Rs(min) < Rs < Rs(max)
(min) (max) s s s
R R R =
(i) Zener Diode Regulator
S
v
and R
o
can be obtained by replacing zener diode by its
equivalent zener resistance r
z
. The values are:
0 , 0 = A = A
A
A
=
T I
i
o
v
L
V
V
S
0 , 0 = A = A
A
A
=
T V
L
o
o
i
I
V
R
z s
z
v
r R
r
S
+
=
z s o
r R R || =
Disadvantages:
1. The maximum load current is limited to I
z(max)
I
z(min)
2. A large amount of power is wasted in the zener resistance and series
resistance.
3. The regulation factor S
v
and output resistance R
o
are not very low.
Voltage Regulators
2. Performance measures of voltage regulators
1. Introduction
3. Voltage Regulator circuits
(i) Zener Diode Regulator
(ii) Emitter Follower Regulator
(iii) Feedback Voltage Regulator
(iv) Feedback Voltage Regulator using Op-amp
4. Short Circuit Protection
5. Foldback Current Limiting
6. Thermal Shutdown
(ii) Emitter Follower Regulator
V
o
= V
z
- V
BE
+ | + + + |
O CE C B BE o
V V I I V V
| |
|
t
+
+ + +
=
+ +
=
1
) ( || r
R and
z
o
r r R R
R R r
r
S
x s
s z
z
v
where r
x
base spreading resistance and r
t
small signal resistance
between base and emitter terminals of the transistor
(iii) Feedback Voltage Regulator
(iii) Feedback Voltage Regulator
O O
Z O
nV V
R
R R
V V
=
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
| +
=
2
2
B
2
1 2
R R1
R
V and

2
2 2 2
eq
) 1 (
R Therefore
|
|
t
n
r r r R
z x B
+ + + +
=
i
b2
and i
c2
denote the incremental
changes in base and collector
currents
eq
O
c
R
V
i
A
=
2
1
1 1 3
O
3
1
) || (
R and
|
t
+
+ +
=
+
=
r r R R
R R
R
S
x eq
eq
eq
v
b2 2 c2
2 2 2
2
i i
) 1 (

|
|
t
=
+ + + +
A
=
and
r r r R
V n
i
z x B
O
b
(iv) Feedback voltage regulator using op-amp
(iv) Feedback voltage regulator using op-amp contd..