Time: 2 hours

(GS2165) - C H E MI STR Y L A B OR A TOR Y

Maximum marks: 50
1. Calculate the amount of temporary hardness of the given water sample. You are H^j }^ r\ $^
providedwith standard hard water, link EDTA, sample water & boiled sample water.
2. Estimate the amount of bicarbonate and carbonate ions present in the given water
sample. You are providedwith HC1 M K a]! AA ^ ^
3. Out of the two samples given which contain more chloride ions. You are provided
with a standard AgN03 solution. C-Vilofvt h$*
4. Find out which contain more copper out of the two samples. You are providedwith a
standardEDTA solution. '/x o f f $ % 3C\ 5
5. Calculate the amount of H2SO4 present in the given solution using conductometer and
a standardalkali, c ^ 5 6 Cort AWdc$
6. Estimate the amount of HC1 and Acetic acid present in the given solution using
conductometer and a standardalkali. <TU^
7. Using pH meter calculate the amount of HC1 present in the given solution, youare
providedwith a standardalkali. ^ ^ ^
Short procedure
1semester
Nameof
experiment
Burette
solution
Pipette
solution
Additional
solution
Indicator Colour
change
(endpoint)
Formula Equiva
t weig
1.DETERMINATION OF TOTAL, PERMANENT AND TEMPORARY HARDNESS OF WATER SAMPLE (EDTA METHOD)
Titration 1 EDTA Std.hardwater 5 ml
ammonia,
buffer
EBT Winered-
steel blue
20
x Mgs
Titration 2 Std. EDTA Given sample
water
5 ml
ammonia,
buffer
EBT Winered-
steel blue
v2
1000 x Mgs
2. ESTIMATION OF COPPER IN BRASS BY EDTA METHOD
Titration 1 EDTA Std.Znso4
solution
10 ml
ammonia.
Buffer
EBT Winered-
steel blue
VJ NJ XV2N2
Titration 2 Std. EDTA Cuso4 solution 5 ml borate
buffer
Muroxide Orange-
blueviolet
Amount=N X
Atomicmass of
cu
At .wt.
of cu
=63.54
3. Esti mati on of di ssol vedoxygen in water (Wi nkl er' smethod )
Titration 1
(Standardisation
of sodiumthio
sulphate)
Sodiumthio
sulphate
Std.
Potassium
di chromate
solution
5 ml H2 so4
+ 7ml 5% Kl
Starch Blue-light
green
Vj Ni XV2N2
Titration 2
(Estimation of
DO)
Std.Sodium
thio
sulphate
Sample
water
Cone
H2S04+2ml
mangane'se
Sulphate+2ml
Starch Blue-
colourless
Amount =M X
Eq. wt.ofOj
Eq. wt .of
Cb = 8
"tracer .
. _ . _ , - --*
- ..
Ea t- of Ea t- of
Drown
5. Esti mati on of Alkalinity in water sampl e
Titration 1
(Phenolphthalein
indicator)
Std. HCL
Water
sampl e
Phenolpht
halein
P i nk-
col ourl ess
(i ) Olf
alkalinity =
2[P]-[M]
(ii) co3-
alkalinity
=2[ M] - [ P ]
Titration 2

Methyl -
orange
Col ourl ess
- red
orange
VJ NJ = V2 N2
Amount =M X
Eq. wt .of CaCo3
Eq. wt of
CaCo3
f
Short procedure
11 semester
solution
Pipette
solution
Additional
solution
Model
graph
Colour
change (end
point)
Formula Equivalent
weight
"Conductometric titration of strongAcid with strongbase
NaOH 20ml
Std. HCL
30 ml of
Conductivity
water
Decrease in
conductance
- increase in
conductance
ViNi =V2N2
Amount =M XEq. wt
.of NaOH
Eq. wt .of
NaOH =40
8. Conductometric titration of mixture of acids [HCL & CH3COOH )
Std. NaOH 20ml
Mixture of
acids( HCL +
CH3COOH )
30 ml of
Conductivity
water
Conductivity
decrease -
slowly increase
- sudden
increase
VaNi =V2N2
i. Amount =M XEq.
wt .of HCL
ii. Amount =M XEq.
wt.of CH3COOH
Eq. wt .of
HCL=36.5
Eq. wt .of
CH3COOH=
60
9. Conductometric Precipitation titration usingBaCU- Na,Soa
Std. Na2So4 20ml
BaCI2
30 ml
conductivity
Water

conductivity
decrease -
increase
V1N1 =V2N2
i. Amount =M XEq.
wt .of BaCI2
Eq. wt .of
BaCI2 =
122.14
30 ml
conductivity
Water

Eq. wt .of
BaCI2 =
122.14
10. Estimation of ferrous iron by potentiometric titration
Std. K2Cr207 Ferrous
iron
solution
20ml of dis.
Water+10ml
Dil. H2SO4
Emf increase-
decreases
ViNi =V2N2
i. Amount =M XEq.
wt .of Fe2+
Eq. wt .of
Fe2+ =55.85
etry - Determination of HCI by NaOH
HCI 20 ml distilled pH gradual ViNi =V2N2
Eq. wt .of
water increases- i. Amount =M XEq. HCI =36.5
sudden
wt .of HCI
increase
3
Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 3 Department of Physics

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

S. No EXPERIMENTS
1.
Determination of the Youngs modulus for the given uniform bar by
uniform bending method
2.
Determination of the wavelength of the diode laser and hence determine the
size of the coated powder particle
3.
Determination of the velocity of Ultrasonic using Ultrasonic interferometer.
Also find the compressibility of the given liquid
4.
Determination of the moment of inertia of the given circular disc and
rigidity modulus of the metal wire using torsional pendulum
5.
Determination of the Youngs modulus of the given wooden uniform
material using non-uniform bending method
6.
Determination of the angle and dispersive of the given solid prism using
spectrometer
7.
Determination of the thickness of the given thin material by forming
interference fringes using air-wedge setup
8.
Determination of the wavelength of prominent lines of Hg spectrum using
spectrometer
9.
Determination of the energy gap of the given semiconductor by plotting the
graph between current and temperature
10.
Determination of the co-efficient of viscosity of the given liquid by
Poiseuilles method. Radius of the capillary tube is 0.035 cm

Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 4 Department of Physics















Fig. 1 Youngs Modulus Uniform Bending


Fig. 2 Model Graph
Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 5 Department of Physics


DETERMINATION OF YOUNGS MODULUS OF THE MATERIAL
OF A BAR UNIFORM BENDING
Aim
To determine the youngs modulus of the material of a uniform bar by uniform bending method
Apparatus Required

Traveling microscope
Two knife edges
Meter scale
Screw gauge.
Weight hanger with slotted weights
Pin
Vernier caliper
Principle
When a beam symmetrically supported on two knife edge is loaded at its both ends with equal
weights at an equal distance from the nearest knife edge, the bent beam would form an arc of circle. This
type of bending is called uniform bending. The maximum elevation is produced at its mid point.
Formula
The Youngs Modulus of the material of the uniform bar,


Symbol Explanation Unit
g Acceleration to due to gravity ms
-2
a Distance between the weight hanger and nearest knife edge m
l Distance between the two knife edges m
b Breadth of the beam m
d Thickness of the beam m
y Elevation produced for M kg of load m
M Load considered to calculate elevation Kg.

2
3
2
2
3

= Nm
y
M
bd
gal
Y
Expt. No.: Date:
Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 6 Department of Physics



Table. 1Find elevation y

Distance between two knife edges (l) = _____ X 10
-2
m
LC=0.001 X 10
-2
m TR = MSR + (VSC X LC)
Microscope Reading
Loading Unloading S .No Load
MSR VSC TR MSR VSC TR
Mean
Elevation
y
for M kg
Unit X10
-3
kg X10
-2
m div X10
-2
m X10
-2
m div X10
-2
m X10
-2
m X10
-2

m
1 W
2 W+50
3 W+100
4 W+150
5 W+200
6 W+250

Mean elevation ( y) = _______
m X
2
10

Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 7 Department of Physics

Procedure
When a beam is loaded at the both end of the beam from the equal distance a from
the knife edge , the beam would form an arc of a circle. This type of bending is called uniform
bending.
The given beam is placed over the knife edges A and B at a particular distance say 70 cm or
80 cm in the same horizontal levels. The hanger is placed both end of the beam at the equal
distance a from the knife edges. At the centre of the bar, a pin is fixed using wax as shown if fig. 1.

The load in steps of 50 g will be added on the both sides of the beam using hanger and
hence, there will be the corresponding elevation , which can be measured using the traveling
microscope.

Taking the weight hanger alone as the dead load , the midpoint of the pin is focused by the
microscope, and is adjusted in such a way that the tip of the pin touches with the horizontal cross
wire. The reading on the vertical scale is noted. Now the weight is added in the steps of 50 g on both
hangers. Each time, the tip of the pin is made to tough the horizontal cross wire and the readings
are noted from the vertical scale of the microscope.

By unloading the weight in steps of same 50 g the readings are tabulated in table. The thickness
(d) and the breadth (b) of the beam are measured using the screw gauge and vernier caliper
respectively. Substituting the values in equation, Youngs modulus can be calculated.










Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 8 Department of Physics

Table. 2 To find the breadth (b) of the beam using vernier caliper
LC = 0.01 X 10
-2
m ZE = ______
m X
2
10

ZC = ______
m X
2
10

S. No
Main Scale
Reading
(MSR)
Vernier Scale
Concidence
(VSC)
Observed Reading
OR = MSR+(VSC X LC)
Correct
Reading
= OR ZC
Unit m X
2
10

div. m X
2
10

m X
2
10

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mean (b) = _______
m X
2
10

Table. 3 To find the thickness (d) of the beam using screw guage
LC = 0.01 X 10
-3
m ZE = _____ m X
3
10

ZC = ______
m X
3
10

S. No
Pitch Scale
Reading
(PSR)
Head Scale
Concidence
(HSC)
Observed Reading
OR = PSR+(HSC X LC)
Correct
Reading
= OR ZC
Unit m X
3
10

div. m X
3
10

m X
3
10

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mean (d) = _______
m X
3
10

Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 9 Department of Physics

Calculation

Acceleration to due to gravity g = 9.8 ms
-2
Distance between the weight hanger and nearest knife edge a = m
Distance between the two knife edges l = m
Breadth of the beam b = m
Thickness of the beam d = m
Elevation produced for M kg of load y = m
Load to calculate elevation m = kg




The Youngs modulus of the given material of the beam

















2
__________

= Nm Y



Result

(i) The Youngs Modulus of the given uniform beam Y= ____________
2
Nm

(ii)
By graphical method the Youngs modulus of the given uniform beam
Y= ____________
2
Nm


2
3
2
2
3

= Nm
y
M
bd
gal
Y
Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 10 Department of Physics


Fig. 3 Wavelength of LASER

Table -1 : To find wavelength of the LASER source

S.
No
Distance
D
Order

X

Mean

X
2
D
2
(X
2
+D
2
)
LHS RHS X
Unit X10
-2
m
X10
-2
m X10
-2
m X10
-2
m
X10
-4
m
2
X10
-4
m
2

X10
-2
m
1.

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

5

1

6

2

7

3

8

4

9

1

10

2

11

3

12

4

Mean




Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 11 Department of Physics

LASER

DETERMINATION OF WAVELENGTH OF LASER LIGHT USING GRATING
DETERMINATION OF PARTICLE SIZE
ANGLE OF DIVERGENCE & ACCEPTANCE ANGLE

Aim

To determine,
(i) Wavelength of the given laser source, using a LASER grating.
(ii) Particle size of the given powder using LASER source.
(iii) Angle of divergence using LASER source.
(iv) Numerical aperture and acceptance angle.

Apparatus Required

Laser source
Grating
Lycopodium powder
Screen
Scale
Optical fiber
Numerical aperture jig


Formula

(i) Wavelength of the laser source,

= X






(ii) The size of the particle,


m

(iii) Angle of divergence,

= r
2
- r
1
/ d
2
- d
1
degree

(iv) Numerical aperture of the optical fiber
r
NA = No unit


(v) Acceptance angle

max
= Sin
-1
NA degree
2 2
D + X Nm
Y
D + Y
= d
2
1
2
m
2 2
d + r
Expt. No.: Date:
Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 12 Department of Physics



Fig. 4 Size of the particle



Fig. 5 Diffraction pattern

Table -2 : To find the size of the given particle

S.
No
Distance
D
1

Order

Y

Mean

Y
2
D
1
2
(Y
2
+D
1
2
) d
LHS RHS Y
m

Unit X10
-2
m
X10
-2
m X10
-2
m X10
-2
m
X10
-2
m X10
-4
m
2
X10
-2
m X10
-6
m
1 1
2 2
3 1
4 2
5 1
6 2
Mean d

Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 13 Department of Physics

Symbol Explanation Unit
X

, Y The distance from m
th
order to 0
th
order in diffraction Pattern m
N The number of lines per meter in the grating
lines/m
m The order of diffraction pattern no unit
D The distance between the particle and the screen m
D
1
The distance between the laser grating and the screen
m
r Radius of the circular opening in NA jig
m
d Distance between the tip of the optical fiber and NA jig
m

Procedure

(i) Calculation of the wavelength of the laser source

The laser source and the laser grating are mounted on separate stands as shown in fig.3. A fixed
distance (D) is kept between the laser grating and the screen.
The laser source is switched ON and the beam of laser is allowed to fall on the laser grating. The
diffracted beams are collected on the screen. The diffracted beams are in the form of spots as shown in
fig.3.
From the figure the intensity of the irradiance is found to decrease from 0-th order to higher orders,
i.e., the first order is brighter than the second order and so on. The positions X
1
, X
2
, X
3
, .X
m
of
the spots belongs to the first order , second order , third order etc., On either side of the central maximum
are marked on the screen and is noted.
The experiment is repeated for various values of D and the positions of the spots are noted. Then, by
using the given equation the wavelength of the laser source can be calculated and the mean is taken.

(ii) Calculation of the size of the given particle

Now the laser grating is removed and the powder consist of micro sized particle is introduced. The
laser source is switched ON and the light is made to fall on the particle. The screen is moved back and
forth until the clear image of the spectrum is seen and the distance between the screen and the particle
(D
1
) is noted. Due to diffraction of the laser light by the particle, different orders of spectrum are obtained
as shown in fig.4. The positions belongs to first order, second order etc. on either side of the central
maximum are noted. Then, by using the given formula the size of the particle can be determined.

(iii) Calculation of angle of divergence

The laser source and stand is kept at some distance say d1 and the radius of the beam spot is measured
and by varying the distance to d2, the radius of the beam spot is again measured. By substituting the
values in the given formula the angle of divergence can be determined.


Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 14 Department of Physics








Fig. 5 Angle of divergence







Table 3: To find the angle of divergence

S. No r
1


d
1


r
2
d
2

=d
2
-d
1
/r
2
-r
1


Unit X10
-2
m X10
-2
m X10
-2
m X10
-4
m
2
Degrees

1.
















Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 15 Department of Physics

(vi) Calculation of the Numerical aperture by fiber optic method

A known length of fiber is taken. One end of the fiber is connected to the laser source and the
other end is connected to the numerical aperture (NA) Jig as shown in fig.6. The source is switched
ON. The opening in the NA jig is completely opened so that a circular red patch of laser light is
observed on the screen. By opening in the jig is slowly closed with the knob provided, at a particular
point the circular red patch of laser light is observed on the screen. By adjusting the opening in the
NA Jig is slowly at particular points the circular light patch in the screen just cuts. The radius of the
circular opening (r) of NA jig at which the circular patch of light just cuts is measured.
The distance between the NA jig and opening and the fiber can be measured directly with
the help of the calibration in NA jig. By substituting the values in the given formula the NA can be
calculated. By finding NA and substitute it in the given formula the acceptance angle can be
calculated.






Calculation

(i) Wavelength of the laser source,

= X























2 2
D + X Nm
Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 16 Department of Physics


Fig.6. Numerical Aperture



Table 4. To find Numerical aperture


S. No
Length of the given
fiber
Distance between
NA jig opening &
fiber (d)
Radius of the circular
opening in NA (r)

r
NA =
- X 10
-2
m X 10
-2
m X 10
-3
m -
1
2
3
4
5

Mean :




2 2
d + r
Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 17 Department of Physics


(ii) The size of the particle,


m









(iii) Angle of divergence

= d
2
- d
1
/ r
2
- r
1
degree










Y
D + Y
= d
2
1
2
m
Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 18 Department of Physics



(iv) Numerical Aperture
r
NA = No unit







(v) Acceptance angle


max
= Sin
-1
NA degree




Results
(i) Wavelength of the laser source = __________

(ii)The size of the particle d = ___________ m

(iii) Angle of divergence = ___________ degree

(iv)Numerical Aperture NA = ___________ No unit

(v) Acceptance angle
max
= ___________ degree


2 2
d + r
Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 19 Department of Physics











Fig. 7 Ultrasonic Interferometer















Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 20 Department of Physics



ULTRASONIC INTERFEROMETER

Aim

1. To determine the velocity of ultrasonic wave in the medium of different liquids using ultrasonic
interferometer.
2. To determine the compressibility of the given liquid.

Apparatus Required

Ultrasonic interferometer (High frequency generator, measuring cell)
Given liquid.

Principle
High frequency generator, which excites the quartz crystal, generates the ultrasonic wave in the
experimental liquid. The liquid will now serving as an acoustical grating element. Hence, when an
ultrasonic wave passes through the ruling of gratings, successive maxima and minima occur, satisfying
the condition for diffraction.

Formulae

1. Wavelength of the ultrasonic waves,



2. Velocity of ultrasonic wave in a given liquid,


3. Compressibility of the given liquid,



Symbol Explanation Unit
f Frequency of generator which excites the crystal Hz
d Distance moved in micrometer screw m
Wavelength of the ultrasonic wave m
n Number of oscillations No unit
Density of the given liquid Kg/m
3

m
n
d 2
=
1
= ms f V
1 2
2
1

= N m K

Expt. No.: Date:
Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 21 Department of Physics




Table. 1 Calculation of the ultrasonic velocity (v) in the liquid
Given Liquid: _____________ Frequency of the generator f = 2 X 10
6
Hz
L.C = 0.001 cm
Micrometer Reading
Number
of
Maxima
PSR HSC
TR=PSR+
(HSC X LC)
d

S. No
Unit X 10
-3
m div. X 10
-3
m X 10
-3
m X 10
-3
m m/s
1. n+5
2. n+10
3. n+15
4. n+20
5. n+25
6. n+30














n
d 2
=
= V
Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 22 Department of Physics

Description

Ultrasonic Interferometer technique gives a very accurate value in the measurement of sound
velocity. The ultrasonic Interferometer consists of following parts are shown in fig
High frequency generator,
Measuring cell.

High Frequency Generator
It generates alternating field of variable frequencies. The frequency generator is used to excite
the quartz plate placed at the bottom of the measuring cell at its resonant frequency. The excited quartz
crystal generates ultrasonic waves in the experimental liquid in the measuring cell.

Measuring Cell
Measuring cell shown in fig has a double walled vessel with a provision to maintain temperature
constant. At the top of the cell a fine micrometer screw is fitted. With the help of the screw, the reflector
plate placed in a cell can be lowered or raised through a known distance. The reflector and the quartz
crystal (mounted at the bottom of the cell) are parallel to each other. When the alternating field from the
frequency generator is applied to the crystal, it gets into resonant vibrations.

Procedure

The high frequency generator is switched on and the alternating field from the generator is
applied to the quartz crystal. The quartz crystal produces longitudinal ultrasonic waves. The ultrasonic
wave passes through the liquid and gets reflected at the surface of the reflector plate.
If the distance between the reflector and crystal is exactly a whole multiple of the sound
wavelength, standing waves are formed within the medium. This results in the formation of acoustics
resonance and cause a change in the potential difference at the generator which excites the crystal. Due to
this, anode current of the generator becomes maximum .The change in the anode current can be measured
from the micrometer fitted with the frequency generator.
The distance between the reflector and crystal is varied using the micrometer screw such that the
anode current decreases from maximum and then increases up to a maximum. The distance of separation
between successive maximum or minimum in the anode current is equal to half the wavelength of the
ultrasonic waves in the liquid.
By nothing the initial and final position of the micrometer for one complete oscillation (maxima-
minima-maxima), one can determine the distance moved by the parallel reflector as shown Fig.7.
Thus n number of successive maxima or minima is recorded for a distance d. The total distance
moved by the micrometer screw is given by

or


Wavelength

2
n
d =
n
d 2
=
Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 23 Department of Physics

Calculation

Frequency of the generator f = x 10
6

Hz
Distance moved in micrometer screw d = m
Wavelength of the ultrasonic waves = m
Density of the given liquid = Kg m
-3
Number of oscillations n =

Wavelength of the ultrasonic waves,










= m

Velocity of ultrasonic wave in the given liquid,














V = ms
-1




m
n
d 2
=
1
= ms f V
Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 24 Department of Physics

From the value of , the velocity of the longitudinal ultrasonic waves is calculated using the relation,
V= f, where f is the frequency of the generator which is used to excite the crystal. After determining the
velocity of the ultrasonic waves in liquid is calculated using the formula K=1/v
2
where is the density of
the liquid. The experiment is repeated for different liquids.

Compressibility of the given liquid,












K= m
2
N
-1
















Result

1. Velocity of the ultrasonic waves in the given liquid = ________________m/s.

2. Compressibility of the given liquid = _______________ m
2
/N
1 2
2
1

= N m K

Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 25 Department of Physics








Fig. 8 Torsional pendulum





Fig. 9 Model Graph

Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 26 Department of Physics

2
2
1
2
2
2
0
2
1
2
2
) ( 2
m kg
T T
T d d m
I

=
2
4 2
0
8

= m N
r T
l I
n



TORSIONAL PENDULUM - DETERMINATION OF MOMENT OF
INERTIA AND RIGIDITY MODULUS
Aim

To determine,
The moment of inertia of a given disc by Torsional oscillations and
The rigidity modulus of the material of the suspension wire.

Apparatus Required

Torsional pendulum
Stop clock
Meter scale
Two symmetrical mass
Screw gauge.


Formula

Moment of inertia of the circular disc,



Rigidity modulus of them wire,





Symbol Explanation Unit
m mass of one cylinder placed on the disc kg
d
1
Closest distance ( minimum) between suspension wire and the centre of mass
of the cylinder
m
d
2
Farthest distance ( maximum) between suspension wire and the centre of mass
of the cylinder
m
T
0
Period of oscillation without any mass on the disc s
T
1
Period of oscillation when equal masses are placed on the disc at a distance d
1
s
T
2
Period of oscillation when equal masses are placed on the disc at a distance d
2
s
l length of the suspension wire m
r Radius of the wire m
Expt. No.: Date:
Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 27 Department of Physics


Table.1 To find the period of oscillations of Torsional Pendulum

Length of the suspension wire (l) = x 10
-2
m



Table. 2 To find the radius of the wire by screw gauge

LC = 0.01 X10
-3
m ZE = ... X10
-3
m
ZC = ...
m X
3
10

S. No.
Pitch scale
Reading
(PSR)
Head Scale
Coincidence
(HSC)
Observed reading
OR = PSR +
(HSC X LC)
Correct Reading
= OR ZC
Unit X 10
-3
m div. X 10
-3
m X 10
-3
m
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mean =________
m X
3
10

Radius of the wire (r) = Diameter
2


Time for 10 oscillations Position of the
Symmetrical
masses
Trial-1 Trial-2 Mean
Period of
oscillation

Unit seconds seconds seconds seconds
Without masses
T
0
=
With masses at
d
1
= x10
-2
m

T
1
=
With masses at
d
2
= x10
-2
m

T
2
=

Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 28 Department of Physics


Principle

When the suspension wire is twisted by the circular disc fixed at the bottom of the wire, the wire
undergoes shearing strain. This is called torsion. Because of this torsion, the disc executes oscillations
called torsional oscillations. The angular acceleration of the disc is proportional to its angular
displacement and is always directed towards its mean position. Hence, the motion of the disc is simple
harmonic.

Procedure

When the suspension wire is twisted by the circular disc fixed at the bottom of the wire, the wire
undergoes shearing strain. This is called torsion. Because of this torsion, the disc executes oscillation
called torsional oscillation.
The Torsional pendulum consists of a circular disc suspended by a thin suspended wire, as shown
in Fig.8, whose rigidity modulus is to be noted. The top end of the wire is fixed by a chuck. The circular
disc is attached to the other end of the wire.

Calculation of T
0
Adjust the wire so that its length is fixed value say 60 or 70 cm. Make a vertical chalk mark on
the disc when it is rest as a reference. By making a small twist to the circular disc, set up Torsional
oscillations. After the first few oscillations, just as the mark on the disc passes the equilibrium positions, a
stop clock is started. The time taken for 10 complete oscillations is noted. The experiments is repeated for
second trial and mean value is calculated. The mean value of the period is noted as T
0
.

Calculation of T
1
The two identical cylindrical masses are placed at equal distance on either side of the central
chuck as close as possible. The distance d
1
is measured between the wire and the centre of the cylindrical
mass. By twisting the disc, the time taken for 10 complete oscillations is noted. The mean value of the
time period is noted as T
1
.

Calculation of T
2
The identical masses are arranged symmetrically as far away from the axis of the rotation as
possible. The distance d
2
is measured between the centre of the cylindrical mass of the time taken for 10
complete oscillations is calculated in the same manner as that of the calculation of T
0
and T
1
.

Calculation of Moment Of Inertia and Rigidity Modulus
The mean value of the radius and length of the wire is measured accurately by a screw gauge and
meter scale respectively. The moment of the inertia of the circular disc and the rigidity modulus of the
suspension wire are calculated by substituting the values in the equations respectively.



Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 29 Department of Physics


Table 3. To find L/T
2


Time for 10 oscillations
S. No
Length of
suspension
wire (L)
Trial 1 Trial 2 Mean
Time
Period
T
T
2
L/ T
2

- X10
-2
sec sec sec sec Sec
2

m/s
2

1

2

3

4

5

























Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 30 Department of Physics

2
2
1
2
2
2
0
2
1
2
2
) ( 2
m kg
T T
T d d m
I

=

Calculation

Mean radius of the wire r = m
Length of the wire l = m
Mass of the identical cylinder m = kg
Closest distance between suspension wire & the centre of symmetrical mass d
1
= m
Farthest distance between suspension wire& the centre of symmetrical mass d
2
= m
Period of oscillations (without masses) T
0 =
sec
Period of oscillations with masses at

d
1

distance T
1 =
sec
Period of oscillations with masses at

d
2

distance T
2 =
sec

The moment of inertia of the circular disc,



























Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 31 Department of Physics

2
4 2
0
8

= m N
r T
l I
n


Rigidity modulus of the wire,

































Result

(i) Moment of inertia of the circular disc I = _____________ kg m

(ii) Rigidity modulus of the given wire n = ______________ Nm
-2


(iii) By graphical method Rigidity Modulus n = ______________ Nm
-2

Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 32 Department of Physics




Fig.10. Youngs modulus non uniform bending

Fig.11. Model graph

Table .1 To find the breadth (b) of the beam using vernier caliper
LC = 0.01 x10
-2
m ZE = ______ m X
2
10

ZC = ______ m X
2
10

S. No.
Main Scale
Reading
(MSR)
Vernier Scale
Concidence
(VSC)
Observed Reading
OR = MSR+(VSC X LC)
Correct
Reading
= OR ZC
Unit X 10
-2
m div. X 10
-2
m X 10
-2
m
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Mean (b) = ___________x10
-2
m
Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 33 Department of Physics


DETERMINATION OF YOUNGS MODULUS OF THE MATERIAL OF AN
UNIFORM BAR NON UNIFORM BENDING
Aim
To determine the youngs modulus of the material of a uniform bar by non uniform bending method.
Apparatus Required
Traveling microscope
Two knife edges
Meter scale
Screw gauge.
Weight hanger with slotted weights
Pin
Vernier caliper

Principle
When a beam symmetrically supported on two knife edge is loaded at its centre, the bent beam
would not form an arc of circle. This type of bending is called non uniform bending. The maximum
elevation is produced at its mid point.
Formula
The Youngs Modulus of the material,



Symbol Explanation Unit
g
Acceleration due to gravity
ms
-2

l Distance between the two knife edges m
b Breadth of the beam (meter scale) m
d
Thickness of the beam (meter scale)
m
y
Depression produced for M kg of load
m
M
Load applied
kg
Procedure
The given beam is placed over the knife edges A and B at a particular distance say 70 cm or
80 cm in the same horizontal levels. The hanger is placed at the centre of the knife edge and a pin is
also fixed using wax as shown in fig.10.
The load in steps of 50 g will be added on the both sides of the beam using hanger and
hence, there will be the corresponding elevation , which can be measured using the traveling
Taking the weight hanger alone as the dead load , the midpoint of the pin is focused by the
microscope, and is adjusted in such a way that the tip of the pin touches with the horizontal cross
wire. The MSR & VSR reading on the vertical scale are noted. Now the weight is added in the steps
2
3
2
2
3

= Nm
y
M
bd
gal
Y
Expt. No.: Date:
Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 34 Department of Physics

Table. 2 To find depression y

Distance between two knife edges (l) = _____ X 10
-2
m

LC=0.001x10
-2
m TR = MSR + (VSC X LC)
Microscope Reading
Loading Unloading S. No. Load
MSR VSC TR MSR VSC TR
Mean
Depression
y
for M kg
Unit X 10
-3
kg X 10
-2
m div. X 10
-2
m X 10
-2
m div. X 10
-2
m X 10
-2
m X 10
-2
m
1.
W
2. W+50
3. W+100
4. W+150
5. W+200
6. W+250
Mean elevation (y) = _________ m X
2
10

Table. 3 To find the thickness (d) of the beam using screw guage
LC = 0.01 X 10
-3
m ZE = _____ m X
3
10

ZC = ______ m X
3
10

S. No.
Pitch Scale
Reading
(PSR)
Head Scale
Coincidence
(HSC)
Observed Reading
OR = PSR +(HSC X LC)
Correct Reading
= OR ZC
Unit X 10
-3
m div. X 10
-3
m X 10
-3
m
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mean (d) = _______ m X
3
10

Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 35 Department of Physics

of 50 g on hanger which is kept at the centre of the beam. Each time, the tip of the pin is made to
tough the horizontal cross wire and the readings are noted from the vertical scale of the
microscope.

By unloading the weight in steps of same 50 g the reading are tabulated in table. The thickness
(d) and the breadth (b) of the beam are measured using the screw gauge and vernier caliper
respectively. Substituting the values in equation, Youngs modulus can be calculated.


Calculation

Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.8 ms
-2

Distance between the two knife edges l = m
Breadth of the beam b = m
Thickness of the beam d = m
Depression produced for M kg of load y = m
Load to calculate depression M = kg

























Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 36 Department of Physics

The Youngs modulus of the given material of the beam




















2
__________

= Nm Y














Result

The Youngs Modulus of the given uniform beam
(i) BY calculation Y = _______________
2
Nm
(ii) By graphical method Y = _______________
2
Nm


2
3
2
2
3

= Nm
y
M
bd
gal
Y
Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 37 Department of Physics



Fig.12. Angle of prism (A)

Table .1 Calculation of angle of prism (A)

Least count =1
Spectrometer reading
2A
A = 2A
2
Mean A
Vernier-A Vernier-B
Reflected
ray
MSR
(degree)
VSC
div.
TR
(degree)

MSR
(degree)
VSC
div.
TR
(degree)
V
A
(degree)
R
1
~R
2

V
B
(degree)
R
3
~R
4

V
A
(degree)
V
B
(degree)
Degrees
Right
side
R
1
R
3

Left
side
R
2
R
4





Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 38 Department of Physics



SPECTROMETER DETERMINATION OF DISPERSIVE POWER OF A
PRISM
Aim

To determine,
(i) Refractive index of the prism and
(ii) Dispersive power of the prism using spectrometer.

Apparatus Required

Spectrometer
Glass prism
Sodium vapour lamp
Spirit level
Reading lens

Formula

Refractive index of the given prism,


No unit



Dispersive power of the prism,

No unit



Symbol Explanation Unit
A The angle of prism Degree
D The angle of minimum deviation Degree

Refractive index of the prism for first colour No unit

2
Refractive index of the prism for second colour No unit

+
=
2
sin
2
sin
A
D A

1
2
2 1
2 1

Expt. No.: Date:

Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 39 Department of Physics










Fig.13. Minimum deviation (D)












Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 40 Department of Physics

Procedure

(i) Calculation of angle of prism

The initial adjustments of the spectrometer are made. The slit is illuminated by sodium vapour
lamp. The given prism is mounted on prism table such that the light emerging from the collimator
should be made to incident on both the faces of the prism as shown in fig.12.
The telescope is rotated left or right to catch the image of the slit reflected by one face of the
prism. The vertical cross wire is adjusted to coincide with reflected image. The MSR and VSC are
noted on Vernier-A and Vernier-B. Similarly, readings are taken for the image reflected by the other
face of the prism. The difference between the two reading are given the twice the angle of prism.
From that angle of prism (A) is calculated.

(ii) Calculation of angle of minimum deviation (D) and refractive index ()

The prism is mounted such that light emerging from the collimator is incident on one of the
refractive face of the prism. The telescope is rotated to catch the refracted image of anyone of the
colour which emerges from other refracting face of the prism.

Now by viewing through the telescope the prism table is slightly rotated in such a way that the
violet image moves towards the direct ray and at a particular position it retraces its original path. This
position is called Minimum Deviation Position. The prism table is fixed and hence now all the
colours in the prism are said to be into minimum deviation position as shown in fig.13. The tangential
screw is adjusted to coincide with the image of each and every colour with the vertical cross wire and
the readings are tabulated in table 2. The prism is removed and the direct ray reading is noted. The
difference between the direct ray and the refracted ray readings for each colour gives the angle of
minimum deviation (D) for that respective colour . Then by substituting the values of D and A in
the equation 1, the refractive indices () for each and every colour can be calculated.

(iii) Calculation of dispersion power

Finally by choosing any two colours with refractive indices as

and
2
the dispersive power of
the prism is calculated using the equation 2. Similarly, for various values of

and
2
the
dispersive powers are calculated and the mean of all the dispersive powers is calculated.








Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 41 Department of Physics

Table. 2 Calculation of angle of minimum deviation (D) and refractive index ()
LC=1
SPECTROMETER READING D = R1-R2
VERNIER-A VERNIER-B

SPECTRAL
LINES
MSR
(degree)

VSC
div.
TR(R
1
)
(degree)
MSR
(degree)
VSC
div.
TR(R
2
)
(degree)
D
1
(degree)
R
1
~R
3
D
2
(degree)
R
2
~R
4

MEAN
(degree)

DIRECT RAY R
3
R
4

VIOLET 1

VIOLET 2

BLUE

BLUISH
GREEN

GREEN

YELLOW1

YELLOW2

RED

+
=
2
sin
2
sin
A
D A

Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 42 Department of Physics

Calculation

Angle of prism A =_____________ degree.
Angle of minimum deviation D =_____________ degree.
Refractive index of the prism
1
=_____________ no unit.
Refractive index of the prism
2
=_____________ no unit.

Refractive index of the given prism,


No unit













Dispersive power of the prism,

No unit

+
=
2
sin
2
sin
A
D A

1
2
2 1
2 1

Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 43 Department of Physics

























Result

Angle of prism A =_____________ degree

Mean dispersive power of the prism =____________ no unit

Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 44 Department of Physics



Fig.14. Air wedge



Fig.15. Fringe Pattern

Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 45 Department of Physics



AIRWEDGE DETERMINATION OF THICKNESS OF A THIN WIRE


Aim

To determine the thickness of the thin wire by forming the interference fringes using the air
wedge set up.

Apparatus required

Traveling microscope
Sodium vapor lamp
Optically plane rectangular glass plates
Thin wire
Reading lens
Condensing lens with stand
Rubber band

Wooden box with glass plate inclined at 45

0

Formula

Thickness of the thin wire,



Symbol Explanation Unit
l Distance between the edge of contact and the wire m

Wavelength of sodium light m

Mean fringe width m

Principle

A wedge shaped air film is formed when a thin wire is introduced between two optically plane
glass plates. When a parallel beam of monochromatic light is incident normally on this arrangement,
interference occurs between the two rays; one is reflected from the front surfaces and the other at the back.
These two reflected rays produce a pattern of alternate dark and bright interference fringes.

Procedure
Two optically plane glass plates are placed one over the other and are tie together by means of a
rubber band at one end. The given thin wire is introduced in between the two glass plates, so that an air
wedge is formed between the plates as shown in fig.14 this set up is placed on the horizontal bed plate of
the traveling microscope.
m
l
t

2
=
Expt. No.: Date:
Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 46 Department of Physics

Table. 1 To determine the fringe with () by traveling microscope

Least count = 0.001x10
-2
m
Microscope reading
Order
of
fringe
MSR VSC TR
Width of 10
fringes
Mean width
of 1 fringe
Unit X 10
-2
m div. X 10
-2
m X 10
-2
m X 10
-2
m
n
n+5
n+10
n+15
n+20
n+25
n+30
n+35
n+40
n+45
Mean =_________
m X
2
10

Calculation

Wavelength of the monochromatic light = 5893
Distance between the edge of contact and the wire l = m
Fringe width = m


Thickness of the wire,






t =

m
l
t

2
=
Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 47 Department of Physics

The sodium vapor lamp is used as a source and is rendered parallel by means of a condensing
lens. The parallel beam of light is incident on a plane glass plate inclined at an angle of 45
0
and gets
reflected. The reflected light is incident normally on the glass plate in contact. Interference takes place
between the light reflected from the top and bottom surfaces of the glass plate and is viewed through the
traveling microscope. Therefore, the number of equally spaced dark and bright fringes are formed which
are parallel to the edge of contact.
For the calculation of the single fringe width the microscope is adjusted so that the bright or
dark fringe near the edge of contact is made to coincide with the vertical cross wire and this is taken as
the n
th
fringe. The reading from the horizontal scale of the traveling microscope is noted. The microscope
is moved across the fringes using the horizontal transverse screw and the readings are taken when the
vertical cross wire coincides with every successive 3 fringes. The mean of this gives the fringe width ().
The cross wire is fixed at the inner edge of the rubber band and the readings from the microscope
is noted. Similarly reading from the microscope is noted keeping the cross wire at the edge of the
material. The difference between these two values gives the value of

. Substituting the value and l in

the equation then the thickness of the given thin wire can be determined.























RESULT

Thickness of the given thin wire t = ____________ x 10
-6
m


Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 48 Department of Physics



Fig.16 Normal incidence position Fig. 17 Spectrometer grating




Table 1. To fine the number of lines per meter of the grating

LC= 1 order of the spectrum n =
'= 5893 TR = MSR + (VSC x LC)


Spectrometer reading 2 (R
1
~R
2
)

= 2
2

Mean
Vernier-A Vernier-B
Diffracted eflected
Ray
Reading
MSR
(degree)
VSC
div.
TR
(degree)

MSR
(degree)
VSC
div.
TR
(degree)

V
A
(degree)

V
B
(degree)

V
A
(degree)

V
B
(degree)
Degrees
Right
side
R
1
R
1

Left
side
R
2
R
2






Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 49 Department of Physics


SPECTROMETER DETERMINATION OF WAVELENGTH OF
MERCURY SPECTRUM
Aim
To determine the wavelength of the mercury (Hg) spectrum by standardizing the plane
transmission grating
Apparatus Required
Spectrometer
Plane transmission grating
Mercury vapour lamp

Sodium vapour lamp
Spirit level
Reading lens

Formula
The number of lines drawn on the grating per meter


The wavelength of the spectral lines of mercury spectrum


Symbol Explanation Unit

angle of diffraction degree
n order of the spectrum No unit
N Number of lines per meter in the grating No unit
Wave length of sodium vapour lamp 5893 m

Principle
A Plane sheet of transparent material on which a large number of equidistant opaque rulings are
made with a diamond point forms grating. The spaces between the rulings and transparent are
constitute a parallel slit .When light passes through such a grating, diffraction takes place. Angle
of diffraction depends upon the wavelength of the light and number of lines per meter on the
grating. From this, the number of lines per meter in grating and wavelength of the source can be
calculated.

m lines
n
Sin
N /
1

=
m
Nn
Sin
=
Expt. No.: Date:
Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 50 Department of Physics

Table. 1To determine the wavelength () of the prominent lines of the mercury spectrum


LC= 1 order of the spectrum n =
N = ____________ lines/ m TR = MSR + (VSC x LC)


Diffracted ray reading
Difference
(2)
2
2
=

Left side Right side
VERNIER-A VERNIER-B VERNIER-A VERNIER-B
Colour
of
spectral
lines
M
S
R

V
S
C

T
R

M
S
R

V
S
C

T
R

M
S
R

V
S
C

T
R

M
S
R

V
S
C

T
R

V
A
V
B
V
A
V
B
M
E
A
N

UNIT
d
e
g

d
i
v

d
e
g

d
e
g

d
i
v

d
e
g

d
e
g

d
i
v

d
e
g

d
e
g

d
i
v

d
e
g

d
e
g

d
e
g

d
e
g

d
e
g

d
e
g



Violet-I
violet-II
Blue
Blue
Green

Green
Yellow-I
Yellow-II
Red











Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 51 Department of Physics

Procedure
(i) Normal Incidence
Preliminary adjustments of the spectrometer are made. The grating is mounted on the
grating table with its ruled surface facing the collimator the slit is illuminated by a source of light
(sodium vapour lamp). The slit is made to coincide with the vertical cross wires. The vernier
scales are adjusted to read 0 and 180 for the direct ray .The telescope is rotated through an
angle of 90 and fixed. The grating table is adjusted until the image coincides with the vertical
cross wire .Both the grating table and the telescope are fixed at this position as shown in Fig.13.
Now rotate the vernier table through 45 in the same direction in which the telescope has been
previously rotated. The light from the collimator incident normally on the grating. The telescope
is released and is brought on the line with the direct image of the slit. Now the grating is said to
be in normal incidence position
(ii) Calculation of Number of Lines per Meter (N) In Grating
The slit is illuminated by sodium vapour lamp, the telescope is released to get the
diffracted image of the first order on the left side of the central direct image as shown in fig.16.
The readings are tabulated from the two verniers V
A
and V
B
. Similarly readings are taken for the
image of the first order on right side of the central direct image. The difference between the two
readings gives 2, where is the angle of first order diffraction. The number of lines per meter
(N) on the grating is calculated using the equation.
(iii) Determination of Wavelength () of the Source
The sodium vapour lamp is replaced by mercury vapour lamp. The diffracted images of
the first order are seen on either side of the central direct image as shown in Fig.17. The readings
are tabulated by coincide the vertical cross wire with the first order on the either side of the
central direct image prominent lines namely violet, blue, bluish green, green, yellow, red of the
mercury spectrum. The difference between the readings give 2, from this can be found. The
wavelength of each spectral line is calculated using the equation.






Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 52 Department of Physics

Calculation
Order of the spectrum n=1
Wavelength of sodium vapour lamp
1
=5893
Angle of Diffraction = degree

1. The number of lines drawn on the grating per meter,





N = ________
m lines /


2. The wavelength of the spectral lines of mercury spectrum,









=______m
m lines
n
Sin
N /
1

=
meter
Nn
Sin
=
Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 53 Department of Physics













Result
(i) The Number of Lines per meter in grating N= lines/meter
(ii) Wavelength of various spectral lines
Wavelength for violet
V
=
Wavelength for blue
B
=
Wavelength for bluish green
BG
=
Wavelength for green
G
= _
Wavelength for yellow
Y=
_
Wavelength for red
R
=



Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 54 Department of Physics


Fig.18. Band gap

1000 / T

Log I
s

Fig.19 . Model graph


Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 55 Department of Physics



DETERMINATION OF BAND GAP OF A SEMICONDUCTOR
Aim
To determine the band gap energy of a semiconductor by varying the temperature
Apparatus Required
Semiconductor diode
Heating arrangement to heat the
diode
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Thermometer

Principle
For a semiconductor diode at 0K the valence band is completely filled and the conduction
band is empty and it behaves as an insulator. If the temperature is increased, some of the valence
electrons gains thermal energy greater than the forbidden energy (E
g
) and it moves to conduction
band, which constitutes some current to flow through the semiconductor diode.
Formula
Band gap Energy E
g
= 0.198 x Slope eV
Slope = log I
s
/ (1000/T)

Symbol Explanation
Unit
I
s
Saturation current A
T

Absolute temperature Kelvin

Procedure
The circuit is given as shown in fig.18. The semiconductor diode and the thermometer is
immersed in the water or oil bath, in such a way that the thermometer is kept nearby the diode.
The power supply is kept constant (2 Volts). The heating mantle is switch ON and the oil bath is
heated upto 70
o
C. Now the heating mantle is switch OFF and the oil bath is allowed to cool
slowly. For every one degree fall of temperature the micro ammeter reading (I
s
) is noted.
Expt. No.: Date:
Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 56 Department of Physics



Table .1 Measurement of Saturation current for various temperatures

S. No Temperature Temperature 1000 / T I
s
Log I
s

Unit
o
C K K
-1
X10
-6
A A
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10












Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 57 Department of Physics

A graph is plotted taking 1000/T along X axis and log I
s
along negative Y axis. (Since I
s

in the order of micro-ampere, log I
s
value will come in negative). A straight line obtained as
shown in model graph. By finding the slope of the straight line, the band gap energy can be
calculated using the given formula. The sample procedure can be repeated for various constant
power supplies (4Volt, 6Volt).
Calculation
E
g
= 0.198 x Slope eV
E
g
= 0.198 x log I
s
/ (1000/ T) eV




E
g
= eV









Result
The band gap energy of the given diode is E
g
= _______________ eV


Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 58 Department of Physics


Fig.20. Viscosity Apparatus












Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 59 Department of Physics



DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF VISCOSITY OF A
LIQUID BY POISEUILLES METHOD

Aim
To determine the coefficient of viscosity of a given liquid by Poiseuilles method.

Apparatus Required

Graduated burette
Stand with clamp
Capillary tube
Beaker
Given liquid
Stop watch
Meter scale
Rubber tube
Pinch cock
Traveling microscope

Principle
Suppose the liquid is flowing through a uniform capillary tube which is held horizontally, under
constant pressure difference between the two ends of the capillary. The flow of liquid through the tube is
streamline and the layers which are in contact of the walls of the tube are at rest. The layer along the axis
of the tube has the maximum velocity.
Volume of the liquid collected for a known time is calculated and the coefficient of viscosity of
the liquid is determined.

Formula
The coefficient of viscosity of a liquid,



Symbol Explanation Unit

Density of the given liquid
Kg m
-3
g
Acceleration due to gravity
ms
-2
r
Radius of the capillary tube
m
l
Length of the capillary tube
m
h
which is the pressure head

m
h
1

Height from the table to the initial level of liquid in burette. m

h
2
Height from the table to the final level of the liquid in burette.
m
h
0
Height from the table to the axis of the capillary tube
m
V Volume of the liquid in 5cc.

m
3
2
4
8
) (

= Nsm
lV
ht gr

0
2 1
2
h
h h

+
Expt. No.: Date:
Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 60 Department of Physics



Table. 1 To calculate time taken for liquid flow

Height of the capillary tube a

= ______ X10
-2
m
Time Taken S. No Burette
Reading Trial 1 Trial 2 Mean
Height b C = b a
-
cc second second second X10
-2
m X10
-2
m
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10




Fig.21. Radius of capillary tube




Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 61 Department of Physics



Procedure

Calculation of ht

The dry burette is fixed on the stand using the clamps as shown in fig.20. The uniform circular bore
capillary tube is fixed to the burette using a rubber tube. The capillary tube is arranged horizontal to the
table. The stand is used to get uniform flow of a given liquid. A clamp and dry beaker is used to collect
the water from the capillary tube for a known interval of time.

The given liquid is poured into the burette. The stop clock is started when the liquid level crosses
0 in burette. The time taken for the liquid to cross every 5cc (starts from 0cc) on the burette say 0, 5, 10,
15, 20, 25 .50 cc are noted and tabulated. To get accurate readings, the second trial is taken with the
same interval of time in burette say 0,5,10,15,20 and 25,50 cc. Therefore, the time taken for 5 cc
of the liquid is determined for the flow time t seconds from the table. The initial height h1 and final height
h2 are noted for every 5 cc interval. The length of the capillary tube (l) is measured by using meter scale.
It is evident from the table that when the height of the liquid h decreases, the time flow oft increases
and hence, the product ht remains constant.

Calculation of Radius of the capillary tube

The radius of the capillary (r) is determined using the traveling microscope. The capillary tube is
fixed on the stand and traveling microscope is adjusted to view the inner circle of the capillary tube as
shown in Fig.21. The vertical cross wire of the telescope is adjusted to concide with the left edge (V
1
) of
the inner circle. The corresponding MSR and VSC are noted. Similarly, the cross wire adjusted with the
right edge (V
2
) of the inner circle and the readings are noted.
The experiment is repeated using the horizontal cross wire of the telescope and the corresponding
readings H
1
and H
2
are tabulated. The inner diameter of the capillary tube is determined by finding the
difference between V
1
and V
2
, H
1
and H
2
. The average value of the diameter is used for the calculation.

Calculation of viscosity

Thus, by knowing the values of pressure head h, density of liquid, radius of the capillary tube a,
length of the capillary tube l, and volume of the liquid collected V, the viscosity of the given liquid can be
measured using the equation.





Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 62 Department of Physics





Table. 2 To calculate ht

Range
Time taken
to cross 5cc
liquid t
Initial
height
h
1
Final
height
h
2

+
=
2
2 1
h h
h

ht
S. No.
Unit seconds X 10
-2
m X 10
-2
m X 10
-2
m X 10
-2
ms
1 0-5
2 5-10
3 10-15
4 15-20
5 20-25
6 25-30
7 30-35
8 35-40
9 40-45
10 45-50
Mean
















Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 63 Department of Physics




Calculation
Density of the given liquid = kgm
-3
Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.8 ms
-2
Radius of the capillary tube r = x 10
-2
m
Length of the capillary tube l = x 10
-2
m
The product of ht = x 10
-2
ms
Volume of liquid collected V = x 10
-6
m
3
The coefficient of viscosity of a liquid,
























Result
The coefficient of viscosity of the given liquid = ________________ Nsm
-2


2
4
8
) (

= Nsm
lV
ht gr

Physics Lab Manual

M.A.M School of Engineering Page 64 Department of Physics

DATA OF PHYSICAL CONSTANTS & STANDARD VALUES
S. No Physical Constants Symbol Value in SI Unit
1 Velocity of light c 3 X10
8
m/s
2 Acceleration due to gravity g 9.8 m/s
2

3 Plancks constant h 6.625X10
-34
Js
4 Charge of an electron e 1.6X10
-19
C
5 Avogadro number N
A
6.023X10
26
atoms/ k mole
6 Boltzmann constant k
B
1.3X10
-23
J/K
7 Rigidity of steel wire n 8.9X10
10
Nm
-2

8 Rigidity of Brass wire n 3.5X10
10
Nm
-2

9 Youngs modulus of the wooden beam y 1X10
10
Nm
-2

10
Youngs modulus of the teak wooden
beam
y 1.7X10
10
Nm
-2

11 Co-efficient of Viscosity of water 0.0008 Nsm
-2

12 Co-efficient of Viscosity of coconut oil 0.0154 Nsm
-2

13 Refractive index of crown glass 1.5 No unit
14 Wavelength of sodium vapour lamp D
1
= 5890 , D
2
=5896

vI
4047

vII
4078

B
4358

BG
4916

G
5461

YI
5770

YII
5791
15 Wavelength of mercury vapour lamp

R
6234
16 Band gap E
g

Germanium= 0.7 eV
Silicon = 1.1 eV