Brighton School of Business and Management Ltd

Guidelines on Reference Listing: the Harvard System

Please apply the following referencing and layout advice to all your Assignments, Reports and Projects

Guidelines on reference listing: the Harvard system

The Harvard reference system (or author-date system) is the means by which you identify books and other
sources which you have used in your writing.

It is very important to be consistent and accurate when citing references.

Citations in the body of your writing should give the authors surname with the year of publication.

The full details of all these references should be listed alphabetically by author name as a reference list at
the end of your writing.

Other sources that have been used in your learning should be given in a separate bibliography.

If you are writing a professional qualification essay/assignment/project you need to use citations to
acknowledge your sources in the following circumstances:

If writing an Assignment or a practice based Project there is an expectation of wider reading to inform your
work, it is appropriate that both a reference list and a bibliography should be submitted

if you are using an actual quotation from another source;
if you are paraphrasing another source;
if you are referring directly to another source;
if your own writing is closely based on, or is drawn heavily from, the work of another writer;
if you wish, for some other reason, to draw attention to a source.

References in the Text

In-text citations should give the surname of the author or editor, the date of publication and, where necessary
a precise page reference which is separated from the rest of the information by a comma:

Kaufman (1987) advances the notion that elderly people maintain a sense of continuity with their past lives.
Health is dynamic and this makes it difficult to define it unambiguously as a concept (Seedhouse, 1986).
In the study by Basford and Slevin (1995).
Benner et al (1996) concluded that.

Short quotations (up to 2 lines) can be included in the body of the text:
Weir (1995, p.10) states that "defining roles and their remits is not simple".

References in the Reference List or Bibliography at the end of your Assignment

References should be listed in alphabetical order of author's or editor's surnames.

From a Book
Aggleton, P. and Chalmers, H. (2000) Nursing models and nursing practice. 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Basford, L. and Slevin, O. (eds.) (1995) Theory and practice of nursing: an integrated approach to patient
care. Edinburgh: Campion.
Bowes, A., Gleason, D. and Smith, P. (1990) Sociology: a modular approach. Oxford: Oxford University
Press
Stiglitz, J. (2002) Globalisation and its discontents. London: Allen Lane.
Taruskin, R. (1988) The pastness of the present and the present of the past. In Authenticity and Early Music,
ed. N. Kenyon, p.137-207. Oxford: Oxford University Press.



Brighton School of Business and Management Ltd
An article in a Newspaper or Journal
Colley, A., Banton, L., Down, J and Pither, A. (1992) An expert-novice comparison in musical composition.
Psychology of music, 20, p.124-34.
Leadbetter, C. (2002) Why globalisation is a good thing: analysis. The Times, June 26, p.6.

Official and Government publications:
Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. International Development Committee (2001) The
Globalisation White Paper. Report, together with minutes of evidence, appendices and proceedings of the
committee. London: The Stationery Office (HC 2000-2001 (208)).

Published conference proceedings with author or editor(s):
Banks, S. et al (1998) Networked Lifelong Learning: innovative approaches to education and training through
the Internet: Proceedings of the 1998 International Conference held at the University of Sheffield. Sheffield:
University of Sheffield.

Thesis or Dissertation
Jones, J.B. (1974) The piano and chamber works of Gabriel Faur. PhD dissertation. Cambridge University.
If a dissertation or thesis is published, it should be cited as a book.

Internet Sources:
Marieb, E. (2000) Essentials of human anatomy and physiology: AWL Companion Web Site. [online]. 6th
edition. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. Available from:
<http://occ.awlonline.com/bookbind/pubbooks/marieb-essentials/> [Accessed 4 July 2001].
University of Reading (2000) Education: a brief guide to internet resources [online]. Reading: Reading
University. Available from: <http://www.reading.ac.uk/libweb/Lib/Subj/Ir/ireduc.html> [Accessed 6 October
2000]

Citing electronic journals
Snyder, M. (2001) Overview and summary of complementary therapies: Are these really nursing? Online
Journal of Issues in Nursing [online], 6 (2), 31 May 2001. Available from:
<http://www.nursingworld/ojin/topic15/tpc15ntr.htm> [Accessed 4 July 2001].

Email Discussion Lists
Nott, A.J. (26 Jan 2000) Integrated care pathways. Psychiatric-nursing [online]. Available from:
<http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/psychiatric-nursing.html> [Accessed 5 July 2001]

Personal email
McConnell, D. (D.McConnell@sheffield.ac.uk) (28th November 1997) Follow up to your interview. Personal
email to L. Parker (l.a.parker@sheffield.ac.uk)

Audio-visual
Now wash your hands. (1996) [Videocassette]. Southampton: University of Southampton, Teaching Support
and Media Services
Thatcher, Margaret. (1986) Interview. In Six O'Clock News. TV, BBC 1. 1986 Jan 29. 18.00 hrs.

CD sleeve/liner notes
Al Hilgart, liner note to Ella Fitzgerald sings the Rodgers and Hart Song Book. 1997. Compact disc. Verve.
537 258-2.