Name Period Biography Works Main work Main Characters

Virginia
Woolf
Modernist (early)
(191!19"#)
Blooms$%ry gro%p
!stream of
conscio%sness
techni&%e
!$ig effort to
%nderstand the
content
!e'erything is
relati'e(no a$sol%te
tr%th)( deny the tr%th(
life is %nordered
! characters ha'e
m%ltiple personalities
! $reak with tradition
(reaction against
political) social)
religio%s 'iews)
! loss) despair)
pessimism
! world created in the
act of percei'ing
1**+!19"1, -ather!.o%rnalist)
$iographer) fo%nder of /ictionary of
National Biography, No ed%cation,
Breakdown on her mom0s death (19#)
and father0s(19"), Began to p%$lish in
2imes 3iterary 4%pplement (19#),
Worked for female s%ffrage) doing
ad%lt!ed%cation teaching, Married
3eonard (191+), 5ttempted s%icide
$eca%se of depression) anore6ia,
72he Voyage o%t89 a%to$iography,
7Night and /ay89 Blooms$%ry depicting
its h%manity) sno$$ery,
7:aco$0s ;oom89 satirical flashes
against men,
72he <o%rs8 or 8Mrs, /alloway8 9 1=h
in 3ondon) preparation for a party,
72o the 3ightho%se89 a%to$iography)
recollections of her mom) dad)
childhood,
72he Wa'es89 progress of time)
s%ccession of days) months) seasons)
$etween $irth and death) a cycle similar
to a wa'e,
72he >ears89 d%ll no'el
72he Voyage o%t8(191#)
7Night and /ay8(1919)
7:aco$0s ;oom8(19++)
72he <o%rs8 or 8Mrs,
/alloway8 (19+#)
72o the 3ightho%se8(19+=)
72he Wa'es8(19?1)
72he >ears8(19?=)
7Between the 5cts8(19"1)
7@rlando8
72o the 3ightho%se8
The window9 ;amsays $ring
their eight children to their
s%mmer home in the <e$rides,
5cross the $ay stands a large
lightho%se, 4i6!year!old :ames
wants to go to there, Mrs,
;amsay tells they will go the
ne6t day if the weather
permits, 2he ;amsays host a
n%m$er of g%ests, Mrs,
;amsay arranges a marriage,
Time passes9 War $reaks o%t
across A%rope, Mrs, ;amsay
dies s%ddenly one night,
5ndrew(oldest son) killed in
$attle) sister Pr%e dies from an
illness, Bts s%mmerho%se falls
into a state of disrepair9 weeds
take o'er the garden and
spiders nest in the ho%se, 2en
years pass $efore the family
ret%rns, Mrs, McNa$ employs
a few other women to help set
the ho%se in order, 2hey resc%e
the ho%se from decay and
e'erything is in order when
3ily ret%rns,
The lighthouse: Mr, ;amsay
declares that he) :ames) Cam)
will .o%rney to the lightho%se,
<e likes 3ily $%t she is %na$le
to pro'ide him with what he
needs, 3ily is determined to
complete a painting she started
Mr, ;amsay
Mrs, ;amsay!
painter
3ily Briscoe!
friend)painter,
Pa%l ;ayley
Minta /oyle!
friends
Mrs, McNa$ !
ho%sekeeper
1
$%t a$andoned on her last 'isit,
4till) as the $oat reaches its
destination) the children feel a
fondness for him, 5cross the
$ay) 3ily p%ts the finishing
to%ch on her painting,
William 4,
Ma%gham
Modernist (191!
19"#)
! sincere and logical
stories
! $eginning) middle)
end
! implies deep tho%ght
and critical approach
to characters
1*="!19C#, Born in Paris, <is father
worked at an Am$assy, <is parents died
when he was yo%ng, <is %ncle)
clergyman) $ro%ght him %p, 4t%died in
Dermany) 3ondon E medicine,
73iFa of 3am$eth89 from his e6perience
as a doctor
7@f <%man Bondage89 his own life)
hardships) diffic%lties,
73iFa of 3am$eth8(1*9=)
7@f <%man
Bondage8(191#)
72he Moon and
si6pence8(1919)
7;ain8
72he Painted Veil8(19+#)
75shenden8(19+*)
7Cake and 5le8(19?)
72he Moon and si6pence8
Bnspired $y Pa%l Da%g%in0s
life, 4trickland takes %p
painting) lea'es his family)
escapes on an island in 2ahiti,
<is works were a$s%rd,
;ecognition comes after death)
when some agents $o%ght a
work for ?, francs, Moon!
sym$ol of world of $ea%ty in
pict%res) si6pence! world of
money &%it $y 4trickland,
7;ain8
/a'idson and his wife manage
the mission on a gro%p of
islands to North 4amoa, <e
wanted to instill nati'e the
sense of sin (man to wear
tro%sers), 4amoans don0t see
their wickedness, <e instit%tes
fines for not coming to ch%rch)
dance) if dressed
inappropriately, 2ariff paid in
money or work, <e himself
$reaks the moral sleeping with
a prostit%te and he committed
s%icide $y c%tting his throat
with a raFor $y the water,
4trickland!middle!
aged stock$roker)
painter
/a'idson!
missionary
+
/a'id <,
3awrence
Modernist (191!
19"#)
! postwar period
! crisis of $o%rgeois
! iss%es of class
! relationship $etween
men) women) world
! iss%es of se6%ality)
politics
1**#!19?, Born in Angland on a farm,
-ather! coal miner) mom! lace!making
ind%stry, 3awrenceGs mother was from a
middle!class family that had fallen into
financial r%in) $%t not $efore she had
$ecome well!ed%cated and a great lo'er
of literat%re, 4he instilled in yo%ng
3awrence a lo'e of $ooks, 3awrenceGs
working!class %p$ringing made a strong
impression on him) and he later wrote
e6tensi'ely a$o%t the e6perience of
growing %p in a poor mining town, <e
was poor at sports and had no desire to
follow in his fatherGs footsteps as a
miner, <e was an e6cellent st%dent and
at the age of 1+) he $ecame the first $oy
in AastwoodGs history to win a
scholarship to Nottingham <igh 4chool,
3awrence took a .o$ as a factory clerk
for a Nottingham s%rgical appliances
man%fact%rer, <is older $rother
s%ddenly fell ill and died) and 3awrence
also came down with a $ad pne%monia,
5fter reco'ering) he $egan working as a
st%dent teacher at the British 4chool in
Aastwood) where he met a yo%ng
woman named :essie Cham$ers who
$ecame his close friend and intellect%al
companion, <e died of t%$erc%losis,
74ons and 3o'ers8(191?)
72he ;ain$ow8(191#)
7Women in lo'e8(19+)
73ady Chatterley0s
3o'er8(19+*)
<is no'els reflected on the
deh%maniFing effect of modern
society,
74ons and 3o'ers8
Bnitially Pa%l Morel, 2he first
part of the no'el foc%ses on
Mrs, Morel and her %nhappy
marriage to a drinking miner,
Mrs, Morel takes comfort in
her fo%r children) especially
her sons, William is her
fa'orite) and she is 'ery %pset
when he takes a .o$ in 3ondon
and mo'es away from the
family, When William sickens
and dies a few years later) she
is cr%shed not e'en noticing
the rest of her children %ntil
she almost loses Pa%l, Pa%l
$ecomes the foc%s of her life)
and the two seem to li'e for
each other, Pa%l falls in lo'e
with Miriam 3ei'ers) who
li'es on a farm not too far from
the Morel family, 2hey carry
on a 'ery intimate) $%t p%rely
platonic) relationship for many
years, Mrs, Morel does not
appro'e Miriam) and this may
$e the main reason that Pa%l
does not marry her, Pa%l meets
Clara /awes) a s%ffragette who
is separated from her h%s$and)
thro%gh Miriam, 5s he
$ecomes closer with Clara and
they $egin to disc%ss his
Mrs, Morel! mother
William! oldest son
Pa%l! second son
Miriam! first Pa%l0s
lo'er
Clara /awes!
second lo'er
Ba6ter! Clara0s
h%s$and
?
The Rainbow
The story of a family through couples.
Tom&Lydia deep loving,
understanding, inner reality and a logic
of the soul that connected them
Anna&Will physical passion, but their
souls remain separate
Ursula&Anton use language to keep
them at the deepest level
The othe couples have lost the reality
and their inner lives, they are poor in
result.
7Women in lo'e8
4tory of two women and two men who
scr%tiniFe their li'es and personal needs
in an effort to disco'er something that
makes the f%t%re worth li'ing, 2he
personal and social tra%mas of post!
World War B) com$ined with the rise of
ind%stry and %r$aniFation) ha'e affected
all fo%r main characters,
Hrs%la is attracted to ;%pert( her sister
D%dr%n ! to Derald, 5s the two women
earn their li'ing and consider the iss%e
of marriage) which they regard as an
impediment to their independence) the
men deal with iss%es of se6%ality and
power) and whether the lo'e of a
woman is eno%gh, Both men ha'e
homose6%al %rges which compete with
their feelings for women,
Derald is the most conflicted of the
fo%r, 2aking o'er the mines %pon the
relationship with Miriam) she
tells him that he sho%ld
consider cons%mmating their
lo'e and he ret%rns to Miriam
to see how she feels, Pa%l and
Miriam sleep together and are
$riefly happy) $%t shortly
afterward Pa%l decides that he
does not want to marry
Miriam) and so he $reaks off
with her, <e realiFes that he
lo'es his mother most, 5fter
$reaking off his relationship
with Miriam) Pa%l $egins to
spend more time with Clara
and they $egin an e6tremely
passionate affair, <owe'er) she
does not want to di'orce her
h%s$and Ba6ter, Pa%l0s mother
falls ill and he de'otes m%ch of
his time to caring for her,
When she finally dies) he is
$roken!hearted and) after a
final plea from Miriam) goes
off alone at the end of the
no'el,
5nna! 3ydia0s
da%ghter
Will! 2om0s
nephew
Hrs%la! 5nna and
Will0s da%ghter
Hrs%la Brangwen !
teacher in a mining
town
D%dr%n E Hrs%la0s
sister) artist
;%pert Birkin !
school s%per'isor
Derald Crich E
;%pert0s friend) his
father is a mine
owner
"
death of his father) he is fiercely
committed to making them s%ccessf%l)
e'en if that means hardening his heart
toward his workers, <e con'eys also
toward D%dr%n) who finds him self!
centered $%t physically attracti'e,
;%pert) who is e'ent%ally drawn to
Hrs%la) is often tho%ght to ha'e $een
modeled on 3awrence himself) and his
sensiti'ity) self!analysis) and feeling
that lo'e is not eno%ghEthat one m%st
progress $eyond lo'e to another planeE
display the kind of agoniFed so%l
searching done $y many other yo%ng
men of his age following the horrors of
the world war,
:ames
:oyce
Modernist (191!
19"#)
! stream!of!
conscio%sness
1**+!19"1, Born in /%$lin, <e was
ed%cated at Bel'edere College in
/%$lin, <is family was poor) the father
was a ci'il ser'ant and the mother was a
pianist, :ames :oyce grad%ated from the
Hni'ersity in 19+) after which he went
to Paris, While there) he held positions
as a .o%rnalist) teacher and other .o$s
that did not pay him 'ery well,
<owe'er) he ret%rned to /%$lin a year
later %pon recei'ing a telegram
informing him of his mother0s critical
condition $%t left again after her death)
this time with Nora Barnacle) who
wo%ld later $ecome his wife, 2hey
settled in 2rieste) Btaly, <e made a
li'ing $y teaching Anglish) one of the
1= lang%ages he spoke, :oyce0s first
$ook entitled /%$liners (191") was a
7/%$liners8 (191")
7Hlysses8 (19++)
75 portrait of the artist as a
yo%ng man8 (191C)
7-innegans Wake8 (19?9)
<is most e6perimental and
famo%s work) Ulysses)
completely a$andons generally
accepted notions of plot)
setting) and characters,
#
collection of 1# short stories, Portrait of
the 5rtist as a >o%ng Man) his second
p%$lication two years later was a no'el,
5ltho%gh the $ooks did not gain m%ch
recognition) they were noticed $y
5merican poet) AFra Po%nd who
acknowledged the a%thor0s a'ant!garde
style, :oyce started de'eloping the
fo%ndation of his masterpiece Hlysses
in the onset of World War B when he
mo'ed to IJrich with his family, 2he
$ook was first p%$lished in -rance and
was $anned in the H4 and HK d%e to
censorship r%les where it $ecame
legally a'aila$le in 19?? after m%ch
str%ggle and de$ate which only added to
the hype of the $ook,
2he p%$lication of Hlysses ended the
str%ggling days of :oyce and he mo'ed
to Paris with his family, Bn 19+? :oyce
started work on his ne6t famo%s work)
-innegans Wake, Bt was d%ring this time
that :oyce de'eloped an eye condition
d%e to gla%coma that wo%ld ca%se him
to go near $lind for some years, 2he
first part of the no'el was p%$lished in
Mado6 -ord0s transatlantic re'iew in
5pril 19+" and was referred to as Work
in Progress, 2he second and final part
appeared in 19?9, While some people
called it a masterpiece) others criticiFed
it for $eing a 'ery diffic%lt read,
<owe'er) the $ook $ecame pop%lar and
earned the title of $ook of the week $oth
in the H4 and HK,
William Post!modernist 1911!199?, 4t%died literat%re) tho%gh 7;ites of Passage8(19*) 73ord of the -lies8(19#")
C
Dolding (19#!now) his father hoped he0d $ecome a
scientist, Worked in settlement ho%ses)
theatre) at Bishop Wordsworth0s school
as a teacher of Anglish and philosophy,
/ealed with %nr%ly $oys, :oined the
army na'y) had a special lo'e for
sailing, 2ho%ght in WWBB, /ied of heart
attack,
2ime passes, 2ensions rise, ;alph
$ecomes fr%strated when no one helps
him $%ild shelters, 3ots of $oys goof
off) while :ack o$sesses a$o%t h%nting
and takes e'ery opport%nity to mock
Piggy) who is smart $%t weak, 4imon)
meanwhile) often wanders off into the
forest to meditate, 2he ri'alry $etween
;alph and :ack er%pts when :ack forces
the $oys who were s%pposed to watch
the signal fire come h%nting with him,
2hey kill their first pig) $%t a ship
passes while the signal fire is o%t) which
ca%ses a tremendo%s arg%ment $etween
;alph and :ack,
;alph calls an assem$ly hoping to set
things right, B%t the meeting soon
$ecomes chaotic as se'eral yo%nger
$oys talk a$o%t the $east, Now e'en the
$igger $oys are fearf%l, 2hat night) after
a distant airplane $attle) a dead
parach%tist lands on the mo%ntaintop
ne6t to the signal fire, 2he $oys on d%ty
at the fire think itGs the $east, 4oon
;alph and :ack lead an e6pedition to
search the island for the $east, While
searching) they find a rock o%tcropping
7Pincher Martin8(19#C)
7-ree -all8(19#9)
72he Pyramid8(19C=)
73ord of the -lies8(19#")
5 gro%p of $oys find
themsel'es stranded on a
deserted island, 2hey try to
keep order and go'ern
themsel'es, 2his leads to chaos
and the gro%p of $oys $reaks
into two tri$es and fight among
themsel'es, 2wo of the
$oys) Ralph and Piggy find
a conch shell, ;alph $lows into
it like a horn) and all the $oys
on the island assem$le, 5t the
assem$ly) a $oy named Jack
mocks Piggy for $eing fat and
r%ns against ;alph to $ecome
chief of the gro%p, ;alph wins
the election) and declares :ack
the leader of the gro%pGs
h%nters, 4oon after) ;alph)
:ack) and another $oy named
Simon e6plore the island and
disco'er wild pigs,
5t a second assem$ly) the $oys
set %p r%les to go'ern
themsel'es, 2he first r%le is
that whoe'er wants to speak at
an assem$ly m%st hold the
conch, 5t the meeting) one
yo%ng $oy claims he saw a
L$eastieL in the .%ngle) $%t
;alph dismisses it as .%st the
prod%ct of a nightmare, ;alph
then s%ggests that they $%ild a
signal fire at the top of a
mo%ntain so any passing ships
will see its smoke and resc%e
;alph
Piggy
:ack
4imon
=
that wo%ld make a great fort) $%t no
$east, 2empers $etween the two $oys
soon flare %p) and they clim$ the
mo%ntain in the dark to pro'e their
co%rage, 2hey spot the shadowy
parach%tist and think heGs the
$east,When 4imon ret%rns to tell
e'eryone the tr%th a$o%t the L$east)L
howe'er) the $oys at the feast ha'e
$ecome a frenFied mo$) acting o%t a
rit%al killing of a pig, 2he mo$ thinks
4imon is the $east and kills him, :ackGs
tri$e mo'es to the rock fort, 2hey steal
PiggyGs glasses to make fire, ;alph and
his last allies) Piggy and the twins
named Samneric) go to get the glasses
$ack, :ackGs tri$e capt%res the twins)
and a $oy named Roger rolls a $o%lder
from the fort that smashes the conch
and kills Piggy, 2he ne6t day the tri$e
h%nts ;alph) setting fire to the forest as
they do, <e e'ades them as $est he can)
and $ecomes a kind of animal that
thinks only of s%r'i'al and escape,
A'ent%ally the $oys corner ;alph on the
$each where they first set %p their
society when they crash landed on the
island, B%t the $%rning .%ngle has
attracted a British Na'al ship) and
an officer is standing on the shore, 2he
$oys stop) st%nned) and stare at the man,
<e .okingly asks if the $oys are playing
at war) and whether there were any
cas%alties, When ;alph says yes) the
officer is shocked and disappointed that
Anglish $oys wo%ld act in s%ch a
them, 2he $oys %se
PiggyGs glasses to light the fire)
$%t theyGre careless) and
accidentally set part of the
forest on fire, 2he $oy who
saw the $eastie 'anishes
d%ring the fire and is ne'er
seen again,
2he ne6t morning) :ack
challenges ;alphGs a%thority at
an assem$ly, ;alph wins) $%t
:ack lea'es the gro%p) and
most of the older $oys .oin
him, :ackGs tri$e paint their
faces) h%nt) and kill a pig,
2hey then lea'e its head as an
offering to the $east, 4imon
comes %pon the head) and sees
that itGs the 3ord of the -liesM
the $east within all men, While
:ack in'ites e'eryone to come
to a feast) 4imon clim$s the
mo%ntain and sees the
parach%tist,
*
manner, ;alph starts to cry) and soon
the other $oys start crying too, 2he
officer) %ncomforta$le) looks away
toward his warship,
:ohn
-owels
Post!modernist
(19#!now)
19+C!+?, Born in Asse6, <e e6celled
in $oth st%dies and sports, <is family
was e'ac%ated from 3ondon s%$%r$s
d%ring WWBB) he mo'ed to the /e'on
co%ntryside, <e ser'ed + years in
military ser'ice in the ;oyal Marines)
$%t he ne'er fo%ght, Bn 19"= he entered
@6ford collage to st%dy -rench) Derman
lang%ages and literat%re, 5fter he
grad%ated he ta%ght at different
%ni'ersities in A%rope, While teaching
on the Dreek island of 4petsai) he met
his f%t%re wife) AliFa$eth Whitton,
72he -rench 3ie%tenant0s
woman8 (19C9)
72he Collector8(19C?)
72he 5ristos8(19C")
72he Mag%s8 (19CC)
Poems9
7Mantissa8 (19*+)
72he A$ony 2ower8
(19=")
7/aniel Martin8 (19==)
75 Maggot8 (19*#)
72he -rench 3ie%tenant0s
woman8
@n another paper
;o$ert
-oster
Modernism(early)
Blooms$%ry gro%p
(1*=9 3ondon!19= Warwickshire)
British writer, -orster was $orn in an
%pper!middle!class family, <e attended
the Hni'ersity of Cam$ridge and from
ro%ghly 19= was a mem$er of the
informal Blooms$%ry gro%p, <is early
works incl%de Where Angels Fear to
Tread (19#)) The Longest
Journey (19=)) A Room with a
View (19*)) and his first ma.or
s%ccess) Howards End (191)) no'els
that show his ac%te o$ser'ation of
middle!class life and its 'al%es, 5fter
periods in Bndia and 5le6andria) he
wrote his finest no'el) A Passage to
India (19+")) e6amining the fail%re of
h%man %nderstanding $etween ethnic
and social gro%ps %nder British
75 room with a 'iew8
(19*)
7<owards end8 (191)
75 passage to Bndia8
(19+")
75 passage to Bndia8 (19+")
@n another paper
9
r%le, Maurie) a no'el with a
homose6%al theme written in 191?)
appeared posth%mo%sly, As!ets o" the
#o$el (19+=) is a classic disc%ssion of
aesthetics and the creati'e process,
5warded an honorary fellowship in
19"C at Cam$ridge) he li'ed there %ntil
his death, -orsterGs fiction e6plores the
emotional and sens%al deficiencies of
the Anglish middle class) and e6amines
its relationship to other social classes)
de'eloping his themes $y means of
irony) wit) and sym$olism, <e also
often treats the contrasts $etween
h%man freedom and repression, Bn 191+
-orster first 'isited Bndia) and after
spending the war years from 191# to
191* in 5le6andria with the ;ed Cross)
he ret%rned to Bndia in 19++ as pri'ate
secretary to the mahara.ah of the state
of /ewas 4enior, Bndia is the location
for -orsterGs only no'el set entirely o%t
of Angland) A Passage to India% which)
$eg%n in 191+) was not completed %ntil
after -orsterGs second 'isit and was
finally p%$lished in 19+", 2he
conflicting worlds which -orster treats
in this no'el are those of the colonial
Anglish and the nati'e Bndian,
5gatha Modernist (1*9 /e'on E 19=C @6fordshire)
The Mysterious Affair at
1
Cristy
Denders9
M%rder mystery
2hriller
Crime fiction
/etecti'e
;omances
British detecti'e no'elist and
playwright, <er first no'el) The
Mysterious A""air at &tyles (19+))
introd%ced <erc%le Poirot) the eccentric
Belgian detecti'e who wo%ld appear in
a$o%t +# no'els, 2he elderly spinster
Miss :ane Marple) her other principal
detecti'e fig%re) first appeared
in Murder at the Viarage (19?), Most
of her appro6imately =# no'els) s%ch
as Murder on the 'rient E(!ress (19??(
film) 19=*)) were $est!sellers( translated
into 1 lang%ages) they ha'e sold more
than 1 million copies, <er plays
incl%de The Mousetra! (19#+)) which
set a world record for longest
contin%o%s r%n) and Witness "or the
Proseution(19#?), 4he was married to
the eminent archaeologist 4ir Ma6
Mallowan (19"!=*),
Styles (1920)
Murder at the
Vicarage (1930)
The Mousetrap (1952)
Witness for the
Prosecution(1953)
Deorge
Vilant
7Pigmalion8
11
<er$ert
Wales
Modernist
4cience
fiction (nota$ly social
science fiction)
World history)
progress
1*CC E 19"C
Anglish writer) now $est known for his
work in the science fiction genre, <e
was also a prolific writer in many other
genres) incl%ding contemporary no'els)
history) politics and social commentary)
e'en writing te6t$ooks and r%les for war
games, Wells is sometimes called L2he
-ather of 4cience -ictionL) as are :%les
Verne and <%go Derns$ack,<is most
nota$le science fiction works
incl%de The War o" the Worlds) The
Time Mahine) The In$isi)le
Man and The Island o" *otor Moreau,
72he in'isi$le man8
72he War of the Worlds8
72he 2ime Machine8
Martians
5 species that has
de'eloped great mental)
and along with it) technical
a$ilities in order to escape
their planet) which is
rapidly $ecoming
%ninha$ita$le, Physically)
they resem$le an octop%s)
with their many tentacles
and a head that stands
witho%t a $ody) and they
feed $y in.ecting the $lood
from a li'e organism into
themsel'es,
The War of the Worlds is
a military science fiction no'el
The War o" the Worlds has two
parts) +oo, 'ne- The .oming
o" the Martians and +oo, Two-
The Earth under the Martians,
2he narrator) a
philosophically!inclined
a%thor) str%ggles to ret%rn to
his wife while seeing the
Martians lay waste to so%thern
Angland, Book @ne also
imparts the e6perience of his
$rother) also %nnamed) who
descri$es e'ents in the capital
and escapes the Martians $y
$oarding a ship near the
Asse6 coast,
72he in'isi$le man8
2he plot is simple and
straightforward, Driffin)
ha'ing rendered himself
in'isi$le with an earlier
e6periment) enters a town and
sets %p a la$ in an inn where he
works night and day to come
%p with a form%la that will
re'erse his in'isi$ility, When
he slips %p and accidentally
re'eals himself) he engages in
immat%re and 'iolent actions
%ntil he is forced to r%n and
find a new hiding place, 5s
Narrator
5 philosopher $y
occ%pation) his
writing is
interr%pted $y the
arri'al of the
Martians) of which
he is one of the first
to know,
Brother
5 medical st%dent
whose tale is related
$y the narrator in
order to show what
went on in 3ondon,
Griffin
2he Bn'isi$le Man,
<e is an al$ino
college st%dent who
had changed his
area of st%dy from
medicine to physics
and had $ecome
interested in
refracti'e inde6es
of tiss%e, /%ring his
st%dies he st%m$led
across form%las that
wo%ld render tiss%e
in'isi$le,
A'ent%ally he tries
the form%la on
1+
more people $ecome aware of
his e6istence) his sit%ation
$ecomes more perilo%s,
-inally) he st%m$les into the
home of a former college
professor whom he ass%mes
will $e interested in his
e6periments and willing to
help him, 2he doctor) Mr,
Kemp) howe'er) reads
newspaper acco%nts of
Driffin0s insane actions against
people in the town and $etrays
his tr%st, Driffin is h%nted
down) ca%ght and killed)
where%pon he $ecomes 'isi$le
again, 2he little) inconspic%o%s
'ictim of some of Driffin0s
$eha'ior is left with the stolen
money and the doc%ments that
e6plain Driffin0s e6periments,
2he story closes with the
s%ggestion that Mar'el himself
might try the e6periments if
only he co%ld fig%re them o%t,
himself) thinking of
all the things he
co%ld do if he were
in'isi$le,
Hnfort%nately) the
con'eniences are
far o%tweighed $y
the disad'antages(
Driffin t%rns to
crime as a means of
s%r'i'al,
Mr. Marvel
2he first character
whom Driffin tries
to %se as an
accomplice, Mr,
Mar'el is short) fat)
and a loner, <e is
the area tramp,
Driffin perhaps also
thinks that he is a
little st%pid and will
th%s not $e a$le to
resist and will not
$e $elie'ed if he
tries to tell anyone
a$o%t his
predicament,
Dr. Kemp
5 former associate
of Driffin0s in his
college days,
Driffin had $een a
st%dent and knew
1?
Kemp to $e
interested in
$iFarre) and
idiosyncratic
aspects of science,
Bt is to Kemp0s
ho%se that Driffin
goes in his final
attempt to find an
accomplice and li'e
a more normal life,
Kemp) howe'er)
has no partic%lar
sense of loyalty to a
former st%dent and
is not prepared to
participate in
Driffin0s grand
schemes, <e is also
more deceitf%l than
Driffin knows and
$etrays the in'isi$le
man e'en while
pretending to accept
his confidences,
;edyard
Kippling
Modernist
4hort story) no'el)
childrenGs literat%re)
poetry) tra'el
literat%re) science
fiction
1*C# E 19?C
;%dyard Kipling was $orn in 1*C# in
Bndia, <e spoke $oth <ind%stani and
Anglish, 5t the age of si6 he was
$ro%ght to foster parents in Angland,
<a'ing spent some years at a $oarding
school) he ret%rned to Bndia at age 1=
and started to work at the Ci'il and
Military DaFette of 3ahore, -or this
paper he $egan to write stories and
7Bf8
7:%ngle $ook8
7Kim8
72he gardener8
Jungle )oo,
2he $ook is a$o%t a yo%ng
$oy) whose name is Mowgli,
When Mowgli was a $a$y a
$ad tiger ca%ght him and took
him into the .%ngle, 2his
tiger0s name is 4here Khan,
5ll animals in the .%ngle are
afraid of 4here Khan, <e is a
man!eater and he wo%ld also
-ather Wolf and
Mother Wolf) @ld
Baloo (the $ear))
4here Khan (the
tiger))
Bagheera (Panther))
5kela (the leader of
wolf pack)) 2a$a&%i
(the dishliker) and
Mowgli,
1"
poems,
Bn 1**9 Kipling ret%rned to Angland 'ia
:apan and 5merica, Bn 3ondon he
en.oyed tremendo%s literary s%ccess
with his stories a$o%t life in Bndia, 5fter
his marriage to Caroline Balestier
(1*9+) he spent fi'e years in
Brattle$oro) Vermont) H45, 5s he
didnGt like life in the H45) he mo'ed
$ack to Angland and settled in 4%sse6,
Bn 19= Kipling $ecame the first
Anglish writer to $e awarded the No$el
PriFe, 5fter his death in 19?C his work
was repeatedly criticiFed for
propagating the 'iew of Lthe white
manGs $%rdenL, 2his ideology claims
that it was $oth the right and the
responsi$ility of the Anglish to
Lci'iliFeL the heathen of the world,
Kipling e6pressed this opinion most
clearly in the poem 2he White ManGs
B%rden (1*99),
ha'e liked to eat Mowgli, B%t
Mowgli is a$le to escape,
5 wolf family helps Mowgli
and they also take care of him
now, Mowgli learns to li'e in
the .%ngle, Mother wolf always
tells Mowgli that he sho%ld kill
4here Khan) the tiger,
Mowgli0s $est friends are
Baloo) the sleepy $ear) and
Bagherra) the $lack panther,
2hey help Mowgli in e'ery
sit%ation,
B%t the time comes) when
Mowgli sho%ld go away)
$eca%se 4here Khan wo%ld
like to come $ack to kill
Mowgli, 4o Mowgli goes to a
'illage to learn the people0s
lang%age and their life style,
B%t 4here Khan goes to the
'illage) too, B%t a wolf tells
Mowgli this and Mowgli
makes a plan to kill the terri$le
tiger, Mowgli is a$le to kill
him, 2hen he goes $ack to the
.%ngle) $eca%se the 'illage
people think that Mowgli is
$ad, When mother wolf hears
that Mowgli has killed the
terri$le tiger she is 'ery happy,
Mowgli is 'ery glad to $e in
the .%ngle and he li'es there
for the rest of his life,
1#
KBM
2he no'el takes place at a time
contemporary to the $ookGs
p%$lication( its setting is Bndia
%nder the British Ampire, 2he
title character is a $oy of Brish
descent who is orphaned and
grows %p independently in the
streets of Bndia) taken care of
$y a Lhalf!casteL woman) a
keeper of an opi%m den, Kim)
an energetic and playf%l
character) altho%gh f%ll!
$looded Brish) grows %p as a
Lnati'eL and ac&%ires the
a$ility to seamlessly $lend into
the many ethnic and religio%s
gro%ps of the Bndian
s%$continent, When he meets a
wandering 2i$etan lama who
is in search of a sacred ri'er)
Kim $ecomes his follower and
proceeds on a .o%rney co'ering
the whole of Bndia, KiplingGs
acco%nt of KimGs tra'els
thro%gho%t the s%$continent
ga'e him opport%nity to
descri$e the many peoples and
c%lt%res that made %p Bndia)
and a significant portion of the
no'el is de'oted to s%ch
descriptions) which ha'e $een
$oth la%ded as magical and
'isionary and derided as
stereotypical and imperialistic,
Abdullah
2he son of the local
sweetmeats seller)
5$d%llah is one of
KimGs playmates in
3ahore,
Mahbub Ali
Known thro%gho%t
Bndia as the most
famo%s horse trader
1C
Kim e'ent%ally comes %pon
the army regiment that his
father had $elonged to and
makes the ac&%aintance of the
colonel, Colonel Creighton
recogniFes KimGs great talent
for $lending into the many
di'erse c%lt%res of Bndia and
trains him to $ecome a spy and
a mapmaker for the British
army, 2he ad'ent%res that Kim
%ndergoes as a spy) his
endearing relationship with the
lama) and the skill and
craftsmanship of KiplingGs
writing ha'e all ca%sed this
ad'ent%ro%s and descripti'eM
if contro'ersialMno'el to
persist as a minor classic of
historical Anglish literat%re,
:ohn
Dlasworthy
1*C= E 19??
Nota$le works incl%de The Forsyte
&aga (19CE19+1) and its se&%els) A
Modern .omedy and End o" the
.ha!ter, <e won the No$el PriFe in
3iterat%re in 19?+,
:ohn Dalsworthy was $orn at Kingston
<ill in 4%rrey) Angland) the son of :ohn
and Blanche Bailey (nNe Bartleet)
Dalsworthy, <is family was wealthy
and well esta$lished) with a large estate
in Kingston %pon 2hames
<e is now far $etter known for his
no'els) partic%larly The Forsyte &aga)
72he forsyte saga 8
The Man of Property
Bn this first no'el of
the Forsyte &aga) after
introd%cing %s to the
impressi'e array of -orsytes
headed $y the formida$le 5%nt
5nn) Dalsworthy mo'es into
the main action of the saga $y
detailing 4oames -orsyteGs
desire to own things) incl%ding
his $ea%tif%l wife) Brene
1=
his trilogy a$o%t the eponymo%s family
and connected li'es, 2hese $ooks) as
with many of his other works) deal with
social class) %pper!middle class li'es in
partic%lar, 5ltho%gh sympathetic to his
characters) he highlights their ins%lar)
sno$$ish) and ac&%isiti'e attit%des and
their s%ffocating moral codes, <e is
'iewed as one of the first writers of
the Adwardian era who challenged some
of the ideals of society depicted in the
preceding literat%re of Victorian
Angland,
-orsyte (nNe <eron), <e is
.ealo%s of her friendships and
wants her to $e his alone, <e
concocts a plan to mo'e her to
the co%ntry) to ;o$in <ill and
a ho%se he had $%ilt) away
from e'eryone she knows and
cares a$o%t, 4he resists his
grasping intentions) falls in
lo'e with the architect Philip
Bosinney who has $een
engaged $y 4oames to $%ild
the ho%se and has an affair
with him, <owe'er) Bosinney
is the fiancN of her friend :%ne
-orsyte) the da%ghter of
4oamesGs co%sin G>o%ngG
:olyon, 2here is no happy
ending9 Brene lea'es 4oames
after he asserts what he
percei'es to $e his %ltimate
right on his property M he
rapes Brene) and Bosinney dies
%nder the wheels of a ca$ after
$eing dri'en frantic $y the
news of BreneGs rape $y
4oames, 2he story of 4oamesG
1*
co%sin :olyon -orsyte is told in
parallel, :olyon) an artist) who
years ago left his wife for his
da%ghterGs go'erness) $reaking
off with his family) is
presented as a contrast to
4oames, <e o$ser'es from a
distance the e'ents $etween
4oames and Brene) while trying
to re$%ild his relationship with
his father G@ldG :olyon, :olyon
takes an interest in Brene and
tries to help her after
BosinneyGs death $%t the story
concl%des dramatically with
4oames sh%tting the door on
:olyonGs face,
Indian Summer of a Forsyte
Bn a short interl%de after The
Man o" Pro!erty) Dalsworthy
del'es into the newfo%nd
friendship $etween Brene and
@ld :olyon -orsyte (:%neGs
grandfather) and $y now the
owner of the ho%se 4oames
had $%ilt), 2his attachment
gi'es @ld :olyon pleas%re) $%t
19
e6ha%sts his strength, <e
lea'es Brene money in his will
with >o%ng :olyon) his son) as
tr%stee, Bn the end @ld :olyon
dies %nder an ancient oak tree
in the garden of the ;o$in <ill
ho%se,
In han!ery
2he marital discord of $oth
4oames and his sister Winifred
is the s%$.ect of the second
no'el (the title references
the Co%rt of Chancery) which
deals with domestic iss%es),
2hey take steps to di'orce their
spo%ses) Brene and Montag%e
/artie respecti'ely, <owe'er)
while 4oames tells his sister to
$ra'e the conse&%ences of
going to co%rt) he is %nwilling
to go thro%gh a di'orce
himself, Bnstead) he stalks and
ho%nds Brene) follows her
a$road) and asks her to ha'e
his child) which was his
fatherGs wish,
+
Brene inherits O1#) after
@ld :olyonGs death, <is son)
>o%ng :olyon -orsyte) also
4oamesGs co%sin) manages
BreneGs finances, When she first
lea'es 4oames) >o%ng :olyon
offers his s%pport, By the time
his son :olly dies in the 4o%th
5frican War) Brene has
de'eloped a strong friendship
with :olyon, 2hen) 4oames
confronts yo%ng :olyon and
Brene at ;o$in <ill) falsely
acc%sing them of ha'ing an
affair, >o%ng :olyon and Brene
assert that they ha'e had an
affair since 4oames has it in
his mind already, 2hat gi'es
4oames the e'idence he needs
for di'orce proceedings, 2hat
confrontation sparks an act%al
affair $etween yo%ng :olyon
and Brene) leading to their
marriage and the $irth of a son
:olyon G:onG -orsyte, 4oames
marries 5nnette) the yo%ng
da%ghter of a -rench 4oho
+1
resta%rant owner, With his new
wife) he has his only child)
-le%r -orsyte,
"#a$enin%
2he s%$.ect of the second
interl%de is the nai'e and
e6%$erant lifestyle of eight!
year!old :on -orsyte, <e lo'es
and is lo'ed $y his parents, <e
has an idyllic yo%th) his e'ery
desire ind%lged,
To &et
2his no'el concl%des the
-orsyte 4aga, 4econd co%sins
-le%r and :on -orsyte meet and
fall in lo'e) ignorant of their
parentsG past tro%$les)
indiscretions and misdeeds,
@nce 4oames) :olyon) and
Brene disco'er their romance)
they for$id their children to see
each other again, Brene and
:olyon also fear that -le%r is
too m%ch like her father and
once she has :on in her grasp)
will want to possess him
++
entirely, /espite her feelings
for :on) -le%r has a 'ery
s%ita$le s%itor) Michael Mont)
heir to a $aronetcy) who has
fallen in lo'e with her, 4ho%ld
they marry) -le%r wo%ld
ele'ate the stat%s of her family
from Lno%'ea% richeL to the
aristocratic %pper class, 2he
title deri'es from 4oamesG
reflections as he $reaks %p the
ho%se in which his Hncle
2imothy) recently deceased in
19+ at age 11 and the last of
the older generation of
-orsytes) had li'ed a recl%se)
hoarding his life like property,
Knowing he is soon to die
from a weak heart) :olyon
writes a letter to :on) detailing
the e'ents of BreneGs marriage
to 4oames) incl%ding her lo'e
affair with Philip Bosinney and
4oamesGs rape of her and warns
him that Brene wo%ld $e alone
if he were to marry -le%r, B%t
while :on reads the letter)
+?
:olyon s%ddenly dies of a heart
attack and :on is left torn
$etween the past and his
present lo'e for -le%r, <e
%ltimately re.ects -le%r)
$reaking his own heart as well
as hers and lea'es for Canada,
-le%r marries Michael Mont)
tho%gh she knows she doesnGt
lo'e him, With her marriage
4oames is separated from the
only person whom he has
lo'ed selflessly, Brene also
lea'es for Canada) selling the
ho%se at ;o$in <ill, 4oames
and Brene $riefly e6change
glances at a distance and a
kind of peace is made $etween
them $%t 4oames is left
contemplating all that he has
lost,
Deorge
@rwell
Modernism
5nti!fascism and anti!
4talinist left)
democratic
socialism) literary
criticism)
news) polemic
Eric Arthur Blair 19? E19#) known
$y his pen name eorge !rwell) was
an Anglish no'elist) essayist) .o%rnalist
and critic, <is work is marked $y l%cid
prose) awareness of social in.%stice)
75nimal farm8
7Nineteen Aighty!-o%r8
7<omage to Catalonia 7
5nimal -arm (19"#)
Animal Farm $egins with a
'ery dr%nk Mr, :ones (owner
of Manor -arm) doing a really
cr%mmy .o$ of) yo% know) his
Ma"or 5n old $oar
whose speech a$o%t
the e'ils perpetrated
$y h%mans ro%ses
the animals into
+"
opposition to totalitarianism) and
commitment to democratic socialism,
Commonly ranked as one of the most
infl%ential Anglish writers of the +th
cent%ry and as one of the most
important chroniclers of Anglish c%lt%re
of his generation) @rwell wrote literary
criticism) poetry) fiction
and polemical .o%rnalism
.o$, 3%ckily) thereGs a wise pig
on the farm9 @ld Ma.or, @ld
Ma.or enco%rages the
neglected animals to re$el and
r%n the farm themsel'es with
one important &%alification9
e'eryone sho%ld $e e&%al,
2hen he dies,
2his seems like a grand idea to
e'eryone e6cept Ben.amin) a
cynical donkey whose main
.o$ in life is to $e) well)
cynical, 4o) they re$el, 2he
pigs) $eing the smartest
animals) nat%rally take the
leadership role, 4o m%ch for
that e&%ality $%siness, 4o
m%ch for @ld Ma.orGs 'ision of
a peacef%l co%p) too) $eca%se
thereGs immediate conflict
$etween two pigs) Napoleon
and 4now$all, Napoleon wants
to sit aro%nd and $e in charge
of e'erything) while 4now$all
wants to teach the other
re$elling, <is
philosophy
concerning the
tyranny of Man is
named 5nimalism
$y his followers, <e
also teaches the
song LBeasts of
AnglandL to the
animals,
Snowball 5 $oar
who $ecomes one
of the re$ellionGs
most 'al%a$le
leaders, 5fter
drawing
complicated plans
for the constr%ction
of a windmill) he is
chased off of the
farm fore'er $y
NapoleonGs dogs
and thereafter %sed
as a scapegoat for
the animalsG
+#
animals and $%ild a windmill,
@$'io%sly) 4now$allGs plan is
way $etter) so he wins,
Not, Bnstead) Napoleon %ses
his pri'ate army of nine
ferocio%s and enormo%s dogs
to $ecome the 5ll Powerf%l
/ominant Boss 3eader Chief
Pig, @kay) he doesnGt call it
that) $%t yo% know itGs in the
$ack of his mind somewhere,
With 4now$all is o%t of the
pict%re) the other pigs $lame
e'erything on him, 2hey
e6ploit the other animals
shamelessly) $reaking all the
r%les a$o%t e&%ality that they
had esta$lished after the
;e$ellion, 3ife on the farm
gets worse and worse) the
animals forget old Ma.orGs
original dream) and the pigs
make some poor management
decisions when dealing with
the neigh$oring farms, 2he
tro%$les,
#apoleon 5 $oar
who) with
4now$all) leads the
re$ellion against
:ones, 5fter the
re$ellionGs s%ccess)
he systematically
$egins to control all
aspects of the farm
%ntil he is an
%ndisp%ted tyrant,
S$uealer 5 porker
pig who $ecomes
NapoleonGs
mo%thpiece,
2hro%gho%t the
no'el) he displays
his a$ility to
manip%late the
animalsG tho%ghts
thro%gh the %se of
hollow yet
con'incing rhetoric,
Bo%er 5 dedicated
+C
c%lminating misera$le moment
comes when the pigs send
Bo6er) a hardworking and
loyal horse who is ready for
retirement) to his death, @%ch,
Bn short) the pigs are starting to
look a lot like the horri$le
h%man owners that we started
with at the $eginning of this
whole mess) walking on two
legs and e'erything, Bn fact)
they may e'en $e worse,
<m, Bt looks like gr%mpy old
AeyoreMwe mean) Ben.amin
Mwas right after all,
#ineteen Eighty/Four (first
p%$lished in 19"9) $y Deorge
@rwell is a dystopian no'el
a$o%t @ceania) a society r%led
$y the oligarchical dictatorship
of the Party 3ife in the
@ceanian pro'ince of 5irstrip
$%t dim!witted
horse who aids in
the $%ilding of the
windmill $%t is sold
to a gl%e!$oiler
after collapsing
from e6ha%stion,
Ben"amin 5
cynical) pessimistic
donkey who
contin%ally
%nderc%ts the
animalsG enth%siasm
with his cryptic
remark) L/onkeys
li'e a long time,L
+=
@ne is a world of perpet%al
war) per'asi'e go'ernment
s%r'eillance) and incessant
p%$licmind control)
accomplished with a political
system e%phemistically named
Anglish 4ocialism(Bngsoc))
which is administrated $y a
pri'ileged Bnner Party elite,
>et they too are s%$ordinated
to the totalitarian c%lt of
personality of Big Brother) the
deified Party leader who r%les
with a philosophy that decries
indi'id%ality and reason as
tho%ghtcrimes( th%s the people
of @ceania are s%$ordinated to
a s%pposed collecti'e greater
good, 2he protagonist)
Winston 4mith) is a mem$er of
the @%ter Party who works for
the Ministry of 2r%th
(Minitr%e)) which is
responsi$le for propaganda
andhistorical re'isionism, <is
.o$ is to re!write past
newspaper articles so that the
historical record is congr%ent
with the c%rrent party
ideology, Beca%se of the
childhood tra%ma of the
destr%ction of his family M the
disappearances of his parents
and sister M Winston 4mith
secretly hates the Party) and
dreams of re$ellion against Big
+*
Brother,
1, 4tream!of!conscio%sness9 conscio%sness re'eals stress) chaos( re'erie of the ego( antidote for madness( the presence of another personality( 'al%e of
feelings) of inner world) emotions,
+, Blooms$%ry gro%p E name gi'en to a gro%p of Anglish writers) philosophers) and artists who fre&%ently met $etween a$o%t 19= and 19? at the ho%ses
of Cli'e and Vanessa Bell and of Vanessa0s $rother and sister 5drian and Virginia Woolf in the Blooms$%ry district of 3ondon, 2hey disc%ssed
aesthetic and philosophical &%estions in a spirit of agnosticism) they searched for definitions of the good) the tr%e) the $ea%tif%l) &%estioned accepted
ideas) c%lt%ral dogmatism,
?, Modernism E refers to the radical shift in aesthetic and c%lt%ral sensi$ilities e'ident in the art and literat%re of the post!World War @ne period,
Modernism marks a distincti'e $reak with Victorian $o%rgeois morality( re.ecting nineteenth!cent%ry optimism) they presented a profo%ndly pessimistic
pict%re of a c%lt%re in disarray, 2his despair often res%lts in an apparent apathy and moral relati'ism, Bn modernism writers0 attempt to throw off the
aesthetic $%rden of the realist no'el) these writers introd%ced a 'ariety of literary tactics and de'ices9
the disr%ption of linear flow of narrati'e( the fr%stration of con'entional e6pectations concerning %nity) coherence of plot and character) the ca%se and
effect de'elopment( the deployment of ironic and am$ig%o%s .%6tapositions to call into &%estion the moral and philosophical meaning of literary action(
the adoption of a tone of epistemological self!mockery aimed at nai'e pretensions of $o%rgeois rationality( the opposition of inward conscio%sness to
rational) p%$lic) o$.ecti'e disco%rse( and an inclination to s%$.ecti'e distortion to point %p the e'anescence of the social world of the nineteenth!cent%ry
$o%rgeoisie,
+9