BG/EE310/FS/ June 2, 2004 Fourier Series

1
FOURIER SERIES
A periodic function f(t) = f(t + T) can be expressed in terms of its Fourier series as



=

=
+ + =
1 n
o n
1 n
o n o
) t n sin( b ) t n cos( a a ) t ( f
where

= =
2
0
T
0
o
d ) ( f
2
1
dt ) t ( f
T
1
a

= =
2
0
T
0
o n
d ) n cos( ) ( f
1
dt ) t n cos( ) t ( f
T
2
a

= =
2
0
T
0
o n
d ) n sin( ) ( f
1
dt ) t n sin( ) t ( f
T
2
b
Even-function symmetry: (Mirror image along the Y-axis: Remember cosine function)
Condition: ) t ( f ) t ( f =
0 b
n
= for all values of n

= =
0
2 / T
0
o
d ) ( f
1
dt ) t ( f
T
2
a

= =
0
2 / T
0
o n
d ) n cos( ) ( f
2
dt ) t n cos( ) t ( f
T
4
a
Odd-function symmetry:(Recall sine function)
Condition: ) t ( f ) t ( f =
0 a
o
=
0 a
n
= for all values of n

= =
0
2 / T
0
o n
d ) n sin( ) ( f
2
dt ) t n sin( ) t ( f
T
4
b
BG/EE310/FS/ June 2, 2004 Fourier Series
2
Half-wave symmetry: (Shift one-half period, invert, get the original function back)
Condition: ) 2 / T t ( f ) t ( f =
0 a
o
=
0 a
n
= for n = 2,4,6, (even)
0 b
n
= for n = 2,4,6, (even)

= =
0
2 / T
0
o n
d ) n cos( ) ( f
2
dt ) t n cos( ) t ( f
T
4
a for n = 1,3,5 (0dd)

= =
0
2 / T
0
o n
d ) n sin( ) ( f
2
dt ) t n sin( ) t ( f
T
4
b for n = 1,3,5 (0dd)
Quarter-wave symmetry: (Symmetric about the mid-point of each half cycle)
0 a
o
=
0 a
n
= for n = 2,4,6, (even)
Even function:
0 b
n
= for all values of n

= =
2 /
0
4 / T
0
o n
d ) n cos( ) ( f
4
dt ) t n cos( ) t ( f
T
8
a for n = 1,3,5 (Odd)
Odd function:
0 a
n
= for all values of n

= =
2 /
0
4 / T
0
o n
d ) n sin( ) ( f
4
dt ) t n sin( ) t ( f
T
8
b for n = 1,3,5 (odd)


BG/EE310/FS/ June 2, 2004 Fourier Series
3
Some useful integrals: (m and n are integers)
1. 0
n
) n cos(
d ) n sin(
2
0
2
0
=

0 n
2. 0
n
) n sin(
d ) n cos(
2
0
2
0
=

0 n
3. =

2
0
2
0
2
n 4
) n 2 sin(
2
d ) n ( sin 0 n
4. =

2
0
2
0
2
n 4
) n 2 sin(
2
d ) n ( cos 0 n
5. 0
n m
) n m cos(
n m
) n m cos(
2
1
d ) n cos( ) m sin(
2
0
2
0
=

+
+
+

n m
For n m = : 0
n 2
) n ( sin
d ) n cos( ) n sin(
2
0
2
0
2
=

0 n
6. 0
n m
) n m sin(
n m
) n m sin(
2
1
d ) n sin( ) m sin(
2
0
2
0
=

+
+

n m
7. 0
n m
) n m sin(
n m
) n m sin(
2
1
d ) n cos( ) m cos(
2
0
2
0
=

+
+
+

n m


BG/EE310/FS/ June 2, 2004 Fourier Series
4
8. [ ] ) n cos( 1
n
1
n
) n cos(
d ) n sin(
0 0
=

0 n
9. 0
n
) n sin(
d ) n cos(
0 0
=

0 n
10.
2 n 4
) n 2 sin(
2
d ) n ( sin
0 0
2

=

0 n
11.
2 n 4
) n 2 sin(
2
d ) n ( cos
0 0
2

=

0 n
12.

+
+
+

0 0
n m
) n m cos(
n m
) n m cos(
2
1
d ) n cos( ) m sin(
= 0 n m but m+n = even

2 2
n m
m 2

= n m but m+n = odd

13. 0
n m
) n m sin(
n m
) n m sin(
2
1
d ) n sin( ) m sin(
0 0
=

+
+

n m
14. 0
n m
) n m sin(
n m
) n m sin(
2
1
d ) n cos( ) m cos(
0 0
=

+
+
+

n m
15. 0
n 2
) n ( sin
d ) n cos( ) n sin(
0 0
2
=

0 n
BG/EE310/FS/ June 2, 2004 Fourier Series
5
PROBLEMS: FOURIER SERIES

Determine the Fourier series for the various waveforms given below.











) rad ( t
A ) t ( i
m
I
m
I
0 2 / 2 / 3 2 / 2 / 3
(a)
) rad ( t
A ) t ( i
0
m
I
m
I
2
(c)
) rad ( t
A ) t ( i
0 2 / 2 / 3 2 / 2 / 3
(b)
m
I 2
BG/EE310/FS/ June 2, 2004 Fourier Series
6















) rad ( t
A ) t ( i
0 2
(d)
m
I 2
-T
(e)
m
I 2
A ) t ( i
) s ( t
0 T 2 T
-T
(f)
A ) t ( i
) s ( t
m
I
m
I
0 T 2T
BG/EE310/FS/ June 2, 2004 Fourier Series
7
















2 0 2
V
m
V ) t ( v
) rad ( t
(g): Full-wave rectified sine wave
2 0 2
V
m
V ) t ( v
) rad ( t
(h): Half-wave rectified sine wave
BG/EE310/FS/ June 2, 2004 Fourier Series
8
ANSWERS FOR PROBLEMS ON FOURIER SERIES

Fig.
Avg.(
o
a )
rms
n
a
n
b
a 0
m
I
)
2
n
sin(
n
I 4
m

for n=1,2,3,4
or

n
I 4
m
, n = 1, 5, 9, .....

n
I 4
m
, n = 3, 7, 11 .....
0, otherwise


0
b
m
I
2
m
I
)
2
n
sin(
n
I 4
m

for n=1,2,3,4
or

n
I 4
m
, n = 1, 5, 9, .....

n
I 4
m
, n = 3, 7, 11 .....
0, otherwise



0
c 0
m
I
0
n
I 4
m
, n = 1, 3, 5, ....
0 otherwise
d
m
I
2
m
I
0
n
I 4
m
, n = 1, 3, 5, ....
0 otherwise
e
m
I
3
I 2
m

0

n
I 2
m
, n = 1, 2, 3, ...
f 0
3
I
m

0

n
I 2
m
, n = 1, 2, 3, ...
g

m
V 2

2
V
m

( ) 1 n
V 4
2
m

n = 2, 4, 6, ..
0 otherwise

0
h

m
V

2
V
m

( ) 1 n
V 2
2
m

n = 2, 4, 6, ..
0 otherwise

2
V
m
, n = 1
0 otherwise