Pure Shear

Stress and strain

The average bearing stress
where: represents the total bearing force
represents the bearing area

b
b
b
F
b
A
b
F
A
=
The average shear stress is given by

where: represents the shear force and
represents the area of the cross-section on which it acts
T
aver
A
T
A
=
Pure Shear
Stress and strain
a
b
c
Thus on the top face
. . T a c =
Conclusion:
1. pure shear is the state of stress when the element is subjected to the shear
stress only.
2. Shear stresses on opposite faces of an element are equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction.
3. Shear stresses on adjacent (and perpendicular) faces of an element are
equal in magnitude and have directions such that both stresses point toward, and
both point away from the line of intersection of the faces.

Pure Shear
Stress and strain
a
b
c
Sign convention for shear stresses and strains
The positive faces of the element are the faces oriented toward the
positive directions of the axis and the negative faces are the opposite faces.
With respect to this terminology we can declare the sign convention for shear
stresses.
Shear stress acting on a positive face of an element is positive if it
acts in the positive direction of one of the co-ordinate axes and negative if it
acts in the negative direction of an axis. Shear stress acting on a negative face
of an element is positive if it acts in the negative direction of an axis and
negative if it acts in a positive direction.
Shear strain in an element is positive when the angle between two positive
faces (or two negative faces) is reduced. The strain is negative when the angle
between two positive (or two negative) faces is increased.
Pure Shear
Hookes law in Shear
a
b
c
Hooke's law in shear
where: represents the shear modulus of elasticity
represents the shear strain
The relation between modulus of elasticity and shear modulus

.
G
G

=

2(1 )
E
G

=
+
Torsion
M
T2
M
T1

dx
x
m
n
n'
a
b
c
d
M
T
M
T

'
the initial right angle will decrease
max
.
where: ' . thus
max
.
Then rate of twist is thus .
max
bb
ab
r d
bb r d
dx
d r d r
r
dx dx L

=
= =

= = = =
d
a
b
b'
c
c'
d
dx
Torsion
The simple theory of torsion
Assumptions:
The material of the shaft is uniform, and obeys
Hookes law in shear at each circumferential layer.
The shaft has circular cross-section, solid or
hollow.
The shaft is initially straight and unstressed.
The cross-sections remain plane and the radii
remain straight after twisting.
The loading consists of a twisting moment (torque),
which has its line of action identical with the axis of the
shaft
d
a
b
b'
c
c'
d
dx
Torsion
Shear stresses due to torsion
The maximum strain is .
max
considering Hooke's law = then
max
the maximum shear stress at any point of the cross-section
. . .
max
. .
r
G
G
r
Gr

= =
=
d
a
b
b'
c
c'
d
dx
Torsion
The relationship between the shear stresses and torque
Shear force on the element area : .
2
max
then moment of the elemental force : . . . .
thus the total twisting moment
2
max max
. .
dA dT dA
dT dM dA dA
r
M dM dA I
T p
r r
A A

=
= =
= = =


r
dA

d
a
b
b'
c
c'
d
dx
Torsion
Strain energy in torsion
the bar twists and the free end rotates through the angle
thus considering together with
max max max
.
then the angle of twist is
.
r
G
L
M L
T
G I
p

= =
=
.
Considering
2
2
.
after substitution for we get
2. .
Limitations: 1. is constant along the length
2. material is homogeneous
3. cro
M
T
U W
M L
T
U
G I
p
M L
T

= =
=
ss-section does not vary along the length L
Torsion
Torsion of circular thin-walled section
( ) ( )
max
Twisting moment
4 4 4 4
polar moment of area
2 1 2 1
2 32
.
T p
I r r d d
p
M I
r

= =
=
Torsion
Thin walled tubular members with non-circular cross-
section
M
T
M
T
Force on the top face . .
Force on the bottom face . .
then thus . .
elemenal moment . . .
leads to total torque . . .
0
F t dx
b b b
F t dx
c c c
F F t t
b c b b c c
dM r t ds
T
L
m
M t r ds
T

=
=
= =
=
=

Shear stresses in beams owing to bending
z
h
b
x
y
Assumptions:
The shear stresses are parallel to shear force T.
The stress distribution is uniform across the width b.
The horizontal shear stresses and the transverse
shear stresses are equal in magnitude.
But cutting an element from the outer top surface
does not correspond to the model assumed initially
that the average shear stress has an equal
magnitude at any point of the cross-section.
How the shear stress varies along the
height of the cross-section?
Shear stresses in beams owing to bending
force on the element area dA
.
. .
M y
dA dA
x
I
=
dA
2
F
A1
F
A2
T
dx
dA
1
dx
1 2
1 1
2 2
force and
1 2
shear force on the top face
. ( ).

. .
h h
A A
y y
M y M dM y
F dA F dA
I I
T b dx
dx

+
= =
=

1 1
1 1
2 2
2 2
or
( ). .
. . . .
1
. . . .
. .
h h
y y
h h
y y
M dM y M y
b dx dA dA
I I
dM T
y dA y dA
d x I b I b

+
=

= =




Shear stresses in beams owing to bending
dA
2
F
A1
F
A2
T
dx
dA
1
dx
1
shear stress :
2
. .
. .
h
y
T T Q
y dA
I b I b

= =

The variation of the first moment with respect to for

1
the rectangular cross section :
y
2
1
2
1 1 1
2
.
2 2 2 4
h
y
h b h
Q b y y y

= + =







2
2
Thus for : =0
1 1
2
for =0: 0
1 max

2. 4
2
. 3.
max
8. 2.
h
y
y
T h
y
I
T h T
I A

=



= =
For rectangular cross-section
Shear stresses in beams owing to bending
1
shear stress :
. .
. .
r
y
T T Q
y dA
I b I b

= =

The variation of the first moment with respect to for

1
the circular cross section :
y
1
3
2 2 2 2
2
1
2
2. . ( )
3
r
y
Q y r y d y r y = =

For circular cross-section

F
A1
F
A2
T
dx
2 2
1
vertical component of the shear stress
2 2
1
at the points on the boundary
2 2
1
( )
3.
.
.
3.
v
v
T r y
I
T r r y
r
I
r y

= =

for 0 (point on the neutral axis)

1
max
2
4. 4.

3.
3. .
y
T T
A
r

=
= =
Bending of unsymmetrical beams by lateral loads
shear centre
z
x
y
F
M
z
y

F
S
C
z

1. principal centroidal axes
2. Axis z is the neutral axis
3. two stress resultants M
z,
T
y

The shear force T
y
acting through the point S laying on the axis z, is the
resultant of the shear stresses. This point does not coincide with the centroid C
of the cross section and it is known as the shear centre of the cross section.
Bending of unsymmetrical beams by lateral loads
shear centre
z
x
y
F
M
z
y

F
S
C
z

The bending moments in each part
of the cross-section are in proportion
to the moments of inertia about the axis
1 2 3
of that portion.
. . .
1 2 3
z
M M M
E I E I E I
= = =
Bending of unsymmetrical beams by lateral loads
shear centre
z
x
y
F
M
z
y

F
S
C
z

3 1 3 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
1
1 1 2 2
since and then
. .
and ; and
. .
then ; and
thus the moment equilibrium . . 0 leads to
z z
z
I I I I
M M M I M I
M M M M M
I I I I I I
T I T I
T T T T T
I I I I
I
T h T h
= = = = +
+ +
= = = +
+ +
=

2
2 1
3 3
2 2 1 1
1 2
3 3 3 3
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
. . . .
thus ; and
h
I h
t b h t b h
h h
t b t b t b t b
=
= =
+ +