Telecommunications fundamentals:

What is a pseudo-wire? A pseudo-wire is an emulation of a point-to-point layer 2

(ATM, Frame Relay, TDM) connection over a packet switched network (IP,
MPLS) transparently.

What is TDM? Time division multiplexing is method for sending independent
signal streams over a common single path. How does TDM sends all those signals
without messing everything up? By synchronizing both ends to transmit and
receive on a defined clock rate frequency, so that both ends switch turns to send
and receive.

What is TDMoIP? This is a TDM pseudo-wire, meaning that TDMoIP is
basically an emulation of TDM traffic going over an IP PSN (Packet Switched
Network) while conserving its structure and timing sync, in other words,
transparently. There are others type of TDM pseudo-wires like TDMoMPLS etc.

What is a T1? A T1 is a digital transmission system used to carry digital signals
over a single trunk. A T1 cable should have 4 pins, 2 for transmit and 2 for receive.
Each T1 frame contains 193 bits, which are divided in timeslots. Each timeslot has
8 bits/1byte/1 Octect; meaning that the total of timeslots per frame is 24 (also
referred as channels). The last bit of the T1 frame is a framing bit for indicating
that the frame ended. A T1 can be used for voice and or data. It is sampled at a
8000 frames per second rate, meaning that a T1 data speed is 1.544 Mbps, and
each timeslot can support up to 64kbps in theory (this is because we are not
counting the frame bit). For a T1 to work there should be a few setting that must be
configured in both ends of the T1:
Framing (Unframed means will use the whole 24 Timeslots of the T1 // ESF
means that the T1 can be fractionated to use part of it, this can be used to use
a few timeslots for voice channels and the others for data, etc)
Clock (For the T1s transmit and receive information the TDM method must
be used, and for the TDM to work there should be a sync between the 2
ends. Hence a common oscillator or clocking system must be used for the
data to flow)
Line Code (This refers to the method used to prevent that data streams that
are all 0s loose the sync between the 2 ends. The widely used methods are
AMI and B8ZS, mostly used is B8ZS)
Line Interface (This refers to the side of the device that will handle the wan
or lan traffic. The CSU will handle the WAN and DSU will handle the LAN
traffic)
Signaling mode (Refers to the signal method that will be used, CCS, CAS,
AIS. CAS means that the signal takes 2 to 4 bits in the same frame for
signaling, this reduces the available BW. CCS or PRI means that the
signaling will be carried in a dedicated channel, this one is hence more
accurate.

What is the Stratum clock quality? Its a level of quality of the clock source.
Each level defines how many times in a period of time the clock can fail. Stratum 1
means that the source of the clock is a very high precision clock of a level stratum
0 and its doing time is limited to a few minutes a year. And as the stratum level
increases so the offline time does.

What is a Bundle? Its a group association of timeslots. A bundle basically
groups timeslots to be sent to another bundle in the other end through the PW
(Pseudo-wire). For the bundle to work we must configure the bundle ID (Which
defines the T1/E1 port used, it goes in increments of 32 for port; i.e. bundle ID
from 1 to 31 is port 1, 32 to 63 port 2, and so on). After the bundle ID is configured
we must select the timeslots that will be associated with such bundle if its framed,
if its unframed then all timeslots should be selected. Then point the IP of the
device where the destination bundle is allocated and specify the bundle ID. The
configuration of the timeslots and bundle ID must match on the other end as well.

What is packed jitter? Thats the packet delay variation time (PDVT). To prevent
packets from dropping and cause a de-sync problem there is a Packet Jitter Buffer
time to allow the packets to reform once they arrive to the destination. This
parameter MUST be the same in both sides or there will be an overflow or
underflow issue.

What is the TDM bytes in frame? This refers to amount of TDM bytes that the
IP Packet will contain per frame. The default is 48 bytes and this can be adjusted in
increments of 48 up to 1440. This goes directly associated with the Jitter buffer
time and the amount of timeslots used, because the larger the frame is, the greater
the latency and jitter buffer time should be. If the bundle will carry a whole T1, a
lot of data will fill the frames quickly and will be sent, but if just a few timeslots
are used, the frames will take longer to be filled, and the jitter buffer time may
timeout if the frames are bigger than the default 48 bytes. This means that if the
TDM frame size will be modified the jitter buffer time should be modified too, to
meet the new packet creation time, and the amount of timeslots, application used
through that bundle (Voice, data, etc) should be considered as well.

Type of timers:
Loopback or Rxclk: Means that the clock will be received from the T1 link
along with the info.
Adaptive: Means that the system will calculate and adjust the clock
according to the data transfer receive time.
External: Means that the clock source will be received from an external
source from the external port.
Internal: Means that the system will be the clock source.

Payload encapsulation types:
TDMoIP: Pseudowiring TDM frames over IP Packets
CESoPSN: (Circuit Emulation Service over PSN) Is pretty much the same as
TDMoIP but the IP packet size will be a multiple of the TDM frame size,
hence will not be fixed packet sizes like in TDMoIP.
SAToP: (Structure Agnostic TDM over Packets) is used when the framing
type is unframed.
HDLCoP