PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

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THIN-FILM SCIENCE
Atomic layer deposition
finds new applications P.38
BASFS CHINA PROBLEM
Company seeks to charm
hostile neighbors P.20
LIFE AFTER THE CONSUMER
Learning to reclaim, recycle, reuse P.13

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Serving the chemical,
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and laboratory worlds
CENEAR 89 (31) 156 I SSN 0009-2347
VOLUME 89, NUMBER 31
AUGUST 1, 2011
48 ACS NEWS
47 ACS COMMENT 56 NEWSCRIPTS
49 AWARDS
51 CLASSIFIEDS 4 LETTERS
3 EDITORS PAGE
COVER: Old electronics go to recyclers for materials
recovery. Veolia Environmental Services
The audacity
and arrogance
to play political
games with the
safety of our
food sickens
me.
REP. JOHN D. DINGELL
(D-MICH.) PAGE 34
42 UNPRINTING PAPER
The use of new digital inks
complicates paper recycling.
38 THIN-FILM LAYERS
Atomic layer deposition
chemistry moves into
electronics and beyond.
36 CONCENTRATES
26 EUROPE SEEKS ENERGY SAVINGS
Energy-efficiency lessons gleaned in Europe
have global value.
34 FOOD SAFETY FUNDING
Advocates warn that cutting FDAs budget may
threaten prevention of food-borne illnesses.
31 CRITICIZING EPAS HAZARD ASSESSMENTS
Scrutiny abounds for EPAs Integrated Risk
Information System.
30 CONCENTRATES
23 DRUG APPROVAL SURGE
Building upon years of discovery and
development, 2011 brings spate of new drugs.
20 CHEMICALS IN CHINA
BASFs plan to open a polyurethane complex
in China receives mixed reviews from local
residents.
18 CONCENTRATES
11 BUILDING A STRING OF PEARLS
Bristol-Myers Squibb will add Amira
Pharmaceuticals to its list of acquisitions.
11 STRONG EARNINGS CONTINUE
Chemical firms post robust second-quarter
results, thanks to high demand, price hikes.
10 BORON TRANSMUTATIONS
Transforming acidic boron into stable, basic
borylene adducts could yield new catalysts.
10 SINGLE-ATOM CATALYSIS
Method to hold individual platinum atoms may
lead to better catalytic processes, basic insights.
9 JUDGE CHUCKS STEM CELL SUIT
Case challenging legality of government-funded
stem cell research is found meritless.
9 A G-PROTEIN SIGNALING FIRST
Researchers have obtained an atomic-resolution
image of a G-protein-coupled receptor and its
partner.
8 CO
2
TO METHANOL, INDIRECTLY
Conversion of CO
2
-derived intermediates at low
temperature, pressure is possible, study shows.
8 STEADY PROGRESS AT FUKUSHIMA
Japanese utility is containing damage, reaching
safe shutdown of nuclear plant, UN agency says.
7 SADARA CHEMICAL RISES
Construction is set for $20 billion petrochemical
megaproject of Dow Chemical, Saudi Aramco.
REUSE
AND
RECYCLE
Manufacturers
seek options for
reclaiming and
recycling used
products. PAGE 13
45 RADIOACTIVITY
Primer on early history of the field will appeal to
readers of all backgrounds.
QUOTE
OF THE WEEK
COVER STORY
NEWS OF THE WEEK
BUSINESS
GOVERNMENT & POLICY
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
THE DEPARTMENTS
BOOKS

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WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
FROM THE EDI TOR
Deputy editor-in-chief
CHEMICAL & ENGINEERING NEWS
115516th St., N.W., Washington, DC 20036
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SENIOR ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER: Marvel A. Wills
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William G. Schulz, Editor
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NORTHEAST: (732) 906-8300 Lisa M. Jarvis (Senior
Editor), Rick Mullin (Senior Editor), Marc S. Reisch
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Published by the AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
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EDITORIAL BOARD: Kevin P. Gable (Chair);
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Copyright 2011, American Chemical Society
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Volume 89, Number 31
Views expressed on this page are those of the author and not necessarily those of ACS.
GROWING UP in the Philippines, my
brothers and I used to earn spare change
by heeding the calls of scrap buyers going
around neighborhoods calling out, bote,
bakal, diario or bottles, metals, newspa-
pers. They weighed the metals with crude
handheld scales; they sorted the bottles
according to color and size; and they
measured stacks of old newspapers by the
span of an outstretched hand, from the tip
of the little finger to the tip of the thumb.
The scrap buyers were stingy, and we were
always disappointed that our stash never
amounted to more than a few coins. Nev-
ertheless, at a young age, I was aware that
recycling was worth money.
So it was a marvel to me when I moved
to the U.S. in the mid-1980s to see orga-
nized recycling in the form of yard sales
and thrift stores. When my mother was
still alive, she took great pleasure in hunt-
ing for bargains, much to the dismay of my
father, who would have preferred to spend
Saturday mornings reading the newspaper
rather than driving my mother around to
neighborhood yard sales. For a few dollars,
she could assemble a dining set or a winter
wardrobe for each of her children, who
were immigrating to the U.S. with their
families.
My first home in the U.S. contained
many previously owned kitchen and furni-
ture items. I still use a salad spinner and a
Waring blender that my mother found for
me more than 20 years ago. Just last week,
I stopped by a Goodwill store and came
home with a dozen books that cost me less
than the price of just one brand-new book.
I still occasionally browse thrift stores and
consignment stores and get a kick out of
finding exquisite items at a fraction of their
retail cost.
In addition to the daily sorting for
recycling of paper, plastic, and glass that
happens now in many homes and places of
business, twice a year, I go through closets,
shelves, and storage bins to declutter.
Anything that is usable goes to Purple
Heart or Goodwill. Not much goes to
landfills.
Multiply the personal acts of recycling
by millions and add the efforts of com-
merce and industry and the results can
be staggering. According to the Environ-
mental Protection Agency, the amount of
municipal solid waste generated in the U.S.
rose by 60% from 152 million tons in 1980
to 243 million tons in 2009, but the amount
disposed of in landfills fell by 10% from 135
million tons in 1980 to 121 million tons in
2009. The amount recycled soared 465%
from 14.5 million tons in 1980 to 82 million
tons in 2009.
As this weeks cover story by Senior
Editor Melody Bomgardner drives home,
recycling and reusing can only grow,
spurred not only by monetary incentives
and environmental, health, and safety con-
cerns but also by the growing scarcity of
nonrenewable raw materials and the wid-
ening embrace of product stewardship, es-
pecially of consumer electronics (see page
13). Bomgardner suggests that the ethos
of eschewing waste is penetrating ever
deeper in a reverse supply chain involving
resellers and recyclers, not only creating
profit centers but also pushing materials
makers to design for recyclability, an ef-
fort that can involve complex research and
development.
An example of that complex R&D is the
story by Assistant Managing Editor Aman-
da Yarnell about efforts to adjust a widely
practiced recycling stepremoving ink
from office paper, newspapers, magazines,
catalogs, and other printed materialto
the changing nature of the ink that must
be removed (see page 42). The process to
deink paper printed conventionally with
oily inks is well established, but with the
rise of digital printing, which uses many
water-based inks, the process is no longer
fully adequate. Thus, chemists and engi-
neers are looking for other ways to deink
paper, for digital inks that will work with to-
days deinking chemistry, and even for ways
to make paper easily deinkable.
The investments to make products recy-
clable arent trivial, but as Bomgardner and
Yarnell suggest in their stories, they can
and do yield good returns. That just con-
firms what I learned as a child: Recycling =
money.
Recycler At Heart
4
WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
THIS WEEK
ONLINE
cen-online.org/thisweek
LETTERS
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
THORIUM CYCLE HYPE
RUDY BAUMS EDITORIAL None Too
Bright was right on target regarding the
problem of antibiotic resistance develop-
ment in the intestinal microflora of farm
animals fed with growth-promoting levels
of antibiotics ( C&EN, June 6, page 5 ).
In the late 1960s, I was principal inves-
tigator of a Department of Agriculture-
funded pilot study on chlortetracycline
resistance in enteric microorganisms in
chickens and swine at Battelle Memorial
Institute.
The results of this study clearly indi-
cated statistically significant increases in
the chlortetracycline-resistant bacteria
in the enteric flora of those animals fed
with this antibiotic over the numbers of
resistant bacteria present initially and over
those in separately housed control animals.
Furthermore, chlortetracycline resistance
was transferred from a resistant strain of
Escherichia coli isolated from chickens to a
sensitive strain of the intestinal pathogen
Salmonella typhimurium in gnotobiotic
(germ-free) mice.
These results were presented in a semi-
nar at the USDA Beltsville Agricultural
Research Center that was attended by
both USDA and Food & Drug Administra-
tion scientific staff members who agreed
that this was a start but further action was
needed. A follow-up paper was presented
at the 1970 annual meeting of the Society
for Industrial Microbiology and was pub-
lished in Developments in Industrial Mi-
crobiology (Washington, D.C.: American
Institute of Biological Sciences, 1971, Vol.
12, 376391).
Numerous studies since that time have
shown the importance, from a public
I READ WITH INTEREST the exchanges
on nuclear power in response to Rudy
Baums editorial ( C&EN, May 9, page 5 ).
The thorium cycle in particular gets well-
deserved nods as an improvement over the
uranium-plutonium processes. And yet, in
A. J. Shakas letter ( C&EN, June 20, page 4 )
I sense a boosterism that I hoped we had
outgrown:
No long-lived waste is produced? Im-
portantly, no transuranium elements, but
what about
233
U itself (t
1/2
= 162,000 years)?
What about
231
Pa, a fission side product
that contaminates the fuel (t
1/2
= 32,500
years)? Is this one of the fission products
that are hot for a few decades and then can
just be thrown away ? And is the remain-
ing fuel of no concern when decommis-
sioning a plant?
The fission products distribution of
233
U
resembles those of
235
U and
239
Pu. The fa-
miliar unfriendly faces are all there, and in
similar concentrations:
90
Sr,
131
I,
137
Cs. In an
accident (which may occur in any human
endeavor), well face familiar concerns.

233
U is about 10 times less -radioactive
than
239
Pu, so lethal airborne particles of
233
U start about 10 times larger than lethal
airborne Pu particles. Enjoy a sigh of re-
liefbut dont inhale too forcefully.

233
U has a larger critical mass than
239
Pu
and is hard to handle, so military or terror-
ist use is less likely but not impossible.
Thorium is cheaper, easier to extract,
and more widely available than uranium,
but that was never a critical consideration
or we would be using thorium already.
The raw fuel cost is a red herring. The
core issues are safety and environmental
concerns and the resulting regulatory, in-
vestment, and insurance difficulties. The
thorium cycle should alleviate, but cannot
eliminate, these concerns.
Cell Phone
Counts Cells
Adding one more
function to a
growing list of
applications for
cell phones, re-
searchers have
developed a medi-
cal device that
turns a cell phone
into a miniature
flow cytometer. Doctors in remote vil-
lages could use the device to test for
diseases including AIDS, cancer, and
simple microbial infections.
cenm.ag/anl37
Could Water Costs
Sink Algae?
Someday green algal slime could
synthesize biodiesel used to power ve-
hicles. But todays technology requires
seven times more energy to pump and
transport water around algae-growing
plants than those facilities can produce,
according to a recent study.
cenm.ag/blg27
Furniture Linked To
PBDE Levels In People
California has some of the strictest
standards for furniture flammability
in the world. Furniture manufacturers
have met these
standards by
applying flame re-
tardants called polybromi-
nated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs).
Now a study of pregnant immigrants liv-
ing in California suggests that living with
PBDE-containing furniture may lead to
high blood levels of the chemicals.
cenm.ag/env49
ACS Board Reports
From Baltimore
Scientific freedom and short-term help
for unemployed members were among
the topics discussed by committees at
the ACS Board of Directors meeting in
June. C&EN compiles official reports
from the committees presentations.
cenm.ag/acs3
ACS BOARD OF DIRECTORS
OPEN SESSION
The ACS Board of Directors will hold its
Open Session on Sunday, Aug. 28, from
noon to 1 PM in the Colorado Convention
Center, Room 201/203. You are invited
to participate in a lunchtime discussion
with the board on the topic, What the
ACS is doing or could do to assist mem-
bers who are facing employment chal-
lenges in uncertain economic times. The
board welcomes your observations and
suggestions. Sandwiches and soft drinks
will be available.
health standpoint, of the rise of antibiotic-
resistant pathogenic bacteria in the envi-
ronment. Why has nothing been done after
more than 40 years? As Baum points out,
although the European Union has banned
such uses of antibiotics, FDA has waffled
on taking any action, undoubtedly owing to
the influence of politically powerful agri-
business interests. Do we have to await a
public health crisis before taking action on
this problem?
John H. Litchfield
Worthington, Ohio
A
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5
WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
LETTERS
If nuclear energy turns out to be needed
for climate catastrophe prevention, the
thorium cycle looks like a good idea. But
lets not idealize it lest we blind ourselves
to the problems that remain.
Emanuel Cooper
Scarsdale, N.Y.
I READ WITH SYMPATHY and under-
standing the letter from Ann-Marie
Bossong, Teaching Science Literacy
( C&EN, July 4, page 4 ). In April 2011, I met
with a new chemistry major advisee (enter-
ing junior year) at the University of New
Hampshire. She is an outstanding student
(A average), from a New Hampshire fam-
ily of modest means, works part time, and
involves herself in community and campus
activities of benefit to others. Although she
is fully capable of pursuing a Ph.D. or an
M.D. degree, her goal is to teach chemistry
in a public high school.
I wish I could have been enthusiastic
in encouraging her to pursue this career
path. Sadly, as Bossong noted: In my
state and many others, teachers are under
attack.
I had this very much in mind at the time
I spoke with my advisee. In Bossongs
state of New Jersey, Gov. Chris Christie
continues to give new meaning to the
term bully pulpit. At a Boys & Girls
Club, this is how the governor addressed
the issue of teachers conventions: They
got to get two days off from school be-
cause, you know, they dont get enough
time off now, right? They get two weeks
off at Christmas, they get all the differ-
ent holidays, then they get the summer
off, and now they need two more days.
Why do you think that is? Do you think if
they cared about learning where would
they be today? ( The Trentonian, Nov. 6,
2010 ). The governor has called the New
Jersey Education Association a political
thuggery operation and fat, rich, and en-
titled, the leaders bullies and thugs.
Many in the public have enjoyed and
cheered this spectacle. So, with strong re-
gret, I made no attempt to either encourage
or discourage my excellent young advisee
to pursue a profession so demanding and
publicly disrespected.
Arthur Greenberg
Professor, Department of Chemistry
University of New Hampshire
Durham
RESPECT FOR TEACHERS
BECAUSE I AM a high school chemistry
teacher, I read the letters about scientific
literacy with interest ( C&EN, June 6, page
4, and July 4, page 4). I am currently taking
two years off for maternity leave, but I plan
to return to the classroom after that.
In answer to Rudy Baums question,
What is it that were all doing wrong? I
believe that there is insufficient support
for science teachers and that much of the
material we are required to teach is im-
practical and irrelevant to our students.
Furthermore, I think the main things that
stand in the way of effective science teach-
ing are these: standardized curricula and
testing, excessive litigiousness, and large
classes.
First, Oliver Axtel has an idealized view
of the world if he believes that science
teachers can choose to go through their
current courses, delete the stuff that only
scientists need to know, and demand that
the students learn well the stuff that an
educated person ought to know. We do
not have that freedom. Many, many times,
I have looked at our chemistry curriculum
and wondered what learning about empiri-
cal formulas, orbitals, or reaction equilibria
has to do with our students daily lives.
I have been teaching the regular level
chemistry course, which means that most
of my students intend to go to college, but
most of them do not intend to major in a
scientific field. It is an uphill battle to con-
vince them that chemistry is at all relevant
to their day-to-day existence.
We are instructed in what order we must
teach and what detail we must go into.
What ends up happening is that we have a
curriculum that is a mile wide but an inch
thick. I cannot spend time on the interest-
ing ins and outs of acids and bases (one of
the most practical subjects taught) at the
beginning of the year when it might catch
the attention of students, because it is to
be taught at the end of the year. Do I insert
real-world examples? Of course! Do I try
to connect the structure of the periodic
table to the properties of substances that
the students are familiar with? Yes! How-
ever, with quarterly assessments breathing
down our necks, I always feel the strain
of not having enough time and having no
freedom to change the order of subjects to
make them more appealing.
My second and third points are con-
nected by a basic concept: safety. We all
know that safety is paramount in any lab,
especially one populated by teenagers.
However, our excessively lawsuit-happy
culture has made science teachers very ten-
tative about labs. When I took chemistry,
I could have easily been burned or cut, but
now science teachers, especially chemistry
teachers, are wrapping their students in
wool rather than let them get hurt, because
the teachers know that they will be sued if a
student does get hurt.
Class size is a major factor in this safety-
nervousness, as well. For years, my classes
have averaged around 30 students, and we
are doing labs in a room that is designed for
a maximum of 28. There have been some
years when Ive had 35 students. This over-
crowding of lab stations makes it extremely
difficult to be sure that students are doing
the labs correctly and safely. Therefore, the
easiest thing to do is to simplify the lab.
I agree that there should be a committee
on professional training of science teach-
ers, but keep in mind that most science
teachers did take a science methods class
as part of their masters degree program.
The main problem is this: Science teachers
have very good ideas but are limited by the
strictures of their curricula, standardized
testing schedules, class sizes, and safety
concerns. We are doing the best we can,
within those strictures, to promote scien-
tific literacy.
Cathy Bloedorn
Catonsville, Md.
HOW TO REACH US
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WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
news of the week
D
OW CHEMICAL and Saudi Aramco have ap-
proved construction of a $20 billion petrochem-
ical complex in Al Jubail, Saudi Arabia, that Dow
CEO Andrew N. Liveris is heralding as the worlds
largest chemicals project ever undertaken.
The joint venture, called Sadara Chemical, will
consist of 26 manufacturing plants with more than
3million tons of total capacity. It will be centered
around a steam cracker that will consume ethane and
other natural gas liquids from Saudi Aramco, as well as
locally sourced refinery coproducts.
Downstream from the cracker, the partners plan to
make polyethylene, propylene oxide, elastomers, glycol
ethers, amines, isocyanates, and polyether polyols.
Construction of the plant will commence soon. We
have bulldozers moving to the site in two weeks, Liveris
told analysts on a conference call.
Dow expects the cracker and the
polyethylene units to start up in
2015, followed by the rest of the
units a year later.
Solvay will form a joint venture
with Sadara to build a hydrogen
peroxide plant in Al Jubail that will
provide feedstock for the propylene
oxide plant. Additionally, Dow and
Saudi Aramco are planning an in-
dustrial park on the site where Dow
intends to build a plant for its Film-
tec reverse-osmosis water treat-
ment membranes. Dow is also con-
sidering a polyurethane systems
house, a gas treatment chemicals
formulation unit, and a wire and
cable resin compounding plant.
Dow and Aramco will have equal
stakes in Sadara. In addition, the
companies are planning an initial
public offering for Sadara on the
Saudi stock market by 2014.
Of the $20 billion price tag,
about $12 billion is for engineering,
procurement, and construction.
The balance will cover expen-
ditures such as start-up and
financing costs. Dow expects the
venture to rake in about $10 bil-
lion in annual revenues within a
decade of opening.
The partners have been mull-
ing a Saudi petrochemical joint
venture since 2007. Last year, the
companies switched the planned
location from Ras Tanura to Al
Jubail to take advantage of exist-
ing infrastructure. The original
project included products that
Sadara wont make, such as eth-
ylene glycol, vinyl chloride, and polycarbonate.
For Dow, the venture is a major step in its transfor-
mation from commodity chemicals supplier to maker
of value-added specialty chemicals and plastics that are
back-integrated to raw materials. In 2009, the company
purchased the specialty chemical maker Rohm and
Haas. It has divested commoditized operations such as
styrenic polymers, polycarbonate, and, most recently,
polypropylene (see page 18).
Sadara also enhances Dows presence in emerging
markets. Dow will market nearly half of the joint ven-
tures output in Asia. Sadara lies at the epicenter of our
growth strategy, clearly situated to
capture share in fast-growing end
markets in emerging geographies,
Liveris said.
For Saudi Aramco, a state-
owned oil and gas firm, economic
diversification is a big motivation.
Khalid Al-Falih, Saudi Aramcos
CEO, says the project will enable
significant development in the
countrys conversion industry.
Steve Zinger, business director
for olefins at the Houston-based
consulting group IHS CMAI , notes
that the project reflects the scar-
city of new ethane sources in the
Middle East today compared with
a decade ago, when vast surpluses
fueled a boom in construction of
ethane cracker complexes making
basic chemicals such as ethylene
oxide and polyethylene. Newer
projects tend to have a broader
slate of both feedstocks and de-
rivatives. The 100% purity ethane
cracker is probably a thing of the
past in Saudi Arabia, he says.
ALEX TULLO
JOINT VENTURE: Construction of
$20 billion Dow, Saudi Aramco
megaproject is set to begin
SADARA CHEMICAL
VENTURE TO RISE
Sadara Chemical
will tap into Saudi
Aramcos massive
hydrocarbon
infrastructure.
AUGUST 1, 2011 EDI TED BY WI LLI AM G. SCHULZ & EMI LY BONES
S
A
U
D
I

A
R
A
M
C
O
Sadara Chemical
At A Glance
Headquarters: Al Jubail, Saudi
Arabia
Partners: Dow Chemical, Saudi
Aramco
Revenues
a
: $10 billion
Earnings
b
: $4 billion
Cost of project: $20 billion
PRODUCTS:
ethylene, propylene, aromatics,
methylene diphenyl diisocyanate,
toluene diisocyanate, polyether
polyols, propylene oxide,
propylene glycol, elastomers,
linear low-density polyethylene,
low-density polyethylene, glycol
ethers, and amines

a Revenues are projected for annual results
within 10 years of start-up of the joint venture.
b Earnings figure is estimated on the basis
of a 40% profit margin before interest, taxes,
depreciation, and amortization.
8
WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
NEWS OF THE WEEK
R = phenyl or alkyl
+ 3H
2
2 CH
3
OH
Ru catalyst
NH
2
R
Methyl carbamates
O
OCH
3
N
H
R
+ 3H
2
3 CH
3
OH
Ru catalyst
O
OCH
3
CH
3
O
Dimethyl carbonate
T
OKYO ELECTRIC Power Co. (TEPCO) is steadi-
ly making progress in its efforts to contain dam-
age and stabilize the crippled Fukushima Daiichi
nuclear power plant, the head of the United Nations
nuclear monitoring agency said last week.
Yukiya Amano, director general of the In-
ternational Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA),
said plant operator TEPCO has made notable
headway in dealing with the crisis. On the
basis of the progress made to date, he said,
the utilitys plan to achieve a safe state by
early next year, known as a cold shutdown, is
possible.
IAEA welcomes the significant progress
TEPCO has achieved overall in implementing
its road map to contain and stabilize the situa-
tion, Amano remarked before visiting the ac-
cident site on July 25 for the first time since the nuclear
crisis began four months ago.
Workers have been struggling to prevent radioac-
tive contaminants from escaping the six-reactor facil-
ity since a massive earthquake and tsunami in March
knocked out power and cooling systems at the Fukushi-
ma complex, eventually causing a series of explosions
and partial core meltdowns.
TEPCO said in mid-July that the first stage of a plan
to cool and stably reduce radiation leaks from the
damaged reactors had succeeded. The company is also
sticking to a previously declared January 2012 time-
table for a cold shutdown, which would prevent the
evaporation of fluid used to cool reactor materials and
prevent the escape of radiation.
Once the plant is in a stable shutdown, the focus will
shift to removing radioactive debris and getting spent
fuel rods safely out of the damaged reactors. A full de-
commissioning of the reactors could take more than 10
years, officials have said.
Amano also indicated that IAEA is prepared to as-
sist Japan in dealing with the ongoing crisis. IAEA can
provide knowledge on various areas, including decon-
tamination and extraction of spent nuclear fuel rods,
he said at a news conference after touring the stricken
complex. I would like to discuss specifics with the
Japanese government. GLENN HESS
NUCLEAR ACCIDENT: Progress in
containing damage means a cold
shutdown could happen early next year
FUKUSHIMA PLANT
REACHING STABILITY
Amano (right)
gears up to inspect
the damaged
Fukushima Daiichi
nuclear plant.
T
E
P
C
O
C
ATALYTIC HYDROGENATION of carbon diox-
ide-derived carbonate, carbamate, and formate
intermediates turns out to be a viable option to
make methanol from CO
2
, according to a team of Israe-
li chemists. Their indirect approach could lead to more
efficient industrial production of methanol and offers
an opportunity to use CO
2
generated from burning fos-
sil fuels as a chemical
feedstock.
Methanol is typically
produced by subject-
ing synthesis gas (CO
and H
2
), derived from
coal or natural gas, to
high temperature and
high pressure in the
presence of a heteroge-
neous catalyst. Chem-
ists would like to make
methanol by direct hy-
drogenation of cheap and readily available CO
2
instead,
but a practical process has not yet been developed.
David Milstein and coworkers at the Weizmann In-
stitute of Science reasoned that an alternative pathway
would be to hydrogenate common CO
2
- or CO-derived
intermediates under milder reaction conditions. The
researchers expanded previous work in Milsteins lab on
homogeneous ruthenium phosphine-pyridine catalysts
to develop versions that catalyze hydrogenation of the
carbonyl intermediates. In what the researchers believe
is a chemical first, they used the homogeneous process
to convert methyl formate and dimethyl carbonate to
methanol, and methyl carbamates into methanol and an
amine ( Nat. Chem., DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1089 ).
These atom-economical reactions generate no by-
products or waste and proceed under neutral, homoge-
neous conditions at mild temperatures and hydrogen
pressures without solvent, Milstein notes. They repre-
sent the ultimate in green reactions, he says.
Although many researchers have been trying to find
a practical, fast, and economical way to make methanol
from waste CO
2
, usually by heterogeneous catalysis,
catalyst longevity and sensitivity to poisoning are seri-
ous limitations, says Philip G. Jessop of Queens Uni-
versity, in Kingston, Ontario, whose research includes
CO
2
fixation. Homogeneously catalyzed hydrogena-
tion of CO
2
to methanol is known, but the conditions
are quite severe and the yields are low. Milsteins group
describes an exciting two-step work-around for the ho-
mogeneous hydrogenation. STEVE RITTER
SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY: Alternative
syntheses open a door to more
efficient industrial processes
DETOUR TAKES CO
2

TO METHANOL
9
WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
NEWS OF THE WEEK
F
OR THE FIRST TIME, researchers have obtained
an atomic-resolution image of a G-protein-
coupled receptor (GPCR) together with its G
protein partner ( Nature, DOI: 10.1038/nature10361).
The structure, solved with help from a battery of pro-
tein stabilization techniques, has implications for both
fundamental biochemistry and drug design.
This structure shows for the first time how a recep-
tor activates a G protein, which is a cornerstone of re-
ceptor biology, says Christopher G. Tate , an expert in
GPCR crystallography at the Medical Research Council
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, in England, who was
not involved in the research. This is a huge advance in
the field and something people have been awaiting for
years.
GPCRs straddle cell membranes, snaking back and
forth seven times, and activate associated G proteins
inside the cell. The system transmits signals from hor-
mones, odors, or light from the outside of the cell to
the inside. The receptors are targets of as many as 40%
of drugs on the market. A handful of GPCR structures
have debuted (C&EN, March 14, page 15). But a picture
of a fully active GPCR with its G protein had eluded
scientists.
Now, Stanford University GPCR expert Brian K.
Kobilka and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, G
protein biochemist Roger K. Sunahara have marshaled
the expertise of more than a half-dozen research teams
to reach that goal. The group solved the structure of a
GPCR called the
2
adrenergic receptor with its G pro-
tein, aided by technologies such as antibodies from lla-
mas (C&EN, May 2, page 40), modifications to a crystal-
lization matrix for membrane proteins called the lipidic
cubic phase, and specialized detergents for keeping
the delicate protein complex stable (C&EN,
Nov. 8, 2010, page 12). We have a lot of great
collaborators, Kobilka says. They realized
this was a difficult problem, and they were
willing to try things that might fail.
We had just a small part in the extraordi-
nary experimental process that led Kobilka
and his colleagues to the final structure, says
Samuel H. Gellman of the University of Wis-
consin, Madison, who with former postdoc
Pil Seok Chae provided the detergents.
We were proud to enable molecular
design and organic synthesis to play a
supporting role in this saga.
The structure itself holds a few
surprises, Sunahara says. For in-
stance, the G protein opens wider
than expected to release guanosine
diphosphate, a crucial part of the G pro-
tein activation process.
Tate, cofounder of biopharmaceutical compa-
ny Heptares Therapeutics, says the structure has
implications for drug design. One possibility is
that instead of targeting drugs to the extracellular sur-
face of the receptor, it may be possible to target drugs to
the receptor-G protein interface, he explains.
The structures success is allowing some research-
ers on Kobilkas team to begin long-deferred profes-
sional plans. Chae, who now works in industry in his
native South Korea, turned down two job offers and
extended his time in Madison to finish the detergent
collaborations. And Kobilka postdoc Sren G. F.
Rasmussen has put off starting a lab of his own at the
University of Copenhagens Panum Institute until
November. Part of the reason is that the labs are being
remodeled, Rasmussen says. But I wasnt rushing to
get back because I wanted to finish this project.
CARMEN DRAHL
BIOCHEMISTRY: Collaboration
enables the first view of a
receptor with its G protein
SIGHTING SIGNALING
An X-ray crystal
structure depicts
the
2
adrenergic
receptor (green)
with its G protein,
a heterotrimer
called Gs (yellow,
blue, purple).
The complex
is stabilized
by a llama
antibody (red)
and the enzyme
T4 lysozyme
(magenta).
N
A
T
U
R
E
A federal judge has thrown out a case
that in August 2010 briefly shut down
government-funded research on human
embryonic stem cells and threatened
to stop the work altogether. The ruling
clears the way for the National Institutes
of Health to continue funding the contro-
versial research.
Two scientists filed the lawsuit against
NIH, claiming that the agencys policy vio-
lates the Dickey-Wicker Amendment, a law
that prohibits federal funding of any re-
search that destroys human embryos. NIH
countered that it funds research involving
previously derived embryonic stem cells.
Chief Judge Royce C. Lamberth of
the U.S. District Court for the District
of Columbia ruled last August that the
plaintiffs argument had merit and issued
a preliminary injunction ordering NIH
to stop funding human embryonic stem
cell research. But a federal appeals court
lifted the injunction in April, ruling that
the law does not extend to past actions
(C&EN, May 9, page 12). Saying his hands
were tied by the appellate courts deci-
sion, Lamberth dismissed the lawsuit on
July 27.
Biomedical researchers and NIH offi-
cials were overjoyed by the lawsuits dis-
missal, saying it will allow groundbreak-
ing research that could lead to cures and
treatments for numerous diseases.
The litigation, however, is likely to
continue. The plaintiffs plan to review all
options for an appeal, according to their
attorney, Steven H. Aden of the Alliance
Defense Fund. In these tough economic
times, it makes no sense for the federal
government to use taxpayer money for
this illegal and unethical purpose, Aden
says. BRITT ERICKSON
STEM CELLS NIH welcomes dismissal of lawsuit that would stop funding of research
10
WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
NEWS OF THE WEEK
R = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl
Base + H
+
N N
R R
B
+
H
H

N N
R R
B
+
H

N N
R R
B
H

e

+ e

A
WET-CHEMISTRY METHOD can be used to
prepare catalysts featuring single isolated pre-
cious-metal atoms supported on a metal oxide
surface, according to a research team based in China
and the U.S. ( Nat. Chem., DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1095 ).
The work may lead to low-cost industrial catalysts and
addresses questions in fundamental catalytic science.
Supported catalysts consisting of particles of plati-
num and other precious metals anchored on oxides
are widely used in automotive emissions cleanup and
many industrial catalytic processes. Because only the
metal atoms at the particle surfaces catalyze reactions,
manufacturers aim to make these particles as tiny as
possible to maximize metal use. But making uniform
subnanometer-sized particles remains challenging.
And the tiny particles tendency to diffuse and agglom-
erate deactivates catalysts.
By tuning the temperature, pH, and other param-
eters in a coprecipitation process, the China-U.S. team
has come up with a synthesis that sidesteps those
problems. Using atomic-resolution microscopy and
other analytical methods, Botao Qiao and Tao Zhang of
Chinas Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics ; Jun Li of
Tsinghua University, in Beijing; Jingyue Liu of the Uni-
versity of Missouri, St. Louis; and coworkers have de-
termined that their procedure yields nanocrystallites
of iron oxide with isolated platinum atoms dispersed
across the surface.
The group compared the single-atom catalyst with
other platinum catalysts and with a high-performance
gold reference catalyst in CO oxidation reactions. One
set of tests evaluated the catalysts ability to oxidize CO
in the presence of an abundance of hydrogen. The reac-
tion rids hydrogen of low levels of CO, a common con-
taminant that poisons fuel-cell catalysts. In all cases the
researchers found that the single-atom catalyst remains
stable under typical reaction conditions and is at least
two to three times more active than the other catalysts.
This is very exciting and timely work, says
Charles H. F. Peden of Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory. The catalysis community has been con-
sidering whether a single atom can serve as the active
site in heterogeneous catalysts, he notes. This study
answers the question with a resounding yes, he
adds. MITCH JACOBY
CATALYSIS: Isolated platinum atoms
remain stable and active in oxidations
SINGLE ATOMS
MEDIATE REACTION
Single platinum
atoms (yellow
balls and three
bright spots in
TEM image) on
iron oxide (purple
and gray) mediate
conversion of CO
to CO
2
.
J
U
N

L
I
/
T
S
I
N
G
H
U
A

U
U
NLIKE ALCHEMISTS fruitless efforts to turn
base metals into gold, researchers have suc-
ceeded in transmuting conventional boron com-
pounds, which are acidic, into stable borylene adducts,
which are bases similar to amines. The adducts
basicity could lead to new catalysts.
Borylenes, monovalent boron compounds with
an electron lone pair and two vacant orbitals, have until
now only been observed fleetingly, as transient inter-
mediates. Stable species have been created by coordi-
nating them with transition metals. But no stable, basic
borylene adducts had been found.
Chemistry professor Guy Bertrand of the University
of California, Riverside, and Frances Centre Na-
tional de la Recherche Scientifique and coworkers
have now reacted a carbene with a boron compound
to create the first stable nonmetal borylene adduct
( Science, DOI: 10.1126/science.1207573 ). The adduct is a
base with a donatable electron lone pair.
Ligands used to create catalytic metal complexes
must generally be compounds with electron lone pairs,
such as nitrogen or phosphorus bases. Acidic boron
compounds dont qualify, but basic ones might prove
useful as ligands for a new class of catalysts. UC River-
side has applied for a patent on such ligands.
Borylenes are electron deficient because they have
only four electrons instead of the usual eight in their
valence shells. The donation of two carbene electron
pairs to borons vacant orbitals gives the stable bor-
ylene adduct a valence electron configuration identical
to that of nitrogen.
Bertrand and coworkers demonstrated the borylene
adducts basicity by protonating it, forming the con-
jugate acid, and oxidizing the adduct to form a radical
cation similar to those formed by oxidizing amines.
Both the borylene adduct and radical cation are stable
under argon at room temperature for at least two
months, the researchers note.
Boron specialist Holger Braunschweig of the Univer-
sity of Wrzburg, in Germany, says the work is a major
breakthrough in organoelement chemistry as it pro-
vides unprecedented proof for the existence of a metal-
free borylene adduct under ambient conditions. The
development is truly spectacular and clearly an im-
portant discovery, adds Lewis acid specialist Franois
P. Gabba of Texas A&M University. STU BORMAN
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY: First stable
metal-free borylene adduct
could aid catalyst design
ACID-TO-BASE
TRANSMUTATION
A basic borylene adduct stabilized by two carbenes
(center) forms a conjugate acid when protonated (top)
or a radical cation when oxidized (bottom).
11
WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
NEWS OF THE WEEK
SECOND-QUARTER CHEMICAL RESULTS
Strong demand, higher pricing continue to boost U.S. earnings
SALES EARNINGS
a
CHANGE FROM 2010 PROFIT MARGIN
b
($ MILLIONS) SALES EARNINGS 2011 2010
Air Products $2,578 $318 14.5% 25.7% 12.3% 11.2%
Albemarle 742 114 25.3 39.0 15.4 13.9
Celanese 1,753 236 15.6 50.3 13.5 10.3
Cytec
Industries
798 46 13.7 -14.8 5.8 7.7
Dow Chemical 16,046 989 17.8 61.1 6.2 4.5
DuPont 10,264 1,310 19.1 21.2 12.8 12.5
W.R. Grace 826 76 20.6 49.0 9.2 7.4
Lubrizol 1,635 192 16.7 -5.0 11.7 14.4
Mosaic 2,860 649 53.8 63.9 22.7 21.3
PPG Industries 3,986 340 15.3 25.0 8.5 7.9
Praxair 2,858 425 13.1 14.6 14.9 14.7
Rockwood
Holdings
1,000 94 22.9 141.0 9.4 4.8
a After-tax earnings from continuing operations, excluding significant extraordinary and
nonrecurring items. b After-tax earnings as a percentage of sales.
U
.S. CHEMICAL COMPANIES acted quickly to
raise prices across the board in the second quar-
ter, resulting in higher earnings compared with
the same period last year. The price increases were driv-
en by an upswing in global demand and the need to stay
ahead of rising costs for raw materials and energy.
Dow Chemicals second-quarter earnings of 85 cents
per share beat consensus expectations by 6 cents, said
Hassan I. Ahmed, an equities analyst at Alembic Global
Advisors, in a note to investors. Volume strength was
evident across all geographies and segments, he told cli-
ents. We were particularly encouraged to see year-over-
year volume gains in Dows more developed markets:
North America and Europe, Middle East, and Africa.
Overall, Dows earnings of almost $1 billion were up
61% compared with those from the second quarter of
2010. Its sales surpassed $16 billion. Dows price and
volume management more than offset rising feedstock
and energy costs, CEO Andrew N. Liveris said in a con-
ference call with analysts. Standout segments for the
quarter were agriculture, which posted record sales, and
the water treatment and plastics businesses.
DuPont CEO Ellen J. Kullman also named agriculture
as a major contributor to growth in the quarter, along
with electronic and performance chemicals, especially
titanium dioxide, refrigerants, and industrial products.
In a call with analysts she stressed the importance of the
photovoltaics market to the firms earnings and forecast
a 15% growth in photovoltaics demand for the full year.
DuPonts sales increased by 19% to $10.3 billion com-
pared with last years second quarter. According to Kull-
man, 3% of the growth came from product lines gained in
the $6.6 billion acquisition of Danisco, completed in May
( C&EN, Jan 17, page 7 ).
Dow and DuPont both reported volume growth in
most markets other than construction, which was flat. In
contrast, firms including Cabot, Celanese, Cytec Indus-
tries, and Lubrizol said increased revenues came mainly
from higher prices and new products.
Both Liveris and Kullman said growth in the second
half of the year is likely to be modest. On the plus side,
the chemical industry is looking ahead to stronger
demand from the auto industry, which was adversely
affected in the second quarter by the Japanese tsunami
and earthquake. But government actions in China
to contain inflation could dampen growth for some
firms. MELODY BOMGARDNER
SECOND QUARTER: Demand, pricing
power benefit chemical firms
EARNINGS
STRENGTH
CONTINUES
To increase its activities in fibrotic dis-
eases, Bristol-Myers Squibb will pay up
to $475 million for the privately held
biotech firm Amira Pharmaceuticals . The
deal adds several compounds to the BMS
pipeline: AM152, poised to enter Phase
II trials to treat idiopathic pulmonary
fibrosis (IPF) and scleroderma; AM211, in
Phase I trials to treat asthma; and an au-
totaxin inhibitor in preclinical studies to
treat pain and cancer metastases.
Investors in San Diego-based Amira
snag $325 million in cash up front and
could enjoy another $150 million in mile-
stone payments as the companys lead
drug candidates move toward the market.
Amira was founded just six years ago
by three former Merck & Co. scientists
interested in developing drugs that block
three classes of bioactive lipidsleuko-
trienes, prostaglandins, and lysophos-
phatidic acid (LPA)involved in mediat-
ing inflammation. AM152 modulates the
LPA1 receptor, which is elevated in people
with IPF. No good treatment options exist
for IPF, a disease that causes the lungs to
become thick and stiff with scarring.
The acquisition marks the latest
step in BMSs string of pearls strat-
egy, which the firm unrolled in 2007 as
a means of strengthening its pipeline
through targeted deals. The firm has
completed 11 other similar transactions.
BMS is pursuing small-molecule and
biologic drugs equally under the pro-
gram. Other small-molecule partners or
acquisitions include Kai Pharmaceuti-
cals, Kosan Biosciences, Exelixis, Nissan
Chemical Industries, and Teijin Pharma.
BMS says it plans to keep the Amira sci-
entists on board and working in their San
Diego labs. LISA JARVIS
ACQUISITIONS Bristol-Myers Squibb will acquire small-molecule drug firm Amira

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13
WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
COVER STORY
BEGIN WITH the end in mind. Its one of
the seven habits of highly effective people,
according to leadership guru Steven R.
Covey. Highly effective consumer products
companies are leaders at prototyping, con-
sumer research, and creating inviting retail
environments because, for them, a happy
customer is the ideal end state. But com-
panies are starting to recognize that their
products have a life after the customer, and
that life often isnt pretty.
A cell phone, a car tire, or a plastic bottle
will, more often than not, be thrown away
after use. But away is not a mythical
nonplace; it usually means either a landfill
or trash incinerator. All three objects are
made with materials that can be recycled,
and increasingly they are being recycled.
In the U.S., 34% of municipal solid waste
was recycled in 2009, versus 10% in 1980,
according to the Environmental Protection
Agency. For the most part, however, the
products consumers use every day were
not designed with any end-of-life destina-
tion in mind.
The marketplace is showing signs that
this shortsightedness will change: Sustain-
ability initiatives of both retailers and con-
sumer products manufacturers increas-
ingly include goals for product stewardship
whereby companies plan, and oftentimes
pay for, the recycling or appropriate
disposal of a product after its useful life.
Chemical and material suppliers are being
warned by their customers to prepare for
the day when these initiatives encompass
their products, as well.
Companies committed to taking back
merchandise for recycling arrange for their
products to flow through a supply chain that
they refer to as the back end. Its similar to
the forward supply chain that creates prod-
ucts for consumers, only it runs in reverse.
And just like in the forward supply chain,
which links raw material maker, product
manufacturer, and retailer, each of the part-
ners in the reverse supply chain must make
a profit for the system to function.
It turns out that reclaiming and reselling
valuable materials or managing hazardous
ones makes money for a host of resellers
and recyclers. Still, planning what to do
with used goods would be much easier if
material makers got in on the front end
of the game, says Allison Gregg, manager
of product sustainability for wireless car-
rier Sprint . To that end, the company is
working with cell phone manufacturers
such as Samsung to design products for
disassembly.
TAKING IT BACK
Material makers will have to adapt to help consumer goods
firms fulfill PRODUCT STEWARDSHIP goals
MELODY M. BOMGARDNER, C&EN NORTHEAST NEWS BUREAU
LIKE NEW Workers at
ReCellular take apart
and refurbish used
cell phones for resale.
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COVER STORY
We recognize that our suppliers are the
handset manufacturers, Gregg says. The
company also recognizes that the final end-
of-life treatment of any device component
depends on what it is made of. Thus, she
points out, you have to go down deep into
their supply chain to really understand
the roots of the materials that go into the
phone. That digging will reach chemical
and material suppliers someday soon, she
suggests.
On July 20, the Obama Administration
put a spotlight on electronics recycling
when it introduced the National Strategy
for Electronics Stewardship , a voluntary
EPA-industry partnership (C&EN, July 25,
page 28).
A ROBUST electronics recycling industry
in America would create new opportuni-
ties to efficiently and profitably address a
growing pollution threat, said EPA Admin-
istrator Lisa P. Jackson, at the launch of the
program. The participation of industry
leaders like Dell, Sprint, and Sony is abso-
lutely essential to this effort, and will help
ensure that the work of the federal govern-
mentthe largest electronics consumer
aroundis protecting our people from
pollution while supporting savings and job
creation through electronics recycling, or
e-cycling, and reuse of valuable materials.
The strategy would also ensure that all
electronics used by the federal government
are reused or recycled properly, according
to EPA.
Regulations at the state level are already
driving retail product companies to for-
mulate stewardship policies. Currently, 25
states have regulations requiring e-cycling,
and most make manufacturers responsible
for taking back products. An additional
four states have introduced legislation this
year. EPA data show that, nationally, 19%
of consumer electronics were recycled in
2009. Cell phones are normally not includ-
ed in state laws, and only 10% of handsets
were recycled in 2009. But the trend is for
state laws to expand the scope of products
they cover.
The first state e-cycling laws were put
in place in 2006, and the laws are continu-
ally being refined, according to Barbara
Kyle, national coordinator of the watch-
dog group Electronics TakeBack Coali-
tion . Now that there is a little data from
programs that have been running a few
years, we can see which systems work bet-
ter, Kyle says. When many states first
passed the laws, legislators were guessing
at how this would work. In my mind, its
proving to be a pretty valuable policy test-
ing ground for something fairly complex.
It can take time, but state regulations
have been effective in prodding consumer
product recycling. In the 1980s, for ex-
ample, many states began requiring the re-
cycling of lead-acid car batteries. By 1990,
according to EPA, 95% of batteries were
being recycled, and they are still the most
frequently recycled product in the U.S.
Probably the best-known example of state
policies is bottle-deposit laws . In place in
11 states, they have been shown to
boost beverage-container recycling
rates to as high as 80%.
Interestingly, most of these
laws were not enacted to keep
materials out of landfills, although
that is often a significant benefit.
Battery-recycling laws and similar
ones for electronics handling were
designed to manage the flow of
hazardous materials, primarily lead
and mercury, but also cadmium,
beryllium, hexavalent chromium,
and antimony. And the bottle-
deposit laws originated as a way to
reduce litter.
In addition to needing to comply
with state law, companies are feel-
ing heat from consumers to improve the
end-of-life profile of their products. This
has been the case recently with packaging,
says Elizabeth Shoch, project manager at
GreenBlue , which runs the Sustainable
Packaging Coalition . A lot of it is driven
by consumers who want to do something
good with their packaging and ask, Why
cant I recycle this thing that you sold me?
Packaging is so visible to the public, she
says. It gets a bad rap a lot of times.
Companies that promote their product
stewardship to customers can add some
environmentally friendly gloss to their
brand. For example, in 2010, Sprint, the
third-largest wireless provider in the U.S.,
took back 3.9 million cell phones. Were
looking for ways to set ourselves apart
from the competition, so we are building
on our leadership in this space, remarks
Darren Beck, head of corporate responsi-
bility at Sprint. Many governments and
nonprofits, and some consumers, do take
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Consumer electronics
PET bottles & jars
HDPE bottles
Glass containers
Tires
Aluminum beverage cans
Yard trimmings
a
Steel cans
Ofce paper
Auto batteries
Percent recycled, by weight
a EPA includes composting in recycling measures. HDPE = high-density polyethylene. PET = polyethylene
terephthalate. SOURCE: EPA, 2009
POPULAR DIVERSIONS Electronics contain valuable materials, but they are
frequently not recycled.
Landlled
54%
Combusted with
energy recovery
12%
Recovered
& recycled
34%
Municipal solid waste produced
in 2009 = 243 million tons
SOURCE: EPA
DUMPING IT Landlling is the most
common option for handling waste in the U.S.
The last place these devices
belong is a landfill.
15
WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
into consideration corporate responsibility in their purchasing
decision.
Watchdog groups such as the Electronics TakeBack Coalition
continually pressure firms like Sprint to be transparent about their
recycling partners and what happens to the electronics they re-
cover. Firms on the back end may be tempted to export electronic
waste, or e-waste, to developing countries where environmental
and health standards for recycling workers are low or nonexistent.
To avoid that potential black eye, brand owners increasingly re-
quire their partners to be certified as meeting EPAs Responsible
Recycling Practices (R2) program or the independent e-Stewards
standards.
THE REVERSE SUPPLY chain has different profit centers for dif-
ferent partners. For example, ReCellular is a private company that
refurbishes and resells used mobile devices, many of which come
from take-back programs. According to Joe McKeown, vice presi-
dent for marketing and communications, the company takes in
19 million phones a year, and roughly 70% have resale value. Even
nonworking ones have valuable parts, McKeown says. The last
place these devices belong is a landfill.
After the resellers come the recyclers.
They recover and sell plastics, glass, rare-
earth elements, valuable metals such as
silver and gold, and heavy metals including
mercury.
Even if the amounts of material collected
from each item are often quite small, the pay-
off can be significant.
The circuits on those boardswe recover all those metals. The
higher the price of those commodities, the more advantageous it
is for companies to collect and for us to process and reclaim those
materials, says Ted Lawson, chemical industry market leader at
Veolia Environmental Services , an R2-certified firm that handles
all kinds of wastes, including e-waste, and helps its customers ful-
fill their no-landfill policies. Depending on the changing econom-
ics, our customers may benefit financially or they may be paying a
fee.
To smooth the way for safe handling and recycling of electron-
ics, manufacturers are reducing the amount of lead and mercury
in their devices. Some are also trying to avoid polyvinyl chloride or
polymers that contain brominated flame retardants.
To make plastics flame retardant, materials makers add hal o-
TRASH REBORN
Micronized rubber
powder, made from
old tires, can be
used in new ones.
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Four specialized divisions work together to ensure that
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16
WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
genated compounds, including brominated
flame retardants. In addition, PVC is often
used in flexible coatings for cables and
wires. The chlorine in the PVC coatings
acts as a flame retardant. These materials
can release hazardous air pollutants when
melted or burned during processing to
recover the metals in electronics. Still, safe
product design requires materials that will
not ignite or spread flames.
CHEMICAL MAKER DSM offers a suite
of alternative, halogen-free engineering
plastics aimed at the electronics market
and others where recycling is common.
Engineering plastics end up in critical
technical applications, whether in automo-
tive, electronics, or food packaging, says
Fredric Petit, director of sustainability at
DSM Engineering Plastics.
The company has been working to cer-
tify its products as recyclable through the
Cradle to Cradle designation developed by
McDonough Braungart Design Chemistry ,
a product design consultancy. The effort
is a newer expansion of our sustainabil-
ity concept, Petit says. We take end of
life into account. Then you start to think,
Should there be an end of life, or can it be
reused and recycled in a closed loop?
By closed loop, Petit refers to continual
reuse and recycling of a material in the
same product type, an attribute of raw
materials that many customers of chemical
and material suppliers increasingly desire.
DSMs Cradle to Cradle products include
polyamide, copolyester, and polybutylene
terephthalate resins marketed under names
such as Akulon, Arnitel, and EcoPaXX.
Unlike steel and glass , which can be
recycled endlessly, polymers are usually
limited in the amounts that can be reused
in the original application and in the num-
ber of times they can be recycled without
degrading quality. To get the most value,
recyclers often must find markets other
than the original ones.
Lehigh Technologies , based in Georgia,
is a start-up company that has found a
niche in recycling rubber from discarded
tires and from the waste material of tire
makers. Lehigh takes in rubber chunks
from firms that recover used tires. It then
uses a proprietary milling process to cre-
ate what it calls micronized rubber pow-
der, with grain sizes as small as 50 m in
diameter. The different powders are sold
in various markets including tire making,
coatings, sealants, and plastics. Yokohama
Rubber, one of Lehighs clients, also buys
back the powder for use in new tires.
Its a great system for our closed-loop
customers because they get back exactly the
composition they started with, at a particle
size to optimize the amount of material they
can put in. They save landfill costs and the
cost of virgin material, and they can achieve
zero waste, says Lehigh Chief Executive
Officer Alan Barton, who earlier in his career
led sustainability efforts at Rohm and Haas.
New tires can include 3 to 7% of the mi-
cronized rubber powder by weight. The
next phase of the technology road map is
to functionalize the rubber powders with
chemistry to move to higher loadings that
still deliver top-flight performance, Bar-
ton explains. In the meantime, demand
from nontire markets has helped the firm
expand revenues 40% per year.
INCLUDING RECYCLED material in a
product does not guarantee that the prod-
uct itself can be recycled, GreenBlues
Shoch points out. And packaging makers
who use recyclable materials such as plas-
tics or even glass, steel, or aluminum need
to ensure they are designing products that
can be recycled easily.
The main problems can come with a
package made of a bunch of different ma-
terials that cant be disassembled, Shoch
says. For example, a can made of steel
with an aluminum top will be picked up
by magnets and sorted with steel, but the
aluminum part wont be recycled, Shoch
explains. A similar situation faces polymer-
metal-paper aseptic cartons, and makers of
these cartons have had to design their own
take-back and recycling programs. To help
avoid these complications, GreenBlue and
the Association of Postconsumer Plastic
Recyclers recently put out detailed packag-
ing design guidelines.
For industrial products, the materi-
als may be different but the take-back
COVER STORY
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
2,200
2,400
2,600
2,800
3,000
3,200
3,400
09 08 07 05 2000
Amount of waste, thousands of tons
Waste generated
Diverted from landll
NOTE: For years reported. SOURCE: EPA
CATCHING UP Recycling rates for
electronics have increased, but so has
the amount of waste.
Product purchase
and use
Reuse (give or sell
to others) or put
in storage
Bring to recycling
collection
Dispose
Resell in the U.S.
Resell outside
the U.S.
New
products
Residual
disposal
Process in the U.S.
Process
outside the U.S.
SOURCE: EPA
CIRCLE OF E-LIFE In the Obama Administrations
national recycling scheme, materials in used
electronics will be resold or recycled by U.S.-based
companies, rather than being disposed of in landlls.
17
WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
principle is the same, as Dow Chemical s
experience with chlorinated solvents
shows. Use of the solvents, which can
pose environmental and health risks if
handled improperly, has been phased out
in some industries in favor of aqueous
cleaners. But chlorinated solvents are
still used as degreasers in precision metal
manufacturing. Dows return program,
called Safechem, ensures proper recycling
by delivering the chlorinated solvents in
sealed containers that connect to washing
stations. A waste handler then collects the
used solvent in a second sealed container.
We are a strong proponent of maintain-
ing the use of chlorinated solvents, but we
recognize they have to be handled in closed
systems, explains Ann E. Davis, environ-
mental, health, and safety global product
leader for Dows basic chemicals business.
The recovered solvents can be distilled
by the waste handler and either reused by
customers or serve as raw materials within
Dow. Davis says the program meets the te-
nets of Responsible Care and Dows prod-
uct stewardship goals.
AS TAKE-BACK programs proliferate,
many industry observers are waiting to
see whether lessons learned by the players
on the back end of the supply chainthe
resellers and recyclerswill influence
manufacturers and material makers at the
front of the chain. Although rarely asked,
recyclers like Veolia can provide useful
insights, Lawson says: We can look at the
current technologies and economic con-
straints. We can examine the product as a
whole and its components and look for a
more sustainable state.
The conversations are just beginning
to move in the direction of manufacturers
and their raw material suppliers, Sprints
Beck says. We have been working with the
Underwriters Laboratories Environment
program over the last year to establish a
standard for sustainable mobile devices
basically green cell phonesand weve
had to gather input from all phases up and
down the supply chain, including a number
of manufacturers as well as our recyclers.
Shoch of GreenBlue adds, Were hoping
that packaging designers can ask ques-
tions, such as to an adhesive supplier: Do
you know how this performs in recycling?
A supplier should be able to answer that
question.
It would be better if material makers
didnt wait to be asked, says Kyle of the
Electronics TakeBack Coalition. We feel
that very little is being done to really fos-
ter the development of safer alternatives.
Manufacturers may want to find these
things, but they are not the ones who have
chemists working for them, she points
out. In fact, many manufacturers dont
know the chemicals in their products. We
need some type of initiative within indus-
try that includes the chemical companies,
manufacturers, and component makers.
What would it take to actually make that
happen?
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Read about firms take-back policies and see guidelines for
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18
WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
BRASKEM ACQUIRING DOWS
POLYPROPYLENE BUSINESS
Dow Chemical is selling its global polypropylene business to the Brazilian
firm Braskem for a total of $340 million. The business operates plants
in Freeport and Seadrift, Texas, and Wesseling and Schkopau, Germany,
with combined polypropylene capacity of 1.05 million metric tons per
year. The sale doesnt include catalyst and technology assets. Dow CEO
Andrew N. Liveris says the business has delivered historic margins that
do not meet our expectations moving forward. Dow earlier put its poly-
propylene and high-density polyethylene businesses up for sale, although
sources tell C&EN that the firm has not marketed the latter in recent
months. For Braskem, the deal follows the acquisition of Sunocos U.S.
polypropylene business last year for $350 million. The company says it
expects to capture approximately $140 million in synergies between the
two businesses, which combined will be the leading polypropylene sup-
plier in the U.S. MM
OXY PLANS CHLORINE
AT DUPONT TiO
2
PLANT
Occidental Chemical plans to build a chlor-
alkali facility adjacent to DuPont s titanium
dioxide plant in Johnsonville, Tenn. The
facility is expected to open in 2013 at a cost
of up to $290 million. It will be designed
to produce 182,500 short tons of chlorine
and 200,000 dry short tons of caustic soda
per year using membrane cell technology.
OxyChem will supply the chemicals to Du-
Pont for use in the production of the white
pigment. DuPont, which calls the plant the
worlds largest TiO
2
facility, will in turn
supply OxyChem with raw material salt
that it generates as a by-product of TiO
2
production. MM
TESSENDERLO SELLS
U.S. VINYLS UNIT
Belgian chemical firm Tessenderlo has
sold its Chelsea Building Products sub-
sidiary to the private equity firm Graham
Partners. A maker of polyvinyl chloride
windows and doors, Chelsea generated
about $50 million in sales last year. Albert
Vasseur, Tessenderlos director of plas-
tics converting, says Chelsea rebounded
strongly from the economic crisis but is
not a market leader. Tessenderlo runs
a larger building products business in
Europe. Separately, the European Com-
mission has approved the sale of Tessend-
erlos PVC and chlorine business to Ineos
Kerling unit. AHT
NEW VENTURE TARGETS
NONCHROME PIGMENTS
Crosslink and Wayne Pigment have formed
a joint venture to commercialize hexava-
lent chromium-free corrosion inhibitors
for military and industrial applications.
The venture, CW Technologies, will com-
bine Crosslinks nonchromate inhibitor
technology, subject of a patent issued on
May 3, with Waynes hybrid inhibitor pig-
ment technology. The firms, which are
seeking coatings industry partners, note
that hexavalent chromium is tightly regu-
lated by EPA and targeted for reduced use
by the Department of Defense. MM
GEVO, SOUTH HAMPTON
SLATE DEMO FACILITY
Gevo , a renewable chemicals and biofuels
company, will work with South Hampton
Resources, a hydrocarbon processor, to
build a demonstration processing plant at
South Hamptons facility in Silsbee, Texas,
near Houston. Expected to be complete
before the end of the year, the facility will
process monthly up to 10,000 gal of Gevos
isobutyl alcohol into jet fuel, isooctane,
isooctene, and p -xylene. MMB
DUPONT BUYS SOLAR
INK FIRM INNOVALIGHT
DuPont has acquired Silicon Valley start-
up Innovalight , a maker of silicon inks and
process technologies that increase the con-
version efficiency
of crystalline sili-
con solar cells. The
ink, made from silicon nanoparticles dis-
persed in a chemical blend, can be applied
with industry-standard screen printers.
DuPont says it sold more than $1 billion
worth of materials for the photovoltaic
market in 2010. MMB
MERCK, SOLVAY INVEST
IN PHOTOVOLTAICS
Merck KGaA and Solvay are making new in-
vestments in plastic electronics. Merck and
Nano-C, a Westwood, Mass.-based devel-
oper of nanostructured carbon materials,
will develop semiconductors for organic
photovoltaics. Additionally, Merck will
distribute derivatives of PCBM, a phenyl-
butyric acid-substituted C
61
compound.
The pair hopes to achieve solar power
conversion efficiency of more than 10%.
Separately, Solvay is investing $15 million
in Pittsburgh-based conductive polymer
firm Plextronics. Solvay participated in
funding rounds for the company in 2007
and 2009. AHT
AKZONOBEL TO ADD
CHINA SURFACTANTS
AkzoNobel is acquiring Boxing Oleochemi-
cals, a Chinese firm that Akzo calls the
leading supplier of nitrile amines and de-
rivatives in Asia. Established in 1993, Box-
ing had sales last year of about $145 million.
BUSI NESS CONCENTRATES
Innovalight founder
Conrad Burke.
D
U
P
O
N
T
Bob Margevich, managing director of
AkzoNobel Surface Chemistry, says Azko
plans to increase capacity at Boxings
Shandong site with its own manufacturing
technology. MM
19
WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
BUSI NESS CONCENTRATES
BASF WILL DOUBLE
PLASTICIZER OUTPUT
BASF plans to double capacity for Hexamoll
DINCH, a phthalate-free plasticizer, at its
headquarters complex in Ludwigshafen,
Germany. Through construction of a second
plant, DINCH capacity will rise to 200,000
metric tons per year. The plasticizer,
1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid diisononyl
ester, debuted in 2002. BASF quadrupled ca-
pacity to 100,000 metric tons in 2007. MM
AND ALNYLAM TO MIT
Alnylam Pharmaceuticals and MIT have
developed new nanoparticles for the
systemic delivery of RNAi therapeutics.
They created core-shell nanoparticles us-
ing high-throughput polymer synthesis
and then screened for those having the
best properties for intracellular delivery.
Continued progress in delivery of RNAi
therapeutics requires broad-based efforts
around novel lipids, conjugates, and poly-
mers, says Kevin Fitzgerald, Alnylams
senior director of research. The partners
published their findings in the Proceed-
ings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
(DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1106379108 ). AMT
FDA ACCUSES CETERO
OF FALSIFYING DATA
FDA has sent a letter to Cetero Research
informing the firm of objectionable
conditions observed at its Houston
bioanalytical facility during a May 2010
inspection. FDA alleges that company
chemists falsified dates and times in
laboratory records and manipulated
equilibrium samples to meet predeter-
mined acceptance criteria. The agency
has concluded that data generated at the
facility from April 2005 to June 2010, in-
cluding data customers relied on for new
drug applications, are unreliable. Cetero
says it informed FDA of the problem after
uncovering it two years ago and doesnt
understand why the agency sent the
letter. MM
BAYER LICENSES
TRIUS ANTIBIOTIC
Bayer Pharma will pay Trius Therapeutics
$25 million up front for regional rights
to torezolid, an antibiotic against gram-
positive bacteria that is in Phase III trials to
treat acute bacterial skin and skin structure
infections (ABSSSI). The San Diego-based
firm will allow Bayer to develop the anti-
biotic in Africa, Latin America, the Middle
East, and Asia excluding North and South
Korea. Bayer will pay 25% of the costs nec-
essary to gain approval for torezolid as a
BUSINESS
ROUNDUP
DSM has confirmed press
reports that it is exploring
the acquisition of Provimi
in cooperation with the
animal nutrition com-
pany Nutreco . Provimi is
an animal nutrition firm
headquartered in the
Netherlands. It operates
70 plants in 26 countries
and has 7,000 employees.
FMC has agreed to
acquire the European
persulfates business
of RheinPerChemie.
RheinPerChemie manu-
factures persulfates in
Rheinfelden, Germany.
FMC says its own plant
in Tonawanda, N.Y., is the
worlds largest persul-
fates facility.
CABOT will expand ca-
pacity of its fumed silica
plant in Barry, Wales,
by 25% by 2012 as part
of a three-year plan to
boost its global fumed
metal oxide capacity by
3540%. Cabots raw
material is silanes from
an adjacent Dow Corning
facility. Dow Corning, in
turn, uses fumed silica in
compounded silicones.
SOLUTIA has selected
Kuantan, Malaysia, for
its new polyvinyl butyral
resin plant. PVB is used
as an interlayer in glass to
prevent car windshields
from shattering. Solutia
completed a PVB inter-
layer plant in Suzhou,
China, in 2007.
LUBRIZOL is initiating a
multi-million dollar proj-
ect to expand capacity
for chlorinated polyvinyl
chloride at its Louisville,
Ky., plant by the end
of next year. CPVC is a
temperature- and fire-
resistant polymer used
in building sprinkler
systems.
BASF and the Founda-
tion for Fundamental
Research on Matter are
starting a second re-
search program on mag-
netocaloric materials. Be-
cause they heat up when
placed in a magnetic
field and cool down when
removed, such materials
may be an alternative to
fluorocarbons in air con-
ditioners, BASF says.
BAXTER International
has established Baxter
Ventures to invest up to
$200 million in start-up
firms. The firm is targeting
promising early-stage
companies developing
therapies that comple-
ment Baxters existing
portfolio.
AMYRIS has com-
missioned a second
industrial-scale facility for
its biobased farnesene.
The facility is at a site in
Len, Spain, owned by
Antibiticos. The firm
also has extended its col-
laboration with flavors
and fragrances company
Firmenich to include a
third biobased ingredient.
MERCK & CO. and Chi-
nas Simcere Pharmaceu-
tical Group have agreed
to set up a joint venture
to provide medicines in
China. The companies
will work together to
develop and sell branded
pharmaceutical products
for cardiovascular and
metabolic diseases, in-
cluding high cholesterol
and diabetes.
Although demand initially came from toy
manufacturers, DINCH is increasingly
being used in medical applications and food
packaging, BASF says.

B
A
S
F
DRUG DELIVERY LINKS
ZCUBE TO CALTECH
Zcube, the research venture arm of Italys
Zambon , will work with Caltech to develop
skin patches containing embedded car-
bon nanotubes for drug delivery. The pact
centers on technology developed by Mory
Gharib, a Caltech professor of aeronautics
and bioinspired engineering who figured
out how to anchor one end of each nanotube
to the patch, with the other end protruding
to painlessly deliver drugs to the skin. In
February Zcube partnered with the Univer-
sity of California, San Francisco , to develop
methods of delivering drugs directly to the
small intestine and colon. LJ
treatment for ABSSSI and pneumonia, and
potentially pay up to $69 million more in
milestones. LJ
20
WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
LACK OF ORGANIZATIONAL self-confi-
dence is not an attribute often associated
with BASF, the worlds largest chemical
company. Later this year, BASF will begin
construction of a $1.2 billion polyurethane
complex at the Chongqing Chemical In-
dustry Park in southwest China. BASFs
assuredness will come in handy as it tries to
convince wary residents that its project is
in their best interest.
The German company is eager for the
plants construction to proceed smoothly.
But it faces challenges on two fronts. Resi-
dents of the communities adjacent to the
chemical park are former farmers, many of
whom are bitter about having had to give
up their land to make way for industry.
Beyond the local communities, environ-
mental activists are unconvinced of the
safety of the project, which, they say, was
approved in a secretive way.
To improve its standing in the eyes
of local residents and to bring environ-
mental activists on board, the companys
Chongqing-based staff is launching a new
community relations program this month.
Corporate outreach activities are uncom-
mon in China, particularly in an inland city
such as Chongqing.
The people in Chongqing dont trust
the chemical industry; theyve seen many
accidents, says Christian Tragut, gen-
eral manager of BASF Polyurethanes in
Chongqing. But they dont know BASF
yet.
The industrial park is in recently devel-
oped Changshou, a section of the munici-
pality of Chongqing about two hours by car
from the city center. Its seven years old
and already houses numerous, mostly lo-
cal, chemical companies. The government
seized the land to build it before BASF ar-
rived, but lingering resentment colors resi-
dents attitudes toward the company. Lo-
cals contend they did not receive enough
compensation for yielding their land and
that their new neighbors are dangerous.
When the government approved the
BASF project earlier this year, Greenpeace
said it was unacceptable to build such a
project next to the Yangtze, the largest
river in China. In central Chongqing, Deng-
ming Wu, president of
the Green Volunteer
League of Chongqing,
worries most about the
threat the BASF proj-
ect poses to his city of
some 5 million people. The wind blows
from Changshou to central Chong qing in
summer, he says. And they will use par-
ticularly toxic materials like phosgene and
benzene.
The resettled former farmers now
mostly live in apartment buildings in Yan-
jia, a community of about 40,000 people
within the Changshou district. Many Yanjia
residents are not keen to talk about leaving
their land because several people were ar-
rested after expressing discontent. Most of
the residents who talked to C&EN did so
in casual conversations without providing
their names.
WERE WORRIED about the pollution, es-
pecially after the BASF plant is built, says
the owner of a small restaurant on a Yanjia
main street. The money he received for
giving up his land did not meet his expecta-
tions, but he does not complain forcefully.
A year ago, he says, one of his aunts started
serving a two-year jail sentence for partici-
pating in a protest. You get some money
from the government, he says. Its not
quite enough to acquire an apartment in
BASF COMES TO TOWN
German firm launches charm offensive in China in
face of PROTESTS OVER POLYURETHANE PROJECT
JEAN-FRANOIS TREMBLAY, C&EN HONG KONG
BUSI NESS
A BIG TOWN More province than
city, the municipality of Chongqing
was created in 1996 by the merger
of Chongqing, several other cities
including Changshou, and the
surrounding countryside.
Hong Kong
VIETNAM
Yangtze River
South China Sea
Chongqing
Chongqing
municipality
Changshou
CHINA
Beijing
250 miles
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Wu stands in
front of the site of
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RESETTLED
Chongqing farmers
whose land was
seized to make way
for an industrial
park now live in
these apartment
buildings.
The people in Chongqing dont
trust the chemical industry;
theyve seen many accidents.
this town, and if you complain, off to jail
you go.
Few ex-farmers seem to miss their for-
mer life, though. At a budget hotel in Yan-
jia, a housekeeper tells C&EN, Things are
much better nowI get paid every week.
As others do, she says that the financial
compensation her family received for its
land was inadequate but that complaining
about it would only lead to jail time.
Not everyone in Yanjia is afraid to open-
ly talk about the land seizures. Hui Wang,
the 40-year-old mother of a teenage boy,
was released in March after serving a two-
year jail term for transporting contraband
items in a long-distance bus.
It was a made-up charge, she tells
C&EN. The real reason she was arrested,
she says, was that she was traveling to
Beijing to complain to the central govern-
ment. Prior to her attempt to reach Beijing,
Wang and other protesters had blocked a
road leading to the Chongqing Chemical
Industry Park for a week, in February 2009.
The protesters were outraged that the gov-
ernment had not deposited some of their
land compensation money into a retire-
ment account, as they say had been agreed.
Wang and another person were jailed after
the protests. Twenty others got two-year
terms after another protest in the summer
of 2010, Wang says.
Wang takes a dim view of not only the
government but also the chemical indus-
try. Local residents of Yanjia develop skin
allergies from wearing clothes washed in
polluted water, she says. My skin wasnt
itchy in jail, and it started again once I came
back, she says. How do you explain that?
WIDESPREAD FINANCIAL prosperity,
without pollution, is what BASF believes
its project will help bring to Yanjia and
the Chongqing region. Our plant will
employ 300 people on a permanent basis,
and downstream units will provide jobs to
another 3,000, BASFs Tragut says. The
government wants to develop this area,
and BASF can help to bring about a lot of
change.
BASF expects to start up its project in
2014. Occupying more than 100 acres,
it will be by far the largest project in the
Chongqing Chemical Industry Park. Its
centerpiece will be a plant producing
methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI)
with an annual capacity of 400,000 metric
tons. BASF will also build units making the
MDI raw materials nitrobenzene, aniline,
and phosgene. Upstream and downstream
from BASF will be 14 partner companies
that will either supply BASF or buy its
products for further processing.
MDI is the main component of rigid
polyurethane foam, which is used in con-
struction and appliance applica-
tions. It also finds use in adhe-
sives, thermoplastic elastomers,
and coatings. BASF already oper-
ates an MDI plant in Shanghai. It
sees a need for a second unit in
Chongqing to serve the Chinese
hinterland.
According to Zhenbang Jiang,
general manager of the government-owned
Chongqing Chemical Industry Park, the
economic impact of the BASF project far ex-
ceeds the 3,000 or so chemical production
jobs that it will create. Other companies, in
the automotive and electronics industries,
are coming to the area to take advantage
of BASFs products, he tells C&EN. The
polyurethane made here will mostly be con-
sumed by companies around Chongqing.
Being inland, the Chongqing area has
been left behind by the rapid economic
growth that Chinas coastal cities are enjoy-
ing, Jiang says. BASF and other chemical
companies help to spread the wealth inland,
according to Jiang: Many of the local young
people have moved away, he says, and
were giving them a chance to remain here.
A technical institute training teenagers and
young adults for jobs in the chemical indus-
try will open in Changshou next year, Jiang
adds. It will enroll 10,000 students.
Regarding local discontent,
Jiang says land seizures were
done in a proper way. The money
farmers got for their land, he
says, was awarded in accordance
with regularly updated pricing
guidelines issued by Beijing. Fre-
quent changes in the guidelines
have been responsible for some
grumbling, he points out, because some
farmers may have received more money
than others depending on when the gov-
ernment acquired their land.
Farmers who were using land not des-
ignated for agriculture may also have been
frustrated that they were not compensated.
The government doesnt pay for protected
land such as nature preserves, Jiang says.
I think many of the frustrated people here
were on land they should not have been
on.
Wang, the recently freed resident, tells
C&EN that her family did indeed receive
compensation for only part of the land it
had been using, but that she wasnt ever
told the remaining land was off-limits.
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WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
She adds that the government uses many
methods to reduce the amount of compen-
sation it pays.
Jiang responds that after farmers leave
their land, the government provides exten-
sive assistance. For instance, the govern-
ment subsidizes the residents apartments
in Yanjia and has built schools and hospi-
tals nearby. Moreover, residents receive
help with finding jobs. By taking away
their land, weve turned them into urban
dwellers, he says. We have a responsibil-
ity to help them settle into this new life.
Overall, Jiang says, the Chongqing
Chemical Industry Park aims to adhere
to the highest stan-
dards in both com-
munity relations
and environmental
management. Such
efforts help attract
other companies.
Like BASF, Bayer is
interested in building
a polyurethane plant
at the site, Jiang tells
C&EN. These com-
panies want a stable
society, a clean envi-
ronment, access to
resources, industrial
safety, he says.
Emission controls
at the park are com-
prehensive, Jiang
maintains. First, com-
panies building there
must demonstrate
that they will have systems in place to com-
ply with local environmental standards.
Second, the park manages a control room
that monitors emissions of all the plants
there. Were monitoring 40 companies so
far, Jiang says.
Third, all wastewater is treated both by
individual plants and by a central water
treatment facility operated by the French
company Suez. Finally, the park has built
reservoirs to contain accidental releases
of untreated water before they can reach
the nearby Yangtze River. Its far better to
locate many chemical plants at a well-man-
aged site such as this one than haphazardly
all over the countryside, Jiang says.
He is dismissive of the Green Volunteer
Leagues concerns that the BASF plant may
be unsafe, saying that the league failed to
attend public hearings about the project
before it was approved. Mr. Wu should
participate in the information sessions that
we hold rather than listen to what he hears
on the street, Jiang says. We are happy to
discuss our safety practices with him.
FOR HIS PART, Wu says that BASF was
not forthcoming during the environmental
impact assessment (EIA) process that pre-
ceded the projects approval. For instance,
the company did not contact the league
even though its one of the oldest envi-
ronmental groups in
China. BASF, he says,
should have made its
EIA submission public
to allow league mem-
bers to assess its plans.
BASFs Tragut
counters that the
company does not al-
low nongovernmental
organizations or the
public to review EIAs
anywhere in the world
because they contain
technical informa-
tion that competi-
tors could use. The
companys plans were
thoroughly debated
by numerous Chinese
experts during the
EIA process, he says.
Moreover, a simplified
description of BASFs
project, containing
key details, was posted
online, Tragut adds.
The Chongqing
complex will be built
in accordance with
BASFs best practices,
Tragut promises. The
company is particu-
larly vigilant regarding
phosgene, a hazardous gas that was used
as a field weapon during World War I and
the Second Sino-Japanese War in the years
before World War II.
To minimize risk, BASF will produce
only as much phosgene as is needed and
will keep it under low pressure. The phos-
gene will be held in a large chamber made
from reinforced concretebasically a
bunker, Tragut says.
There is no Chinese requirement for
such a chamber, he notes, but BASF will
build it to comply with its corporate MDI
production standards. The chamber will
be fitted with a destruct system capable
of neutralizing any accidental release of
phosgene gas.
Other measures will also ensure the
safety of the production process, Tragut
adds. For instance, any modification made
to the plants original design will have to
receive approval from the firms global
MDI safety team. We go through compre-
hensive scenario analysis for any change
made to an MDI plant, he says.
In the end, BASF hopes to address
concerns that its MDI complex might
raise through a community advisory panel
(CAP) that it is in the process of setting up
in Changshou. Principles governing CAP
membership were agreed on at a meeting in
July that was attended by Wu, of the Green
Volunteer League, and Jiang, the head of
the chemical industry park. BASF expects
the first CAP meeting to take place later
this month.
Wu is encouraged by BASFs CAP initia-
tive. The EIA process was secretive, and
we were not allowed to participate, he
says. I am more optimistic now.
Jiang argues that the arrival of interna-
tional companies in Changshou benefits
the area in many ways: These companies
bring in not only investment capital, but
also their advanced way of doing things in
a very open way. Corporate community
relations programs are rare in China, he
says.
In Changshous Yanjia district, a resi-
dent standing outside a convenience store
one evening is philosophical about the
local growth of the chemical industry.
Sure, he says, the compensation residents
received for their land did not cover the
costs of buying new apartments and of con-
tributing to a mandatory government-run
social welfare fund. But, he adds, China is
becoming more prosperous every year, and
you cant stop progress. Weve now moved
from farms to cities, and things are getting
better all the time.
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Wang, a resident
of Yanjia recently
released from
jail, claims
government
officials cheated
her family out of
compensation for
their land.
Its far better to locate many chemical plants at a well-managed
site such as this one than haphazardly all over the countryside.
23
WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
SINCE JANUARY, the Food & Drug Ad-
ministration has approved as many new
molecular entities, or NMEs, as it did in all
of 2010. The statistic has led drug industry
watchers to wonder what prompted the
seemingly sudden improvement in produc-
tivity and to ask whether companies can
sustain this pace of new approvals.
A popular explanation for the surge in
new drug approvals, or NDAs, is that big
drug companies, after a period of R&D
restructuring, have become better at devel-
oping drugs. That was the conclusion of a
front-page article in the Wall Street Journal
last month.
Theres no doubt that big pharma has
already had more success this year than
in recent history. Of the 21 NMEs ap-
proved so far, 13 are owned by major drug
companies, compared with just eight in
all of 2010. But C&ENs examination of
the products winning approval in the past
seven months shows that the jump is not
the result of recent shifts in R&D strategy
BEHIND THE SURGE
A swell in FDA APPROVALS has many wondering whether
the drug industry has finally gotten better at R&D
LISA M. JARVIS, C&EN NORTHEAST NEWS BUREAU
NEW DRUG APPROVALS
As many new molecular entities have been approved so far this year as were approved in all of 2010
DRUG INDICATION MODE OF ACTION LICENSEE HISTORY
DaTscan Diagnosis of Parkinsons
disease
Tropane derivative GE Healthcare History not available
Natroba Treatment of head lice Insecticide ParaPro Work on insecticide began at Eli Lilly & Co. in the
late 1980s
Viibryd Depression Selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitor
Forest Laboratories Discovered by Merck KGaA in the 1990s
Daliresp Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease
Phosphodiesterase type 4
inhibitor
Forest Laboratories Discovered by Altana
Edarbi Hypertension Angiotensin II receptor
blocker
Takeda Pharmaceutical Discovered in-house in the mid-1990s
Gadavist CNS imaging agent Gadolinium chelate Bayer Schering AG rst reported preclinical data on the
contrast agent in 1995
Benlysta Lupus Anti-BLyS antibody Human Genome Sci-
ences/GlaxoSmithKline
HGS discovered cytokine protein BLyS in the late
1990s
Yervoy Melanoma Anti-CTLA-4 antibody Bristol-Myers Squibb Medarex developed antibody on the basis of 1996
discovery of an immune protein CTLA-4 at UC Berkeley
Horizant Restless leg syndrome GABA analog GlaxoSmithKline Prodrug of Pzers gabapentin, which was approved
in 1994
Vandetanib Thyroid cancer VEGFR/EGFR antagonist,
RET inhibitor
AstraZeneca Discovered internally in the 1990s
Zytiga Prostate cancer CYP17A1 modulator Johnson & Johnson U.K.-based nonprot Institute of Cancer Research
led a patent on this cytochrome P450 in 1993
Tradjenta Type 2 diabetes Dipeptidyl peptidase-4
inhibitor
Boehringer Ingelheim Discovered in-house at Boehringer; Eli Lilly & Co.
bought into the development program in
January 2011
Victrelis Hepatitis C NS3a protease inhibitor Merck & Co. Invented at Schering-Plough, which was acquired
by Merck
Incivek Hepatitis C NS3a protease inhibitor Vertex Pharmaceuticals Discovered as part of a collaboration with Eli Lilly &
Co. that began in 1997
Edurant HIV Nonnucleoside reverse
transcriptase inhibitor
Johnson & Johnson J&J conducted research on second-generation
NNRTIs throughout 1990s
Dicid
associated diarrhea
Clostridium difcile- Narrow-spectrum
antibiotic
Optimer Pharmaceuticals Invented in-house on the basis of technology
licensed from Scripps Research Institute in 2001
Potiga Epilepsy Neuronal potassium
channel opener
Valeant Pharmaceuticals Degussa subsidiary Asta Medica initiated
development in the mid-1990s
Nulojix Kidney transplant rejec-
tion
Fusion protein of CTLA-4
and IgG1
Bristol-Myers Squibb Modied version of BMSs arthritis treatment
Orencia, approved in 2005
Arcapta Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease
-adrenergic receptor
agonist
Novartis Discovered in-house in the late 1990s
Xarelto Prevention of deep vein
thrombosis
Factor Xa inhibitor Bayer/Johnson & Johnson Discovery work conducted at Bayer in the late 1990s
Brilinta Cardiovascular disease Adenosine diphosphate
receptor antagonist
AstraZeneca Discovered internally on the basis of platelet P
2T

receptor research tracing back to the mid-1990s
NOTE: Drugs are listed in chronological order of approval in 2011.
SOURCES: FDA, companies
BUSI NESS
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The jump is ... the culmination of years, if not decades,
of drug discovery and development work.
BUSI NESS
but rather the culmination of years, if not
decades, of drug discovery and develop-
ment work.
John L. LaMattina, former head of R&D
at Pfizer , traces the approval spike to tech-
nology advances, such as high-throughput
screening, that occurred in the late 1980s
and early 1990s. Indeed, in nearly every in-
stance, the discovery and lead optimization
work on the new drugs began in the mid- to
late 1990s. Of the 21 products approved, at
least 16 were discovered before 2000, and
in one instance, as early as 1993.
Moreover, delving into the provenance
of the compounds shows that many were
discovered outside big pharma. Of the 21
NMEs, only eight started out in a major
drug firms labs: Takeda Pharmaceuticals
hypertension drug Edarbi, AstraZeneca s
thyroid cancer drug Vandetanib, Merck
& Co. s hepatitis C treatment Victrelis
(developed at Schering-Plough), Novartis
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
treatment Arcapta, Bayer/Johnson & John-
sons anticoagulant Xarelto, Bayers imag-
ing agent Gadavist, AstraZenecas antico-
agulant Brilinta, and J&Js HIV treatment
Edurant (developed in collaboration with
several organizations).
Several of these compounds might have
hit the market earlier were it not for regula-
tory setbacks or FDA information requests
tied to postapproval monitoring. For exam-
ple, Arcapta, a treatment for serious lung
disease, was delayed nearly two years after
FDA asked Novartis for more information
on the dosing of the drug in 2009.
And both of AstraZenecas NMEs had
bumpy regulatory trajectories. In Decem-
ber, FDA asked the firm for further analyses
on its blood thinner Brilinta, despite a 7-to-
1 vote by its advisory committee in favor of
approving the drug. The agency had already
delayed the committees decision by three
months, and the additional data gathering
meant the drug was approved 10 months
later than anticipated.
Meanwhile, FDA delayed by three
months its decision on AstraZenecas thy-
roid cancer drug Vandetanib in order to
evaluate the postapproval risk evaluation
and mitigation strategy submitted by the
company. The drug had already experi-
enced major setbacks in its development:
In 2009 AstraZeneca withdrew applica-
tions in the U.S. and Europe seeking ap-
proval for the drug, then called Zactima, to
treat lung cancer.
Many of the other approved molecules
changed hands over and over again before
finally finding a home. Collaboration
with biotech firms was also critical for big
pharma: Two of the more promising drugs
approvedthe melanoma treatment Yer-
voy and the lupus drug Benlystawere
products of big pharma tapping biotech
firm expertise in developing monoclonal
antibodies.
DESPITE THE CAVEATS, the list does
contain some good news about the drug in-
dustrys innovative powers. Of the 21 drugs
approved so far this year, at least eight are
first-in-class, meaning they are truly in-
novative, offering more than incremental
improvement over existing therapies.
Furthermore, the list includes four
drugs for diseases with few good treatment
options: Benlysta is the first treatment
for lupus erythematosus in half a century;
Victrelis and Incivek both represent the
Development started at
Degussa subsidiary Asta
Medica in the mid-1990s
Potiga
Asta renamed Viatris
Pharmaceuticals in 2002 and sold
to private equity rm Advent ...
... which sold rights to the
compound in 2004 to Xcel
Pharmaceuticals ...
... which was
bought by
Valeant in 2005
Discovered at
Merck KGaA
Viibryd
Licensed
to GSK in 2001
Returned
in 2003
to Merck
Licensed in 2004
to Genaissance
Pharmaceuticals ...
... which was
bought in 2005
by Clinical Data ...
... which was
bought by Forest
Labs in 2011
Edurant
Cyanovinyl diarylpyramidine compounds, including
Edurant, discovered in 2001 by J&J in collaboration with
Rutgers University and the National Cancer Institute
Discovered at the U.K.-
based nonprot Institute
of Cancer Research ...
Zytiga
... which led a
patent on it in 1993
Licensed the compound
in 2004 to Cougar
Biotechnology ...
... which was bought
by J&J in 2009
Discovered
by Altana ...
Daliresp
... which licensed U.S.
rights to Forest Labs
in 2009
... which was
acquired in 2006
by Nycomed ...
Research eforts on second-generation
nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
conducted at J&J throughout 1990s
A CLOSE LOOK Many of the new drugs approved this year changed hands
repeatedly before nally making it to the market.
SOURCE: Companies
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first new therapies for hepatitis C in decades. Similarly, Optimer
Pharmaceuticals Dificid is the first antibiotic in 25 years to com-
bat Clostridium difficile -associated diarrhea, a serious infection of
the inner lining of the colon.
The second half of the year should bring another spate of inno-
vative drugs, in particular for cancer. For example, Seattle Genetics
is likely to gain approval for Adcetris for the treatment of Hodg-
kins leukemia and anaplastic large cell lymphoma.
Last month, an FDA advisory panel unanimously voted in favor
of approving the drug, meaning it will likely get the regulatory
green light later this year (C&EN, July 25, page 10). Adcetris would
be the only marketed antibody-drug conjugate, a class of drug that
links a tumor-specific antibody to a powerful chemotherapeutic,
delivering the therapy directly to cancer cells and lessening the
harsh side effects associated with chemotherapy.
Moreover, many of the cancer compounds on deck for FDA
review have enjoyed expedient clinical programs, thanks to break-
throughs in understanding the biology of certain tumors. In May,
Roche and Plexxikon filed an NDA for vemurafenib, a treatment
for people whose melanoma is being driven by a mutation in the
gene encoding the kinase B-Raf; if accepted by FDA, the compound
could gain approval by the end of the year. The filing comes just six
years after the molecule was discoveredbreakneck speed in the
world of pharmaceutical development.
Pfizers lung cancer treatment crizotinib also enjoyed a quick
path to NDA filing. Originally intending to block c-Met, a protein
implicated in tumor metastasis, medicinal chemists at Sugen began
the discovery work that led to crizotinib just over a decade ago. Su-
gen was acquired by Pharmacia, which was later bought by Pfizer.
In 2007, Japanese researchers found that some lung cancer pa-
tients carried a fusion gene that was behind their disease. Around
the same time, Pfizer determined that its molecule also blocked
part of the fusion protein encoded by this gene, the kinase ALK. In
Phase I trials at the time, the drug has swiftly moved through the
clinical paces. Pfizer completed its NDA submission in May, and
given the drugs priority review status, it could be approved by the
end of the year.
Incytes ruxolitinib similarly enjoyed a fast track: The chemistry
campaign that led to discovery of the compound began in 2004; a
year later, the JAK2 mutation linked to certain blood cancers was
discovered; and in June, Novartis and Incyte filed an NDA for the
JAK inhibitor, along with a request for priority review.
THE SHORTENED development timelines for cancer therapeu-
ticsnot to mention the significant improvement in outcomes for
patients receiving the treatmentssuggest big pharma is getting
better at R&D in areas where fundamental disease biology has been
elucidated.
Outside of cancer, big drug firms have other important new drug
filings in areas such as arthritis and cardiovascular disease planned
for the next three years, suggesting the swift pace of approvals will
continue.
The surge in NDAs is real and is going to last a few years, says La-
Mattina, now a senior partner at the life sciences venture capital firm
PureTech Ventures . Still, he questions whether the improvement
is sustainable. The next four or five years are shaping up to be good
ones for big pharma firms, but the past decades tumult of mergers
and R&D cuts could lead to another slowdown starting in 2018 or so.
Its like a tsunami starting way out in the Pacific, LaMattina
says. Its hard to tell what kind of an impact it will have.
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ENERGY PRICES have been breaking re-
cords again this year, prompting consum-
ers to monitor how they use their cars and
set their thermostats. Chemical companies
are also paying more attention to energy
usage as it begins to take a bigger bite out of
their budgets.
In Europe, optimizing energy consump-
tion has been a focused exercise for several
years, driven by high prices in the region and
a keen awareness of the environmental im-
pact. It is just good business, most compa-
nies say, and the value of the efforts and the
lessons learned extend beyond the region.
The global trend upward for energy
prices is clear, based on resource scarcity
and political boundaries , says Achim Il-
zhfer, climate program manager at Bayer.
Energy efficiency is a means to remain
competitive.
The European chemical industry
has lowered its energy intensity
energy consumption per unit of
productionby an average of 3.7%
per year from 1995 through 2009, ac-
cording to data from the European
Chemical Industry Council (CEFIC),
a trade association. In that same pe-
riod, the U.S. chemical industrys en-
ergy intensity dropped an average of
3.1% per year. CEFIC estimates that
energy accounts for 4060% of over-
all manufacturing costs for chemical
companies in the region.
Historically, energy prices are
higher in Europe than in most other
regions, and the divergence from
the U.S. in particular has been pro-
nounced in recent months. At $110
per barrel, the average monthly price for
the European benchmark crude, North
Sea Brent, is about $10 higher than the U.S.
benchmark, West Texas Intermediate. And
European natural gas prices are near $11
per million Btu, more than double the price
that prevails in the U.S.
But short-term energy prices should not
be the driver for energy-efficiency projects,
warns Russel Mills, global director for
energy and climate-change policy at Dow
Chemical. It is very important to take a
long-term perspective on energy-efficiency
projects, he says. Efficiency savings accu-
mulate, and you dont want to have a start-
stop mechanism where you do something
for a year or two then stop it.
Mills is based at Dows European head-
quarters near Zurich, instead of the cor-
porate headquarters in Michigan. There
is a lot of activity in Europe on energy and
climate change, he says, so it makes sense
to be in this region.
Dow was an early leader with energy
goals, establishing its first 10-year program
in 1994. The goal was to reduce energy in-
tensity by 20%, which means making the
same amount of product with 20% less
energy. The basic plan was to invest $1 bil-
lion to save $1 billion, Mills explains, but
we ended up with a cumulative savings of
$4 billion. He acknowledges that part of the
boost came from high energy prices during
the period, but the value of the program was
clear. The success of this program really
drove home to the company that energy ef-
ficiency is very much about productivity and
cash savings, he says, and that the savings
keep on accumulating.
A second 10-year program started in
2005, targeting a further 25% energy-inten-
sity reduction. The company has already
saved an additional $5 billion in energy
costs, although its progress slowed during
the recession, when lower plant operating
rates hampered efficiency.
To reinvigorate the effort as the econ-
omy recovers, Dow recently launched a
$100 million-per-year program dedicated
to energy efficiency. We wanted to rein-
force the point that all businesses and all
sites have a role in delivering efficiency im-
provements, Mills explains. The response
to the program has been strong among em-
ployees, and the company has committed
$84 million to 39 projects already this year.
Bayer has been hard at work with its own
program, Bayer Climate Check, which fo-
cuses on energy efficiency and green-
house gas emissions. The European
Unions Emissions Trading System
means that local companies bear the
additional cost of carbon emissions
on the combustion of any fuel. At
current prices, carbon allowances
add about $1.50 per million Btu to the
price of natural gas.
THE COMPANY began the program
in 2007, Ilzhfer says, although it has
been active with energy-efficiency
projects since the 1990s. This was
our first global check of all of our
sites using a consistent and holistic
approach, including a review of ar-
eas such as process technology, raw
material purchasing, and building in-
sulation. The diversity of Bayers business
from chlorine production to crop protection
to health caremeant that a standardized
approach was needed. Through 2010, the
company has reviewed all 140 of its energy-
intensive sites and expects to achieve a 10%
reduction in CO
2
emissions by 2013.
Bayers efforts extend to fundamental
chemical process innovations. A recent ex-
ample is its new oxygen depolarized cath-
ode process to produce chlorine, which
uses cathode technology based on fuel
cells, and delivers a 30% reduction in en-
SEEKING EFFICIENCY
ENERGY-SAVING PROJECTS are especially
valued by Europes chemical industry
B
A
Y
E
R
BUSI NESS
EFFICIENCY RISING European chemical
companies have lowered energy consumption since
1995 as chemical production has grown.
SOURCE: CEFIC
80
100
120
140
160
96 1995 98 97 00 99 02 01 03 05 04 06 08 09 07
Index, 1995 = 100
Chemicals production
Energy consumption
27
WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
PROCESS IMPROVEMENT
A new chlorine
production process
at Bayer is 30% more
energy efficient than
the existing membrane
technology.
ergy consumption over
the existing membrane
process. Bayer is install-
ing the system at its site
in Krefeld-Uerdingen,
Germany, and expects to
license it to third parties
beginning in 2015.
Bayer Climate Check worked so well that
the company includes it as part of the pro-
cess design services that are sold through
Bayer Technology Services. Customers can
get an evaluation of energy usage at their
sites, details on best practices to improve
energy efficiency, and optimization of pow-
er and steam generation. The company also
offers a database to help customers track
energy-efficiency projects.
A SYSTEMATIC approach is the right plan,
according to Ken Somers, senior energy-
efficiency expert at management consult-
ing firm McKinsey & Co. Driving for energy
efficiency is akin to weeding your garden,
he says. You have to do it regularly so it
becomes a standardized task.
Potential energy savings for companies
vary by the processes they are running:
Batch processes, such as for pharmaceuti-
cal intermediates, can yield savings of 20
30%, continuous processes for specialty
intermediates can save 1015%, and high-
intensity processes for products such as
soda ash and ethylene can eke out 58% in
savings. The companies that save on their
energy bills have more cash to outcompete
the less efficient companies, Somers says.
CEFIC and its member companies re-
cently saw similar savings in the CARE+ en-
ergy-efficiency program. This spring, pro-
cess experts completed a pilot study with
small- and medium-sized firms in Poland,
Bulgaria, and Italy that yielded a 1020%
reduction in energy use for the participants.
We developed this program to improve the
competitiveness of the European chemical
industry, explains Peter Botschek, CEFIC
director of energy, health, safety, and envi-
ronment. Systems were already in place
at the big companies, but there was further
potential to improve industry efficiency by
helping the small companies.
The target audience for this effort is sig-
nificant, Botschek says, because companies
with fewer than 250 employees represent
96% of chemical companies in Europe.
CEFIC is working with local governments
and regional networks to implement the
program more broadly.
Regardless of size, it seems that U.S.
companies can learn a lot from efforts in
Europe, according to McKinseys Somers.
When we work with a European company
with a global footprint, they always tell us
to look at their U.S. sites first because you
can get the most results. And Somers usu-
ally saves 1020% more in energy at a U.S.
site than at one in Europe. The U.S. is just
not as focused on energy efficiency, he
says. PAIGE MORSE
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30
WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
EPA PROGRAM TO PROTECT
CHILDREN FALLS SHORT
EPAs program for evaluating the risks of chemicals to children has failed to
accomplish its goals because it relied on industry to voluntarily hand over
safety information, a report from EPAs inspector general concludes. The re-
port recommends that EPA design and implement a new process that iden-
tifies chemicals of highest concern to children, requires industry to provide
EPA with safety data on those chemicals, and disseminates the information
to the public. The Voluntary Childrens Chemical Evaluation Program began
in 2000 under EPAs Chemical Right-to-Know Initiative. The program is no
longer operational, and EPA does not plan to revive or replace it, according
to the report. As a result, there is still no readily understandable source of
chemical exposure information that the general public can access to deter-
mine potential risks to children, the report states. EPA says it is address-
ing the concerns through efforts, first announced in September 2009, to
enhance its Existing Chemicals Program. Those efforts include developing
action plans for chemicals of highest concern, requiring industry to provide
information needed to understand chemical risks, and increasing public ac-
cess to chemical hazard information. BEE
DEMOCRATS REBUT
NSF WASTE REPORT
The Democratic staff of the House of
Representatives Science, Space & Technol-
ogy Committee has issued an analysis of
spending by NSF that refutes a recent Sen-
ate report claiming that the science agency
had wasted $3 billion in government funds
(C&EN, June 20, page 31). The Democratic
committee staff found that the claims
were unsubstantiated and reflected a mis-
understanding of appropriations law, grant
management practices, and the actual find-
ings of Government Accountability Office
reports, said Rep. Eddie Bernice Johnson
(D-Texas), ranking member of the science
committee, in a statement. The House
study also interviewed the researchers with
NSF grants that the Senate staff character-
ized as wasteful. None of these researchers
thought that the Senate report accurately
described their work. Finally, the House
study says there is no justification for
claims that some NSF programs, such as its
education programs, duplicate other agen-
cies programs. DJH
PATENT OFFICE, CHINA
DEEPEN COOPERATION
The U.S. Patent & Trademark Office (PTO)
and the Jiangsu Provincial Peoples Gov-
ernment in the Peoples Republic of China
have formally agreed to cooperate on a va-
riety of intellectual property protection is-
sues. The memorandum of understanding
marks the first time the patent office has
entered into an agreement with a provincial
government. The purpose is to establish a
general framework for future cooperation,
says Undersecretary of Commerce for In-
tellectual Property and PTO Director David
Kappos. The activities contemplated un-
der the agreement are aimed at improving
enforcement and collaboration on intellec-
tual property matters through exchanges of
information, capacity building, and other
educational activities. The agreement is
part of a larger effort by the patent office to
establish closer ties between the U.S. and
the Chinese governments on intellectual
property rights. GH
CANADA TO BAN FOUR
CHEMICAL CLASSES
Canada plans to take out of commerce four
classes of chemicals because of environ-
mental concerns. Environment Canada and
Health Canada on July 23 proposed prohib-
iting the manufacture, use, or sale of the re-
action products of N -phenylbenzenamine
with styrene and 2,4,4-trimethylpentene.
This mixture is used in lubricant oils. How-
ever, the proposal would
grant a two-year reprieve
from the ban to allow in-
dustry to find substitutes.
Also targeted by the ban
are short-chain chlori-
nated paraffins, which are
used as plasticizers and
flame retardants. The U.S.
EPA is considering these
substances for regulation.
The Canadian proposal
DHS SCRAPS RADIATION-
MONITORING PROGRAM
The Department of Homeland Security
(DHS) has decided to terminate its trou-
bled advanced spectroscopic portal (ASP)
radiation detection program, which was
launched five years ago to scan cargo for ra-
dioactive materials at the nations ports and
borders. The department will not proceed
as originally envisioned with ASP, Warren
M. Stern, director of DHSs Domestic Nu-
clear Detection Office, told a House of Rep-
resentatives subcom-
mittee last week. DHS
has concluded that the
best course of action is
not to see certification
of the ASP system for
full deployment in ei-
ther primary or second-
ary inspections, Stern
said. He added that
DHS is instead moving
toward using other de-
tection devices, such as
handheld units. Investi-
gations by the Govern-
ment Accountability
Office over the past
few years found limited
GOVERNMENT & POLI CY CONCENTRATES
DHS drops
controversial
plan to improve
portals used to
screen trucks for
radioactivity.
D
H
S
evidence that the new machines offered
any enhanced capability to detect radiation
over the existing monitors used by customs
and border protection agents. The ASP
program has been one of the most techni-
cally troubled, poorly managed programs I
have ever seen, says Rep. Brad Miller (D-
N.C.), ranking member of the House Sci-
ence, Space & Technology Subcommittee
on Energy & Environment. GH
also would ban tributyl tins for uses other
than as a pesticide to deter the growth of
barnacles and other marine organisms on
ships and boats. The fourth group of sub-
stances in the proposal is polychlorinated
naphthalenes, commercial chemicals for-
merly widely manufactured but are now
rarely used. CH
31
WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
AS PICNICS DRAW ANTS, the Environ-
mental Protection Agencys assessments of
a chemicals hazards attract critics.
Those assessments include EPAs scien-
tific judgment on the safe level of exposure
to a substance. They arent regulations; but
a lot rides on them.
The safe level of exposure set in an as-
sessment affects regulatory decisions that
determine cleanup levels for pollution in
air, water, and soil. Thus, a polluters finan-
cial liability in part hinges on the outcome
of these assessments. So do the affordabil-
ity and degree of cleanups faced by cities or
regions stigmatized by pollution. Assess-
ments also provide information to people
who live near pollution sources and worry
about how exposure could affect the health
of their children and themselves.
Industry, politicians, environmental
activists, and even the National Research
Council (NRC) for years have critiqued
this EPA assessment program, called the
Integrated Risk Information System . IRIS
has produced assessments on some 540
chemicals to date, and EPA is working on
70 more. The assessments in process are
examining the hazards from several met-
als and commercially produced chemicals,
including a half-dozen phthalates, vinyl
acetate, styrene, and methanol.
A major complaint about IRIS is that
assessments take years to complete, with
those for some chemicals seemingly stuck
in a cycle of review, redrafting, and review
again. The most notorious example is
EPAs work to revise its 1984 assessment
of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin
(TCDD), the most toxic form of dioxin.
The agency has been working on this reas-
sessment for 20 years, and it still isnt done
( C&EN, Nov. 15, 2010, page 30 ).
In recent years, IRIS has received more
high-level political attention than any oth-
er EPA scientific effort. Congress has held
oversight hearings about the program, with
the latest one taking place last month. The
Government Accountability Office (GAO),
the investigative arm of Congress, has a
close eye on IRIS. The office determined
in 2008 that the IRIS database is at serious
risk of becoming ob-
solete because EPA
is unable to com-
plete credible chem-
ical assessments in a
timely manner.
Also in 2008, the
Administration of
President George W.
Bush made changes
to IRIS that raised
concerns at GAO and among congressional
Democrats and environmentalists. The
Bush Administration established an offi-
cial role in IRIS assessments for the White
House Office of Management & Budget
(OMB), which reviews the economic im-
pacts of federal regulation. The Bush Ad-
ministration also provided agencies facing
pollution liabilitynotably the Defense
Department and the National Aeronautics
& Space Administrationwith channels to
influence EPAs assessments shielded from
public scrutiny.
As a result of these controversial policy
moves and the delays in assessment com-
pletion, GAO in 2009 put IRIS on its list of
some two-dozen government programs in
greatest need of reform . That year, Presi-
dent Barack Obamas EPA Administrator,
Lisa P. Jackson, struck down the Bush Ad-
ministrations policy changes and pledged
to speed up the assessment process
( C&EN, June 1, 2009, page 7 ).
BUT CRITICISM of IRIS continues. In April
of this year, NRC released a report that
found fault with EPAs draft assessment of
formaldehyde ( C&EN, April 18, page 10 ).
The report also took the IRIS program to
task and recommended reforms, including
better editing and streamlining of assess-
ments, which have grown in length over the
years. In July, the agency announced that it
is implementing the recommendations to
improve IRIS ( C&EN, July 18, page 10 ).
CREDIBILITY ON
THE LINE
EPAs chemical hazard assessment program
remains UNDER SCRUTINY
CHERYL HOGUE, C&EN WASHINGTON
P
A
U
L

F
E
T
T
E
R
S
Demand for assessments is growing
in EPA regulatory programs.
ASSESSMENTS
Testifying before
a congressional
committee last
month were (from
left) Dooley, Steinzor,
and toxicologist Gail
Charnley.
GOVERNMENT & POLI CY
32
WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
One reason why IRIS profiles
have ballooned into unmanageable
length is the reaction of EPA staff to
constant harassment by industry.
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An Examination of Driving Factors in the
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology
JUDITH A. CURRY Georgia Tech
ROBERT CARTER James Cook University
Sponsored by the Division of Small Chemical Businesses
In light of these recent moves, a House
of Representatives panel held a hearing on
July 14 to check up on IRIS. Members of
the House Science, Space & Technology
Subcommittee on Investigations & Over-
sight got an earful from witnesses who had
plenty to say about EPAs
chemical assessment pro-
gram and the changes they
think it needs.
IRIS is broken, Calvin
M. Dooley, president and
chief executive officer of
the American Chemistry
Council, a chemical industry
group, told the congressional
panel. EPAs chemical assess-
ment process lags behind
scientific advances and relies
too much on outdated as-
sumptions formulated in the
1970s, he said. In comments
on several draft assessments,
ACC has attacked the agencys standard
assumption that no dose of a carcinogen is
safe. Chemical makers and NRC, in reviews
of draft assessments for some chemicals,
have recommended that EPA consider
whether these compounds cause cancer be-
low a certain threshold of exposure.
At the hearing, Dooley called on Con-
gress to require NRC to review all draft
IRIS assessments. The trade association
chief made a similar request to the White
House in June.
NRC review of all draft assessments
should continue until we have confi-
dence that the deficiencies in IRIS are
fixed, he said. Improvements in the EPA
program would also be validated through
NRC review, Dooley said. We want to have
an IRIS process that meets a gold stan-
dard, he added.
ALSO TESTIFYING at the hearing was
Jonathan M. Samet, chairman of the NRC
committee that reviewed EPAs draft
formaldehyde assessment and professor
of preventive medicine at the University
of Southern California. Although Samet
didnt directly counter Dooleys recom-
mendation for NRC reviews, he told law-
makers that because the effort involved
in such reviews is substantial, requiring
an NRC review of every IRIS assessment
would stress the community of scientists
with the expertise to carry them out.
The top Democrat on the subcommit-
tee, Rep. Donna F. Edwards
(D-Md.), said she suspects
that requiring NRC to peer-
review all EPA draft chemi-
cal assessments would be
impracticable.
The job of reviewing
EPAs draft chemical as-
sessments often falls to the
agencys Science Advisory
Board. Samet chairs EPAs
Clean Air Scientific Advi-
sory Committee and is an
ex officio member of the
Science Advisory Board. He
spoke supportively of the
boards reviews of draft as-
sessments, telling the subcommittee that
they are carried out in complete openness
and are not influenced by EPA staffers.
Paul T.Anastas, EPA assistant adminis-
trator for research and development, was
also on hand to testify before the congres-
sional panel. He told the subcommittee
that he welcomes the NRC criticism. We
take those recommendations extremely
seriously, he said. We will always engage
in continuous improvement because thats
what scientists do.
The agency has completed 16 IRIS as-
sessments since 2009, which is more than
it completed during the previous three-
year period from 2005 to 2008, Anastas
said. EPA has cut the time to complete an
assessment from an average of three or
four years before 2009 to the current aver-
age of 23 months, he said.
While EPA institutes reforms, House Re-
publican leaders are acting too. The House
is targeting IRIS in legislation (H.R. 2584)
to fund EPA in fiscal 2012. The bill, which is
expected to pass the House, would prohibit
EPA from spending money on any regula-
tion, cleanup guidance, or pollution permit
that relies on a chemical assessment that
doesnt hew to the NRC recommendations.
Samet
P
H
I
L

C
H
A
N
N
I
N
G
33
WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
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GOVERNMENT & POLI CY
If enacted, this provision could force
EPA to stop work on assessments that are
now in progress and revise the hundreds
of existing chemical profiles completed
before the NRC issued its recommenda-
tions, said Rena I. Steinzor, president of the
Center for Progressive Reform, a research
and education organization.
In his testimony, Samet also discussed
the specifics of the evaluation of EPAs
work on formaldehyde in the April NRC
report. The review backed EPAs conclu-
sion that formaldehyde causes cancer in
the nose, nasal cavity, and upper throat.
But NRC found fault with part of the draft
assessment that linked formaldehyde
exposures to cancers of the lymphatic sys-
tem and blood, including leukemias. The
report directed EPA to rework this part of
the assessment and describe how and why
the agency picked particular studies as the
basis of this conclusion.
Samet stressed that although EPA
failed to communicate how it selected
scientific studies as the basis for the form-
aldehyde assessment, there was nothing
purposefully deceptive about the agencys
actions.
OTHER PROBLEMS that the report iden-
tified were not unique and have been
reported over the last decade by other NRC
committees tasked with reviewing EPAs
IRIS assessments for other chemicals,
Samet said.
Steinzor of the Center for Progressive
Reform said industry regularly submits to
EPA the scientific studies it thinks are most
important for a particular chemical assess-
ment, repeatedly advocating their view
of the research to IRIS staff, more senior
EPA officials, sympathetic federal agencies
[other than EPA], and the White House.
She continued, One reason
why IRIS profiles have bal-
looned into unmanageable
length is the reaction of EPA
staff to constant harass-
ment by industry.
Another issue raised at
the hearing was whether
the White House should
assume a bigger role in
chemical assessments. In a
June 22 letter to OMB Di-
rector Jacob J. Lew, ACCs
Dooley asked OMB to take
greater responsibility in the
coordination and review of
chemical assessments, simi-
lar to the Bush Administrations policy for
chemical assessments.
Steinzor pointed out that OMB is staffed
almost exclusively by economists and thus
lacks the scientific and technical expertise
to assess chemical hazards. ACCs recom-
mendation that OMB take on a greater role
in this work is not designed to improve
the programs scientific validity but rather
is intended to give chemical manufactur-
ers a sympathetic forum where they can tie
IRIS in knots more easily, said Steinzor,
a professor at the University of Maryland
School of Law.
Subcommittee member Rep. John P.
Sarbanes (D-Md.) expressed concern
about ACCs suggestions for NRC and
OMB review. Im worried your proposal
would add more steps, with the potential to
drag the process down, Sarbanes said. He
stressed the need for EPA to
assess more pollutants.
Demand for assessments
is growing in EPA regula-
tory programs, such as
the part of the agency that
handles water pollution
and drinking water safety,
said David Trimble, direc-
tor of natural resources and
environment at GAO. Yet
regulators arent requesting
what they need because of
the backlog of incomplete
IRIS assessments, Trimble
told the subcommittee.
GAO investigators are
monitoring EPAs implementation of the
NRC recommendations, Trimble contin-
ued. The office will report its findings to
Congress later this year.
Rep. Paul Broun (R-Ga.), chairman of
the subcommittee, said his panel will con-
tinue to keep an eye on the IRIS program,
too. Broun said he wants to ensure that
EPA not only adopts the [NRC] recom-
mendations but that it follows guidelines
already in existence and continuously
seeks to employ the most modern, credible
methods and protocols to assess chemical
risks.
Anastas
E
P
A
34
WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
ADVOCATES FOR FOOD SAFETY reform
are worried that Congress is not provid-
ing the Food & Drug Administration with
the resources it needs to comply with
deadlines set in the ambitious Food Safety
Modernization Act. Passed late last year,
the law gives FDA sweeping new authority
to prevent food-borne illness.
To date, FDA has met several deadlines
imposed by the food safety law. But the cur-
rent budget environment in Washington,
D.C., is threatening to negatively affect the
agencys resources. Such cuts, advocates
warn, would make it impossible for FDA to
fully implement key provisions of the law,
including increased inspections of both
U.S. and foreign food facilities.
FDA has already issued two rules, both of
which took effect on July 3, under new au-
thorities granted by the food safety law. The
first rule allows FDA to detain food that it
believes is unsafe for up to 30 days while the
agency determines whether enforcement
action is necessary. Previously, the agency
had to rely on companies to voluntarily re-
call food products that were believed to be
unsafe. The second rule requires importers
to inform FDA if any country has refused
entry of the same food product.
This authority strengthens significant-
ly FDAs ability to keep potentially harmful
food from reaching U.S. consumers, says
Michael R. Taylor, FDA deputy commis-
sioner for foods. It is a prime example of
how the new food safety law allows FDA
to build prevention into our food safety
system.
In addition to the new rules, FDA is-
sued an antismuggling strategy, developed
in coordination with the Department of
Homeland Security, to identify and prevent
smuggled foods from entering the U.S. As
part of that strategy, which was issued last
month, FDA will join forces with DHSs Cus-
toms & Border Protection to review import
data and better identify a food products
country of origin. FDA
and CBP will also con-
duct joint inspections
to identify smuggled
food products.
FDA released draft
guidelines last month
for dietary supplement
manufacturers, clarifying when premarket
safety testing is needed for new dietary in-
gredients. The agency was required under
the food safety law to complete both the
antismuggling strategy and draft guidelines
for supplement manufacturers by July 3.
The agency has met these and other
deadlines imposed by the food safety law,
but resources to implement the law in the
future will need to grow, observers say. In
particular, FDA will not be able to meet its
inspection mandates if the agency doesnt
have enough money to pay its inspectors.
FDA will need to increase its budget by
$1.4 billion over five years to fully imple-
ment the food safety law, according to es-
timates by the nonpartisan Congressional
Budget Office. But FDA is unlikely to see
its current budget of $2.5 billion, excluding
user fees, increased in the next fiscal year.
The House of Representatives passed the
fiscal year 2012 agriculture appropriations
bill (H.R. 2112) in mid-June, cutting FDAs
budget by $285 million, or 11.6%, compared
with current spending levels. Of those cuts,
$87 million is directed at food safety pro-
grams, a decrease of 8.3% compared with
the current spending level of $1.0 billion.
The bill passed by a 217-203 vote.
IT IS UNCLEAR whether the Senate, which
has yet to take up any fiscal year 2012 ap-
propriations bills, will go along with the
cuts. Advocates for boosting FDAs budget
say they dont have much insight into what
the Senate will do with the appropriations.
But there isnt great optimism that any
agency or program will do well, says Ste-
ven Grossman, deputy executive director
of the Alliance for a Stronger FDA .
The alliance estimates that FDA would
lose 500 to 1,000 employees as a result
of the House-passed budget cuts for next
year. At the same time, FDAs workload
would increase, the group stresses.
Even so, many House Republicans ob-
ject to increasing FDAs funding as well as
FOOD SAFETY
EFFORTS IN LIMBO
FDA meets early deadlines, but House BUDGET CUTS
put future mandates in question
BRITT E. ERICKSON, C&EN WASHINGTON
F
D
A
FDA has the responsibility and tools to prevent and detect
food-borne illnesses without the money to back it up.
BORDER PATROL
FDA has teamed
up with Customs
& Border
Protection to
stop unsafe food
at the border.
GOVERNMENT & POLI CY
35
WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
to expanding its regulatory authority. The food supply in America
is very safe because the private sector self-polices, because they
have the highest motivation. They dont want to be sued; they dont
want to go broke, Rep. Jack Kingston (R-Ga.), chairman of the ag-
riculture appropriations subcommittee, emphasized on the House
floor when FDAs appropriations bill was being debated.
Several House Democrats, however, oppose the cuts to FDAs
budget, particularly with respect to food safety. We need to invest
in the FDA to protect the health of consumers and the safety of our
food products, says Rep. Rosa L. DeLauro (D-Conn.), a longtime
advocate for food safety reform. But these cuts will tie the FDAs
hands, restricting their oversight and effectiveness and asking
them to do more with less.
Rep. John D. Dingell (D-Mich.), one of the chief architects be-
hind the food safety law, is outraged by the cuts. The audacity
and arrogance to play political games with the safety of our food
sickens me, Dingell wrote in a June 25 commentary in the Detroit
Free Press . Dingell introduced an amendment to the appropriations
bill that would have restored half of the $87 million cut from FDAs
food safety programs, but the amendment did not pass.
When the House passed its version of the food safety bill in
2009, it included an annual $500 registration fee for all food facili-
ties to help pay for increased inspections and other FDA regulatory
activities (C&EN, July 6, 2009, page 20). The industry-paid user
fees, however, did not make it into the final food safety bill because
the Senate didnt support them. As a result, FDA must rely on con-
gressional appropriations to pay for its food safety activities.
HAD THE FINAL BILL that was signed into law included user fees,
the bill wouldnt have cost the government any money or added to
the deficit, Dingell stresses. Unfortunately, now we are witnessing
a perfect storm, he says. FDA has the responsibility and tools to
prevent and detect food-borne illnesses without the money to back
it up.
Health advocacy groups are also disappointed with the House-
passed cuts to FDAs budget. For too long the FDA, which is
responsible for the safety of over 80% of the foods we eat, has not
had adequate resources or power to protect Americans from dan-
gers in the food supply, says Erik Olson, director of food programs
for the Pew Charitable Trusts Health Group.
Pew commissioned a nationwide poll related to food safety this
past spring. The group reported that 66% of respondents support
increased funding for FDA for new responsibilities related to food
safety. In addition, 74% say it is worth increasing the cost of food by
13% to pay for new food safety measures.
Several other consumer groups are also pushing Congress for
more resources at FDA, playing up the importance of the agency.
FDA is a preeminent public health agency that ensures that our
food supply is safe and that drugs, vaccines, and medical devices
are safe and effective, says Christopher Waldrop, director of the
Consumer Federation of Americas Food Policy Institute and a
board member of the Alliance for a Stronger FDA. There is no
backup if the agency isnt there.
Other groups say FDA needs to refocus how it spends its resourc-
es. Weve seen numerous examples of the agency wasting taxpayer
dollars in going after small, local producers, points out Sally Fallon
Morell, founder and president of the Weston A. Price Foundation,
a nutrition activist group. If the agency shifts its focus to the truly
high-risk facilities, then it could do a much better job protecting
American consumers, even with the reduced funding.








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36
WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
PRIONS MULTIPLE ROLES
A recent study hints at protective and signaling roles for prion protein
(PrP). When misfolded, PrP is believed to cause mad cow disease in
cattle and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in peopleboth untreatable and
fatal brain diseases. But the role of endogenous PrP isnt known. It binds
copper, but why it does so is
uncertain. Glenn L. Millhauser
of the University of California,
Santa Cruz; Feimeng Zhou of
California State University, Los
Angeles; and coworkers have
now carried out an electro-
chemical study that may pro-
vide an answer. They report that
binding of a single Cu
2+
ion to a
key PrP domain quiets coppers
inherent redox activity, but PrP
binding of multiple Cu
2+
ions
leads to gentle and controlled
generation of the cellular-signaling compound
hydrogen peroxide via catalytic oxygen reduction
(J. Am. Chem. Soc., DOI: 10.1021/ja2045259 ). The
discovery suggests that PrP has a dual role: PrP/
single-Cu
2+
may protect against cellular damage and PrP/multiple-Cu
2+

may turn on intracellular signaling. The work is very convincing, and al-
though the findings need further verification, they represent an entirely
new and exciting way of thinking about this protein, says metalloprotein
specialist Jason M. Shearer of the University of Nevada, Reno. SB
NEW ROUTES TO ELUSIVE
PERBROMATE UNVEILED
Synthesis of perbromate, BrO
4

, has con-
founded chemists for generations, but
recent work shows that the anion can be
prepared in a straightforward way from
sodium hypobromite (NaOBr) solutions
(Inorg. Chem., DOI: 10.1021/ic201329q ).
Historically, scientists had the most suc-
cess preparing BrO
4

by oxidizing bromate
(BrO
3

) with F
2
or XeF
2
. Taking a cue from
research on the formation of perchlorate
in sodium hypochlorite solutions, a team
led by Aleksey N. Pisarenko of Southern
Nevada Water Authority investigated
whether similar chemistry involving BrO

could yield BrO
4

. The researchers found

that in a concentrated alkaline NaOBr
solution some BrO

readily decomposed
to BrO
3

. The BrO
3

then reacted with

remaining BrO

to form BrO
4

. The team
monitored BrO
4

production by liquid
chromatography and tandem mass spec-
trometry and further discovered that the
mass spectrometers electrospray ioniza-
tion process also oxidized BrO
3

to BrO
4

.
Having relatively easy, safe methods for
BrO
4

synthesis could enable more in-

depth studies of the anions chemistry and
toxicity, as well as BrO
4

contamination
in water disinfected with BrO

solutions,
Pisarenko says. JK
INJECTABLE POLYMER
FIXES TISSUE DEFECTS
Rather than grafting soft tissue or surgi-
cally implanting a molded polymer to
fix deformities in the skin on a persons
face, doctors might in the future be able
to inject a photoactivatable liquid poly-
mer to reconstruct tissue. A research
ARCHAEA MAY BE KEY
NITROUS OXIDE SOURCE
The large quantities of the ozone-de-
stroying greenhouse gas nitrous oxide
(N
2
O) released from Earths oceans into
the atmosphere may be generated by
single-celled archaea, rather than bacteria,
scientists report (Science, DOI: 10.1126/
science.1208239 ). Although oceanic bac-
teria had been thought to produce most of
Earths marine N
2
O via oxidation of ammo-
WATER SENTENCED TO
SOLITARY CONFINEMENT
IN CARBON CAGE
Using chemical synthesis
to set and spring a molec-
ular trap, researchers in
Japan captured a lone
water molecule inside
a C
60
fullerene cage
(Science, DOI: 10.1126/
science.1206376 ). The
molecule, H
2
O@C
60

(shown), gives scientists an
opportunity to study water in isolation,
without the influence of the hydrogen-
bonded network in which it usually exists.
Kyoto Universitys Yasujiro Murata and Kei
Kurotobi created H
2
O@C
60
via a surgical
approach. They took C
60
and, through a
series of chemical transformations, poked
a hole in it large enough to accommodate
a water molecule. To lure the polar water
molecule into the interior of the hydropho-
bic cage, they used reactions that gener-
SCI ENCE & TECHNOLOGY CONCENTRATES
ated hydrophilic carbonyl and hydroxyl
groups at the rim of the opening. Murata
and Kurotobi ultimately ensnared the
water molecule by heating the perforated
cage with water at 120 C under 9,000 atm
of pressure for 36 hours. They then used
chemical synthesis to stitch the fullerene
back up. As the next research step, we
need to study the influence of the en-
capsulated water toward the physical
properties and chemical reactivity
of the outer C
60
cage, Murata tells
C&EN. BH
nia and reduction of nitrogen oxides, that
idea never jibed with isotopic N
2
O studies
that compared the microbially produced
gas with N
2
O in the atmosphere. Karen L.
Casciotti and Alyson E. Santoro of Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution and their
colleagues now show that cultures of ma-
rine archaea produce N
2
O via ammonia
oxidation. In addition, they found that the
isotope ratios of oxygen and nitrogen in the
archaea-produced N
2
O and in atmospheric
N
2
O contributed by the ocean are similar.
The results suggest that ammonia-oxidiz-
ing archaea likely play an important role in
N
2
O production in the near-surface ocean,
the researchers write. EKW
C
O
U
R
T
E
S
Y

O
F

G
L
E
N
N

M
I
L
L
H
A
U
S
E
R
PrP/multiple-Cu
2+

generates H
2
O
2
and may
have a signaling role.
Y
A
S
U
J
I
R
O

M
U
R
A
T
A
37
WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
SCI ENCE & TECHNOLOGY CONCENTRATES
S
C
I
E
N
C
E
IMAGING AGENTS FORM
TOXIC PRODUCTS
Iodinated chemicals safely used as con-
trast agents for medical imaging of soft
tissues form toxic compounds when they
go through drinking water disinfection at
treatment plants,
according to a
study (Environ.
Sci. Technol.,
DOI: 10.1021/
es200983f ). The
research explains
the presence of
iodine-containing
disinfection by-
products in drinking water where there
is no known natural source of iodide. In
drinking water treatment plants, iodide
can react with chlorine or chlora-
mine, two common disinfectant
chemicals, to form iodoacids and
iodotrihalomethane by-products,
which are among the most toxic
disinfection by-products known.
Looking for an iodide source,
Susan D. Richardson of EPAs
National Exposure Research
Laboratory , in Athens, Ga., and
colleagues discovered low con-
centrations of iodine-containing
medical contrast agents such
as iopamidol in the drinking
water of six of 10 U.S. cities they
sampled. The researchers also
combined the cities untreated
A DOUBLE DOSE OF
CRYSTAL-TO-CRYSTAL
TRANSFORMATIONS
Examples of chemical reactions that oc-
cur in the solid state without disrupting
the crystallinity of the original compound
are rare, but Cathleen M. Crudden and
coworkers of Queens University, in
Kingston, Ontario, have discovered an
unprecedented back-to-back example of
such transformations (Angew. Chem. Int.
Ed., DOI: 10.1002/anie.201103316 ). The
chemists were exploring why electron-
rich rhodium(I) N-heterocyclic carbene
complexes resist oxidation to form
rhodium(III) complexes. In one reaction
they found that treating a dirhodium ethyl-
ene complex with a bulky imidazolylidene
ligand in an inert nitrogen atmosphere
led to a rhodium dinitrogen complex.
Subsequently exposing single crystals of
this complex to oxygen triggered a color
change from yellow to blue, but instead
of oxygen oxidizing rhodium, it formed a
stable rhodium(I) dioxygen complex. The
same thing happened when the researchers
subsequently exposed the crystals of the
rhodium (I) dioxygen complex to carbon
monoxide: The crystals changed color from
blue to brown as CO displaced O
2
. When
studying the X-ray crystal structures of
the N
2
, O
2
, and CO complexes, Cruddens
team was surprised to find that the two
nonreversible ligand-exchange reactions
had occurred without loss of crystallinity
and with only minor effects on molecular
arrangement in the crystals. Because CO
binds best to the rhodium complex, the re-
searchers believe the complex could be the
basis of a CO sensor. SR
FLUORESCENT LABELS
COLOR CODE RNA
Researchers now have a way to genetically
encode fluorescent labels for monitoring
selected RNAs. Genetically encoded labels
were previously available only for proteins,
through incorporation of fluorescent
proteins such as green fluorescent protein
(GFP). Jeremy S. Paige, Karen Y. Wu, and Sa-
mie R. Jaffrey of Cornell Universitys Weill
Medical College developed RNA sequences
known as aptamers that bind fluorophores
similar to those found in the fluorescent
proteins (Science,
DOI: 10.1126/
science.1207339 ).
The fluorophores
dont fluoresce
on their own and
fluoresce only
when bound to
certain aptamers.
Starting with de-
rivatives of the GFP
fluorophore, the re-
searchers used lab-
oratory-based evo-
lution methods to
find aptamers that
bind the fluoro-
Different
combinations of
fluorophores and
aptamers create
a rainbow of RNA
fluorescent labels;
Spinach is second
from the left.
team led by Jennifer H. Elisseeff of Johns
Hopkins University created a composite
from methacrylated polyethylene glycol
(PEG) and hyaluronic acid that, when
cross-linked, forms an elastic material
that mimics soft tissue (Sci. Transl. Med.,
DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002331 ). Hy-
aluronic acid is a natural polysaccharide
that is part of the skins scaffolding. The
researchers showed they can inject the
composite liquid under the skin of rats and
humans and then initiate cross-linking of
PEGs acrylate groups with a two-minute
dose of 520-nm light applied through the
tissue. When used in three patients, the
PEG-hyaluronic acid composites main-
tained their shape for the 12 weeks of the
trial, but the implants induced a small in-
flammatory response in surrounding cells.
Elisseeff says her team would like to tune
the composition of the polymer mixture to
reduce this response and then undertake a
larger clinical trial. LKW
phores and turn on
their fluorescence.
Using different com-
binations of fluoro-
phores and aptam-
ers, the researchers
generated a rainbow
of RNA labels. The
aptamers can be genetically expressed in
cells as fusions with RNA sequences of inter-
est. For example, the researchers monitored
the expression of a small noncoding RNA
called 5S with a fluorophore-aptamer com-
bination they dubbed Spinach because
of its green color. The distribution of 5S-
Spinach in cells was similar to that of endog-
enous 5S without the label. CHA
water, iodinated contrast agents, and chlo-
rine or chloramine, as would happen in a
water treatment plant. They confirmed that
the chemicals reacted to produce iodoacids
and iodotrihalomethanes. The toxic com-
pounds didnt form when any one of the
three ingredients was absent. JNC
GFP uorophore
Spinach uorophore
N
N
HN
OH HO
O O
CH
3
N
F
F
N

O
O
R = diisopropylphenyl
N N
R R
Rh
N
N N Cl
N
R R
N N
R R
Rh
N
C O Cl
N
R R
O
2
N
2
CO
O
2
N N
R R
Rh
N
Cl
N
R R
O
O
38
WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
Watch an ALD animation and learn about ALD applications
for electronics at C&EN Online, cenm.ag/ald.
MORE ONLINE
SCI ENCE & TECHNOLOGY
TALK TO thin-film experts about a coating
technology known as atomic layer deposi-
tion (ALD) and several of them are sure to
say excitedly, Its all about the chemistry.
The chemistry attribution is due to
highly selective surface reactions that
work in concert to drive ALD and produce
films of exceptional quality. The excite-
ment conveyed by these scientists arises
from the techniques growing commercial
importance and its rapid expansion into a
dizzying array of technology areas.
In just the past few years, there has been
an explosion in the number of ALD applica-
tions, says University of Marylands Gary
W. Rubloff , a materials science professor
and director of the Maryland NanoCenter .
One of the most highly commercialized
applications of ALD, and a key driver of
the field, is semiconductor processing. In
the ongoing push to further miniaturize
microelectronics, manufacturers now de-
sign devices with dense arrays of very high
aspect ratio (long and narrow) features. To
function properly, devices with that kind of
geometryfor example, trench cell capaci-
tors, which are widely used in cell phones
and other productsrequire an ultrathin
and defect-free electrically insulating
metal oxide coating on the closely spaced
microscopic features. ALD readily delivers
such films.
But ALDs reach extends far beyond
semiconductors, according to Jill Becker,
chief executive officer and founder of Cam-
bridge NanoTech , a manufacturer of ALD
research and industrial equipment based in
Cambridge, Mass. With its ability to apply
perfect films to complex three-dimensional
objects, ALD is quickly making headway
into lighting and flexible-display technolo-
gies; catalysis and energy applications, such
as batteries, fuel cells, and photovoltaics; as
well as textiles and micro- and nanoelectro-
mechanical devices. The deposition meth-
od is also making inroads in biotechnology
and biomedical applications.
All of those subjects and more were
topics of discussion earlier this summer
in Cambridge, at an ALD conference
organized by Becker and Rubloff and
sponsored by AVS , a science and technol-
ogy organization devoted to materials,
interfaces, and
processing. The
international con-
ference, which
was well attended
by a mix of indus-
trial researchers,
academics, and
national lab sci-
entists, brought
together sea-
soned ALD practitioners and newcomers
looking to see whether ALD holds promise
for their thin-film applications.
ALDs defining characteristics are that
it produces molecularly uniform and
pinhole-free films that are highly con-
formalthat is, they exactly follow the
contours of objects that are oddly shaped
by the standards of other film deposition
processes.
For high-aspect-ratio structures,
such as nanowires, no other thin-film
technique can approach the conformality
achieved by ALD, says Steven M. George,
a professor of chemistry and chemical
engineering at the University of Colorado,
Boulder. The high quality of the product
results from the unique surface chemistry
that underpins ALD.
UNLIKE OTHER deposition processes,
such as ones based on evaporation or
sputter coating, ALD proceeds by way of
sequential self-limiting surface reactions
usually a pair of reactions that form a bi-
nary product from two types of precursor
molecules.
In practice, a pulse of reagent A reacts
selectively with one type of functional
group on the surface of the substrate thats
being coated. The reaction is described as
self-limiting because it cannot continue af-
ter the finite number of surface functional
groups have reacted. Excess reagent A is
pumped away and the modified substrate
is then exposed to a pulse of reagent B,
which reacts selectively with the functional
groups left behind by the reaction with A.
Because of the reactions high selectiv-
ity, ALD does not require that the reagents
be pulsed with line of sight to the surface
as required by other techniques. Rather, in
ALD, the reagent molecules can find their
way to surface sites that are shadowed
from the reagent source.
The archetypal example of an ALD
MAKING FILMS ONE
LAYER AT A TIME
Applications of ATOMIC LAYER DEPOSITION
now extend well beyond electronics
MITCH JACOBY, C&EN CHICAGO
M
I
T
C
H

J
A
C
O
B
Y
/
C
&
E
N
INSTRUMENTAL At
Cambridge NanoTech,
Bhatia examines a
silicon wafer coated
via ALD with 1,000
of zinc oxide, the
source of the blue
color. (The light region
is a reflection of a
ceiling fixture.)
39
WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
reaction is formation of alumina (Al
2
O
3
)
through sequential reactions of trimeth-
ylaluminum (TMA) and water. Hydroxyl
groups, which are found or easily deposited
on the surfaces of many materials, react
readily with TMA to form stable OAl
bonds. The reaction caps the surface with
OAl(CH
3
)
2
species. Pulsing water onto the
surface displaces the methyl groups and
leaves a fresh layer of hydroxyl groups ready
to react with the next pulse of TMA. Be-
cause each A-B pulse cycle in this example
lays down just a single molecular layer of
alumina, ALD provides precise thickness
control at the angstrom level, George says.
For Al
2
O
3
, that level of control is roughly 1
per TMA-water cycle.
Making other materials by way of ALD
means coming up with suitable precursors
and ALD reaction cycles. The requirements
are fairly stringent, according to Ritwik Bha-
tia, a senior research scientist at Cambridge
NanoTech. For example, precur-
sors must be stable and have
sufficient vapor pressure to be
delivered as gas pulses to an ALD
reaction chamber, he explains.
They must also adsorb selective-
ly on the intended substrate and
avoid bonding to like precursors
and forming multilayers. Over-
all, the precursors must strike
just the right balance between
stability and reactivity.
SEVERAL VENDORS, includ-
ing Sigma-Aldrich , Air Products
& Chemicals, and Strem Chem-
icals , offer a variety of organo-
metallic and metallo-organic
reagents for ALD chemistry.
The compounds are used to
grow films of metal oxides such
as HfO
2
,TiO
2
,V
2
O
5
, and ZnO;
films of tantalum, platinum,
ruthenium, and other metals;
and an assortment of metal ni-
trides, metal sulfides, and other
materials.
Applications of metal oxides
in microelectronics remain one
of ALDs hot areas. At Tyndall
National Institute , in Cork,
Ireland, Simon Elliott served
as coordinator for a recently
completed multi-institutional
project that developed an ALD
method to deposit a custom
rare-earth oxide to boost stor-
age capacity in flash memory
devices. In addition to Elliott, a special-
ist in ALD simulation and modeling, the
European Union project (abbreviated
REALISE) included experts in ALD-related
chemistry, instrumentation, analysis, and
manufacturing.
Improvements in memory chips are
now only possible by bringing in new
materials that can be laid
down with the high quality
needed, Elliott says. The
team came up with such a
materiala tailor-made
lanthanum-doped zirco-
nium oxideand developed
an ALD method for applying
it that is compatible with
semiconductor industry
standards. The oxide, which
is now available commer-
cially, serves as a nanometer-
thin insulator that stops
charge (stored data) from leaking out of
microscopic flash memory components.
The material and process were used to
manufacture flash memory capacitors that
are one-third the size and 70% less expen-
sive than the corresponding capacitors
used today. In this way, ALD is helping to
put the microelectronics industry on track
for making a low-cost 1-terabyte
USB memory stick, Elliott says.
Just as reducing the size of
electronic components can
boost data storage capacity
in equivalent-sized memory
devices, that strategy can be
used to increase charge storage
capacity in batteries without
increasing their footprints. At
the University of Maryland , Eka-
terina Pomerantseva, a research
associate working with Reza
Ghodssi , a professor of electri-
cal and computer engineering,
exploits ALDs knack for coating
nanowires to make novel bio-
templated electrodes for micro-
sized lithium-ion batteries.
Specifically, the team, which
also includes graduate student
Konstantinos Gerasopoulos,
formed densely packed arrays
of modified tobacco mosaic
virus on a gold surface and then
plated nickel from solution onto
the nanowire-like viruses. The
nickel serves as a current collec-
tor. Then the group used ALD to
grow 20- to 40-nm-thick outer
films of titania (TiO
2
) and, sepa-
rately, vanadia (V
2
O
5
) , on top of
the nickel. These electrochemi-
cally active oxides function as
anode and cathode, respectively.
ON THE BASIS OF preliminary
electrochemical tests compar-
ing the core-shell biotemplated
electrodes to conventional
planar ones, the team finds a 20-
fold increase in charge capacity
per footprint area. They also
find that battery performance
remains fairly stable through
hundreds of charging cycles.
The group published results
from the initial phase of the
project last year in Chemical
Communications (DOI: 10.1039/
C0CC01689F ).
In addition to their electri-
COMPACT With the
tobacco mosaic virus
serving as a high-
surface-area template,
this microbattery
cathode material was
prepared by depositing
a composite of nickel
and V
2
O
5
as core and
shell (dark inner and
light outer regions),
respectively, as seen
in these SEM (top) and
TEM images.
E
K
A
T
E
R
I
N
A

P
O
M
E
R
A
N
T
S
E
V
A
/
U

O
F

M
A
R
Y
L
A
N
D

(
B
O
T
H
)
40
WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
cal and electrochemical properties, thin
films of metal oxides also exhibit useful
diffusion barrier and optical properties.
Many research groups, including ones in
industry, are developing ALD methods for
applying oxide films to polymers used in
the food industry, for example. Their aim is
to produce packaging materials that resist
food-degrading oxygen and water better
than todays materials. Similar procedures
are being developed to protect organic
light-emitting diodes from oxygen and wa-
ter infiltration. Whats more,
the oxide films flexibility and
transparency make them ideal
for use with other organic elec-
tronic applications, such as
flexible displays and organic so-
lar cells, both of which require
unimpeded light transmission.
Protective coatings for
flexible displays are one of
Georges key interest areas, but
the Colorado researcher ap-
proaches the problem via ALD
with a twist. He calls it molecu-
lar layer deposition (MLD).
The process is nearly the same
in principle as ALD. But switch-
ing from TMA and water to
two bifunctional monomers, for example,
deposits a molecular fragment during each
reaction cycle and in that way builds up
organic polymer films. And by pulsing with
precursors such as TMA and an organic
diol such as ethylene glycol, George takes
it one step further and fashions films of
hybrid organic-inorganic polymers such
as poly(aluminum ethylene glycol), also
known as alucone.
WHATS NEAT about the hybrids is that
you can tune film composition and proper-
ties such as hardness, density, and index
of refraction from completely inorganic to
completely organic with molecular-scale
gradations, George says.
The level of dexterity afforded by se-
quential reaction methods is motivating
researchers to use ALD to make tailored
metal catalyst particles. In a recent study,
Jeffrey W. Elam and Jeffrey T. Miller of
Argonne National Laboratory and their
coworkers demonstrated that palladium
particles ranging in size from less than
1 nm to roughly 2 nm can be prepared in
uniform-sized batches by adjusting ALD
parameters. Conventional methods for
preparing metal particles typically lead to
broad particle size distributions, which
rule out the opportunity to determine the
dependence of a catalysts activity on par-
ticle size. For some systems, particle size
strongly influences catalytic activity. As it
turns out, in the test reaction studied by
the Argonne teammethanol decomposi-
tionall palladium particles smaller than 2
nm exhibited similar activities ( ACS Catal.,
DOI: 10.1021/cs2000957 ).
While much of the ALD community
focuses on electronics, display, and energy
applications, a few out-of-the-box uses
for ALD are steadily gaining attention. In
2009, Mato Knez of the Max Planck Insti-
tute of Microstructure Physics, in Halle,
Germany, garnered significant press atten-
tion when he and his coworkers showed
that the toughness of spider silk could be
increased substantially by infiltrating the
fibers protein structures with metal atoms
via ALD methods ( Science, DOI: 10.1126/
science.1168162 ). The work suggests that
other fibrous materials could be modified
in a way that enhances their properties for
application purposes.
Jesse S. Jur , a textile specialist at North
Carolina State University, Raleigh, sees an
opportunity to use ALD along those lines.
He aims to coat cotton, paper, and synthet-
ic fibers for use in a number of applications,
including fiber-based batteries, capacitors,
and sensors. In addition to ALDs unique
ability to coat long and narrow objects, the
method is also attractive because it works
at temperatures low enough to avoid dam-
aging thermally sensitive materials, such as
cellulose paper. A potential showstopper
in this area is the difficulty in accurately
measuring conductivity values from con-
ductive coatings on nonconductive fibrous
materials. Recently, Jur and co-
workers described a procedure
for making those measure-
ments ( Adv. Funct. Mater., DOI:
10.1002/adfm.201001756 ).
BIOMEDICAL applications
certainly seems like the odd
man out in this story, but that
area is also looking to ALD
methods for ways to customize
materials. Roger J. Narayan of
the University of North Caro-
lina/NCSU Joint Department
of Biomedical Engineering
says several investigators have
been focusing on these kinds of
studies for the past few years.
One of Narayans research thrusts is
developing biocompatible coatings for
medical implants. He teamed up with Elam
and Anirudha V. Sumant at Argonne Na-
tional Laboratorys Center for Nanoscale
Materials on a project sponsored by the
Department of Energy to investigate how
diamond coatings can be applied to im-
planted biosensors, drug delivery devices,
and sensory prostheses. Diamond is corro-
sion resistant and compatible with many
types of cells but can exhibit surface rough-
ness. The teams solution is a triple layer
at tissue-implant interfaces: a nanoporous
alumina membrane coated via ALD with
tungsten and further coated with diamond
via chemical vapor deposition. The ALD-
deposited tungsten layer enhances dia-
mond nucleation, leading to implants with
smoother, more conformal diamond films.
Charles L. Dezelah, general manager
at Picosun , an ALD instrument manufac-
turer with headquarters in Espoo, Finland,
and Detroit, says that ALD practitioners
have historically thought of ALD as just
a thin-film deposition technique. But he
sees a much broader future for the method.
With its unique layer-by-layer atomic pre-
cision, ALD is a virtually limitless tool for
nanochemistry, he says.
SCI ENCE & TECHNOLOGY
VARIETY Numerous
types of organic, inorganic,
and hybrid lms can be
grown via ALD chemistry.
CH
3
CH
3
H
3
C
OH OH OH
Al
Al
O O O
OH OH HO
Al
Al
O O
O O
O
Al
Al
O O O
HO
O
HO HO
TMA
CH
4
CH
4
OH
HO
CH
4
H
2
O
With its unique layer-by-layer atomic
precision, atomic layer deposition is a
virtually limitless tool for nanochemistry.
42
WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
WIRE-TIED BALES of paper stack nearly to
the ceiling of FutureMark Papers recycled
paper mill in suburban Chicago. A closer
look at the bales innards reveals a diverse
mix of cast-off office paper, newspaper, col-
orful catalogs, and glossy magazine pages.
Paper recyclers have long dealt with this
hodgepodge of paper types. But in recent
years, they have faced a new challenge: ink
from digital printing presses. Changes in
the way some paper is printed have mills
concerned that they could be forced to
alter how they scrub recovered paper of
unwanted ink.
New ink and old ink dont always mix.
Many high-volume digital printing presses
rely on water-based inks while convention-
al analog printing presses use oily inks. In
their deinking processes, paper recyclers
take advantage of analog inks hydropho-
bicity. But such processes dont work with
all digital inks. So the hunt is on for new
ways to deink paperand for new digital
inks that will work with todays deinking
chemistry.
Recyclers concerns are still mostly
about the future. Thats because analog
methods such as offset printing still domi-
nate the newspaper and magazine print-
ing industry, the source of most recycled
paper. By some estimates, more than
95% of the 50 to 60 trillion commercial
printed pages are still being printed using
analog printing processes, largely offset,
says Tom Baratz , a senior consultant for
Newton, Mass.-based Lyra Research ,
which keeps track of the digital printing
industry.
But digital methods are gaining ground.
Digital print penetration is growing
steadily each year, Baratz says. Such print-
ing methods offer more flexibility and
customization than those that currently
dominate large-scale commercial printing,
he says. Ink-jet and toner-based methods
are among the digital printing technologies
fighting to take high-volume market share
away from the analog goliaths.
The book printing industry offers an
early sign that digital is beginning to chip
away at those goliaths, according to Eric
G. Hanson, director of Hewlett-Packard s
Printing & Content
Delivery Lab in Palo
Alto, Calif. He points to
CPI, Europes largest
producer of black-and-
white books, which
recently began using
digital printing presses
from Hewlett-Packard
(HP) to cost-effectively
produce relatively
small quantities, or
runs, of up to 3,000 books. The company
expects the market for short-run books to
grow 810% per year. Not every book is a
best seller, explains CPI chairman Pierre-
Franois Catt.
Commercial deinking plants typically
use a combination of mechanical action
and chemistry to detach ink from paper
fibers, according to Andreas M. Faul, man-
aging director of the International Associa-
tion of the Deinking Industry (INGEDE),
whose members include 32 deinking mills
in Europe and one in Pakistan. In most
plants, he says, recovered paper is agitated
in water with soap, typically one that is
fatty acid-based, under alkaline conditions.
The soap and the basic conditions swell the
papers fibers and dislodge the attached
ink. When air is bubbled through the pulp-
water slurry, the soap creates foam at the
slurrys surface. Dislodged hydrophobic
ink particles tend to get swept up and stuck
in this foam, which is then skimmed from
the slurry. The deinking process is repeated
several times until the pulp reaches the de-
sired brightness.
THIS CHEMISTRY was developed to
remove offset and other analog printing
inks from newspapers and magazines, says
Samuel Schabel , who heads the depart-
ment of paper technology and mechanical
process engineering at Germanys Tech-
nische Universitt Darmstadt. It also hap-
pens to work well for most toner-based
prints, such as those made by laser print-
ers. But it doesnt work nearly as well for
the water-based inks used in some high-
end ink-jet presses. Rather than migrate to
the foam, these water-based inks remain
in the water, which recirculates repeatedly
in commercial deinking plants. As a con-
sequence, Schabel explains, the inclusion
of even relatively small amounts of ink-
jet prints in paper recycling streams can
darken a plants recirculating water and de-
crease the brightness of the recycled pulp.
Recyclers have also voiced complaints
RETHINKING DEINKING
Climb in DIGITAL PRINTING puts pressure on paper recycling
AMANDA YARNELL, C&EN BOSTON
S
T
E
V
E

S
M
I
T
H
/
F
U
T
U
R
E
M
A
R
K

P
A
P
E
R
Theres no method for
sorting paper by its ink.
RAW MATERIAL
A diverse mix
of wastepaper
awaits deinking
at FutureMark
Papers mill in
Alsip, Ill., where
it will be recycled
into paper for
magazines
such as the one
youre reading.
SCI ENCE & TECHNOLOGY
43
WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
PRINTING METHODS
CONVENTIONAL (ANALOG)
Major markets: newspapers, maga-
zines, most books
Offset lithography: Image is
transferred to a printing plate using
solvent-based inks. The image is then
transferred to a rubber blanket and
finally to paper.
Gravure: Image is engraved into a
metal cylinder. The recesses are filled
with a water- or solvent-based ink,
which is then pressed onto paper.
Flexography: Raised image is cre-
ated on flexible polymer plate. Re-
sulting relief plate is rolled through
water-based ink and then transferred
first to a series of metal cylinders and
finally to paper.
DIGITAL
Major markets: short-run book print-
ing, direct mail, packaging, photo
products
Ink-jet: Image is created by jetting
droplets of water-based or waterless
ink onto paper.
Liquid electrophotography: Image
is produced by scanning a laser beam
across a photoconductor-coated drum
to selectively remove charge. Liquid
toner particles are transferred to dis-
charged areas on the drum, then to a
rubber blanket, and finally to paper.
Laser: Image is produced by scan-
ning a laser beam across a drum
coated with organic photoconductor
to selectively remove charge. Charged
areas attract dry toner particles,
which are then fused onto paper.
about prints from HPs high-volume liquid
electrophotography presses, which are sold
under the name Indigo. The liquid toner
used by such presses is difficult to remove
by conventional deinking processes and can
leave specks in the recycled paper, Schabel
says. Last fall, an office-paper recycling
plant in Germany had to discard seven
20-ton reels of freshly recycled paper after
accepting an unusually large amount of raw
material from Indigo-printed photo books.
As high-volume ink-jet printing, as well
as HPs Indigo, begins to take hold in on-
demand book printing, custom mailings,
and other niche markets, recycling mills
cant avoid these prints, Faul says.
That worries Wouter Peddemors, who
looks after FutureMark Papers deinking
operation. Theres no method for sorting
paper by its ink, he says.
DIGITAL PRINTERS are responding
to deinkers concerns. Earlier this year,
INGEDE and the Digital Print Deinking
Alliancewhose members include large-
scale ink-jet makers HP, Ricohs InfoPrint
Solutions, Kodak, and Oc Printing Sys-
temsannounced that they would col-
laborate to improve the removal of ink-jet
inks from recovered paper. Among the
solutions the two associations will explore
are optimizing the mills deinking process-
es, tweaking inks, treating freshly printed
images to ease ink removal later, and even
changing the characteristics of paper.
HP chemist Hou T. Ng and his team are
already looking for solutions. In their lab in
a basement of HPs labyrinth research facil-
ity, Ngs band of chemists and engineers
are rethinking the deinking of HPs digital
prints. Ng points to a 55-gal blue drum filled
with a mishmash of shredded papers of
different ilk. The paper that comes into a
recycling plant is very diverse, he explains.
Newsprint, magazines, office paper, pho-
tosthese different kinds of paper are not
all printed with the same inks. But the
process used to remove those inks is a one-
size-fits-all solution, he says.
Ngs colleagues Manoj K. Bhattacharyya,
Laurie S. Mittelstadt, and Wenjia Zhang
invited C&EN to see the modified deinking
chemistry that the team developed. They
demonstrated that their neutral, surfac-
tant-enabled chemistry readily deinks HPs
ink-jet and even its Indigo prints. First the
researchers chopped ink-stained, image-
ridden pages and mixed the paper pieces
with warm water containing small amounts
of two surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate
and a polyethylene glycol ether, at neutral
pH rather than the alkaline conditions used
in most commercial deinking plants. Bhat-
tacharyya then mashed the mixture in an
industrial kitchen mixer and transferred it
to a miniature version of the giant deink-
ing cell used in a paper recycling plant.
Within minutes, dirty foam appeared at the
surface of the agitated water-pulp slurry.
Zhang siphoned it off into buckets. Then,
using a vacuum-assisted machine that re-
sembles a tortilla press, she fashioned the
white slurry into sheets of paper. Only the
tiniest flecks of ink were perceptible in the
finished paper.
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WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
Still, its not yet clear whether this
chemistry will see adoption in commercial
deinking mills. In a lab you can only test
the behavior of a printed product in an ide-
alized deinking process, says INGEDEs
Faul. To see whether it might work in the
real world, you must go to the pilot scale.
Whats more, Faul says, mill owners
have been perfecting their deinking chem-
istry for decades, doing all they can to
boost their recycled-paper yields. As a re-
sult, he argues, they would prefer a change
in digital inks themselves to a change in
deinking chemistry.
Thats got some companies rethinking
ink. Xerox recently introduced a high-
volume commercial ink-jet printer that
uses solid, waterless ink made of a mix of
engineered low-molecular-weight waxes
and resins. Several things make Xeroxs
ink-jet prints readily deinkable in existing
deinking plants, says Don Titterington,
the companys vice president of print-
head and ink R&D. For starters, the ink
isnt soluble in water, he explains. And
because pixels of ink are attached to the
paper via mechanical rather than chemical
means, the ink comes off of the paper in
fairly large particles. As a result, Xeroxs
lighter-than-water ink particles read-
ily float up to the foam at conventional
deinking mills, he says. The firm hopes
the printing press will find use in printing
books, direct mail, and statements from
retirement funds or credit card compa-
nies, for example.
Fujifilm has also developed ink-jet
presses that use inks that can be readily
removed during recycling.
IN ADDITION TO changes in ink or deink-
ing, there is a third possibility, some in
the industry say: Paper itself could use a
rethink. When you think about deinking,
paper is as big a factor as ink, says Nils
Miller, a senior scientist in HPs imaging
and printing group. But papermaking is
both an art and a science. In addition to
recycled or virgin fibers, most paper con-
tains fillers, such as chalk or clay, that can
affect deinkability. But each paper com-
pany has its own recipe, he notes. Nor-
mally, a paper company will decide how to
formulate paper based on cost, what hap-
pens to be available, or what theyve used
before. They dont think about what the
formulation means for deinking.
That may soon start to change, Miller
suggests. Paper products that can be more
easily deinkedand thus recycledcould
be marketed as a greener, more environ-
mentally friendly alternative to current
papers. That could be a competitive ad-
vantage, he says.
Indeed, the European Union has pro-
posed that future labels measuring the
environmental friendliness of printed
products take recyclabilityand deink-
ability in particularinto account, Faul
says. That may force paper mills and print-
er manufacturers alike to ensure that all
paper can be stripped of its ink. We have
no choice, Faul explains. We must extend
the life cycle of our precious paper-fiber
resources.
SCI ENCE & TECHNOLOGY
H
E
W
L
E
T
T

P
A
C
K
A
R
D

DIGITAL PRESS
European book
printer CPI uses
Hewlett Packards
ink-jet press to
produce short-run
books.
Learn more about Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD), an
enabling thin film technology. Visit our Knowledge Center
to find out more about this amazing technology and how
ALD can support your research goals.
www.cambridgenanotech.com/knowledgecenter
Energy
Nanostructures
Optical
Electronics
Biomedical
Other
applications
45
WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
BOOKS
RADIOACTIVITY FIGURES LARGE in the
public consciousness in 2011, but many
chemists may think it matters little to
their work, if at all. Introductory chemistry
classes taught us the names of the most im-
portant figures and their contributions, but
in the 21st century radioactivity is almost
entirely the realm of physicists. So its good
to be reminded that
chemists did a lot
of the early work
on the mysterious
rays and that our
fundamental under-
standing of atomic
structure and phys-
ics itself are both a
result of figuring out
radioactivity.
For those of us
who need a refresher on the early days of
radioactivity research, Radioactivity: A
History of a Mysterious Science presents
a short and approachable summary. Un-
derstanding the relationships between
the many radiation researchers and their
discoveries is not much less daunting than
understanding the physics behind their
work. The book, written by science histo-
rian Marjorie C. Malley, does an admirable
job of presenting the events of a turbulent
young science clearly and logically.
Radioactivity, Malley explains, came to
the fore in 1896 when Antoine-Henri Bec-
querel discovered that a mineral contain-
ing uranium would darken a photographic
plate without light. His work followed
closely on the heels of the discovery of
X-rays by Wilhelm Rntgen in 1895. Sci-
entists were soon experimenting with
uranium and other radioactive minerals
and found that no outside influencebe
it light, gravity, or a number of other theo-
ries testedaffected the radiation. The re-
alization that radioactivity had an atomic
origin would lead to discoveries about
atomic structure, the nature of energy,
and many other fundamental phenomena.
Radioactivity research would also pro-
duce numerous medical procedures, like
X-ray imaging and radiation treatment
for tumors, as well as energy and weapons
technology.
Malley is up front about the books limi-
tations. Her goal, she says in the preface,
is to provide a broad and accurate history
while avoiding ex-
cessive technical
detail, and for
better or worse she
does exactly that.
The book is light on
details; its on the
level of, say, a high
school textbook.
Thats not to say
that there isnt a lot
to be learned from
it; there is. But dont expect to come away
from the book an expert.
The books greatest value may be in
reminding us that chemists were integral
to uncovering the secrets of radiation and
atomic structure. As Malley points out, ra-
dioactivity has been almost exclusively the
domain of nuclear physics since the 1920s.
Before that, however, it belonged at least
as much to chemists as to physicists. Pierre
and Marie Curie collaborated closely with
chemists like Gustave Bmont and Andr-
Louis Debierne throughout their careers.
Marie, a trained physicist, won her second
Nobel Prize, in chemistry, a century ago for
her discovery of polonium and radium and
her isolation of the latter ( C&EN, June 27,
page 66 ).
Ernest Rutherford worked on radiation
closely with chemist Frederick Soddy at
McGill University, and Malley writes that
in some cases Soddy arrived at important
realizations first. Soddy realized that
emanations from thorium were an inert
gas and the product of a transmutation
of thorium, and Malley says Soddy had to
convince Rutherford of the importance
of his discovery. She quotes Soddy: The
constitution of matter is the province of
chemistry.
THE FLIP SIDE is the importance of early
radioactivity research to chemistry. If
theres one lesson to be learnedor re-
learnedfrom Radioactivity it is that
all our knowledge of nuclei, subatomic
particles, nuclear forces and structure, and
isotopes is a product of work done to fur-
ther the understanding of radioactivity.
Soddy coined the word isotope in 1911
when he realized that atomic number, not
weight, differentiated the elements. He
resolved long-standing frustration at the
inability to chemically separate seemingly
different elements, which had plagued
researchers trying to get pure samples of
radioactive materials.
Likewise, Rutherfords famous foil-
scattering experiment led to Niels Bohr s
model of the atom with a relatively small
nucleus and electrons around it, although
his intent was simply to hone models of
atomic scattering, not necessarily to revise
the atomic model.
RADIOACTIVITY
RESEARCH: A HISTORY
A look at the early EXPLORATION OF A PHENOMENON
with direct bearing on chemistry
REVIEWED BY SAM LEMONICK
RADIOACTIVITY:
A History of a
Mysterious Science,
by Marjorie C.
Malley, Oxford
University Press,
2011, 280 pages,
$21.95 hardcover
(ISBN 13: 978-0-19-
976641-3; 10: 0-19-
976641-X)
Ashfords Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals
Third edition, 2011
A fast eBook guide to the chemical industry that runs on Adobe
Reader. 9,484 entries, each with information on commercial grades,
properties, raw materials, manufacturing routes, derivatives and
uses. Fully linked to upstream and downstream products.
www.industrialchemistry.info
46
WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
BOOKS
Modern chemistry is deeply indebted to
early radioactivity research, even though
nowadays nuclear physics seems more like
a distant cousin. Without it, fundamental
ideas like wave-particle duality and the
importance of probability would not be
known.
Radioactivity is laid out in roughly
chronological order,
a choice that can be
alternately helpful
and frustrating,
especially when the
author has to stray
from it. The early
years of radioactiv-
ity research were
chaotic. Discover-
ies came fast and
furious, not a few of
them later found to
be false, and many
happened almost
simultaneously in
labs thousands of
miles apart.
Malley almost
has to impose a
linear sequence to
keep the reader on
track. And uncon-
nected events occasionally end up next
to each other where chronology dictates,
as with early ideas about atomic energy
inspired by Albert Einsteins formulations
in 1905 and Pierre Curies death in a traffic
accident in 1906. The sequence is logical,
but it can still be jolting.
Whats worse, Malley skips back and
forth in time to keep her subject matter
consistent, though there is a helpful time-
line in the appendixes. Short sections with-
in each chapter follow different threads of
the story, like Rutherfords discovery of the
alpha and beta components of radiation or
the discoveries by a number of researchers
that led to the realization that many of the
raysas the radioactive energy was first
describedwere in fact charged particles.
Each section might describe five or 10 years
of research, meaning the clock is suddenly
dialed back at the end of each section to
describe another aspect of the story that
evolved at the same time.
Nonetheless, a bare timeline of events in
radioactivitys history would be useless, so
its easy to see why the author avoided that
approach. But for a nonhistorian, keeping
track of all the dates starts to get over-
whelming. The occasional schizophrenic
structureis the book ordered by date or
by subject?can be disorienting.
The book does have several useful ap-
pendixes. One contains the endnotes,
which offer a lot of further reading. An-
other is a Glossary of Rays and Radiation
that helpfully defines the different types
described in the book; this listing is espe-
cially useful in cases where
the terms are not used any-
more. Also included in the
appendixes are historical
and contemporary decay
series of different radioac-
tive elements and a physi-
cal explanation of nuclear
forces and the cause of
radiation.
THE BOOKS most serious
downfall is that it ends too
soon. It would perhaps be
more accurately subtitled An Early Histo-
ry. Many of the developments of radioac-
tivity research most relevant to the books
audiencenuclear weapons and energy in
particularget short shrift compared with
interesting but perhaps less germane top-
ics. The Manhattan Project actually gets
less space in the book than the ultimately
meaningless connection between oil de-
posits and radioactivity.
There is every reason to leave out such
huge topics, but Malley should be up front
about omitting them. The development of
the atom bomb and humanitys attempts
to tame the atom for electricity are criti-
cal parts of radioactivitys history, not
to mention the history of humankind.
Readers may be disappointed to come
away from the book knowing a lot about
Becquerel rays (ionizing radiation later
known as alpha, beta, and gamma rays)
but almost nothing about how we ended
up with a situation like that at the Fuku-
shima nuclear power plant in Japan: badly
damaged, perhaps destroyed, by an earth-
quake/tsunami.
Malleys book would be perfect outside
reading for high school chemistry students.
Indeed, in the books pref-
ace, she lists making the
history of science accessible
for students and for teach-
ers as one of her goals. This
is not to say that an older audience, profes-
sional or otherwise, cant benefit from read-
ing Radioactivity. The book is an excellent
primer on the early history of the field, and
although the writing is occasionally clunky,
it is generally an engaging and easy read.
Even if it is a simple history, readers of all
backgrounds will benefit from Malleys
description of our quest to understand the
mysterious phenomena that ended up re-
shaping almost all scientific thought.
SAM LEMONICK is a freelance writer in
Washington, D.C.
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VISION In 1896, when
Antoine-Henri Becquerel
(left) set a metal Maltese
cross between a photo-
graphic plate and a uranium
salt, a shadowy image of
the object formed on the
plate (above).
FIRST X-RAY Image
of the hand of Mrs.
Wilhelm Rntgen,
1895.
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WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
ACS COMMENT
BONNIE A. CHARPENTIER , CHAIR, BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Join The ACS Strategy
Conversation
Because things are the way they are, things
will not stay the way they are.
Bertolt Brecht

IN 2008, the American Chemical Society
Board of Directors, with a great deal of
input from and collaboration with other
members, developed a strategic plan that
has guided the society well. The strategic
plan helped focus efforts throughout the
society and helped ensure those efforts
were aimed at areas we collectively agreed
were most important. Over the past several
years, our strategy has led ACS to provide
the information resources chemists need,
grow global communities, address global
challenges, celebrate the International
Year of Chemistry, and shine a spotlight on
the value our science holds for the public
and policymakers.
Worldwide, the practice of chemistry
is changing. Emerging trends from within
the chemistry enterprise and external to it
are affecting us. The ACS strategic direc-
tion, therefore, must adjust to continue
to serve our members and our science in
the face of the unfolding reality. The ACS
Board of Directors and
I ask for your assistance
as we embark on the
development of the ACS
Strategic Plan for 2012 &
Beyond.
The ACS strategic
plan provides the blue-
print for everything we
do; its our road map for
making a difference. It
is therefore crucial that
the plan remain cur-
rent. Since its establish-
ment, the plan has been
reviewed and updated
annually. Changes within
the global chemistry
enterprise now suggest
the need for a thorough
reevaluation of our goals
and objectives. This
process is vital every few
years in order to remain
relevant and focused on the
issues that will most signifi-
cantly impact chemists and
chemistry.
THE STRATEGIC Plan for
2012 & Beyond, therefore,
is being developed from
the ground up, without be-
ing bound to earlier plans.
It will consist of no more
than six goals along with
supporting objectives. It
is important to note that
the ACS vision, Improv-
ing peoples lives through
the transforming power of
chemistry, and mission,
To advance the broader
chemical enterprise and its
practitioners for the benefit
of Earth and its people,
will remain unchanged, as
they provide the unwavering foundation
for our strategy.
We are asking for your help in consider-
ing the world of chemistry,
seeking to develop goals
that will position chem-
ists to better address the
worlds pressing chal-
lenges. What challenges
or opportunities do you
see affecting the lives of
chemists and the practice
of chemistry that should
be addressed by ACS? How
do you think ACS should
prepare and assist its mem-
bers to excel in this era of
rapid change, globalization,
and increasingly urgent
science-based challenges?
What are the most impor-
tant priorities for your
society to establish for the
next several years?
Please share your
thoughts and ideas with us.
A discussion forum about
ACS strategic priorities has been established
on the ACS Network at communities.acs.
org/groups/acs-strategic-plan .
I ask that you take a
moment to comment
there, or e-mail
strategicplan@acs.org.
The ACS Board of Direc-
tors and I look forward to
hearing from you at any
time, though your input
would be greatly appreci-
ated by Sept. 9 so that
it can aid our decision
making for this major
strategic focus.
Together, we will iden-
tify a great path for the
future of the American
Chemical Society.
Views expressed on this
page are those of the au-
thor and not necessarily
those of ACS.
K
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Together, we will
identify a great
path for the future
of the American
Chemical Society.
48
WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
ACS NEWS
IN A SHOW of solidarity with Japan and its
chemical society, the American Chemical
Society is helping to facilitate donations to
the East Japan Earthquake Victim Support
Project . The Chemical Society of Japan es-
tablished the project to support the coun-
trys next generation in the fields of chem-
istry and related sciences by providing both
short- and long-term assistance to children
and students, says Nobuyuki Kawashima,
executive director and secretary general of
the Chemical Society of Japan.
ACS has set up a website where mem-
bers can make tax-deductible monetary
donations to the project. Donations will be
accepted through the end of 2011.
From the very beginning, we were all
very much affected by this tragedy, says
ACS Executive Director and Chief Execu-
tive Officer Madeleine Jacobs. The ACS
has a long-standing history with Japan and
with the Chemical Society of Japan. Japan
has more than 4,400 ACS members, the
largest number of members for a country
outside of the U.S.
When the earthquake and associated tsu-
nami struck on March 11 (C&EN, March 21,
page 8), Jacobs sent a letter to Kawashima
expressing her deep concern and sympa-
thies on behalf of ACS and ACSs commit-
ment to help Japan in its effort to rebuild.
This disaster reminds all of us of the
importance of working together to support
each other, Jacobs wrote. All of us here at
the American Chemical Society are joined
in support and solidarity for those who are
suffering. Please know that your friends
at the American Chemical Society are sin-
cerely concerned with this and are ready to
provide any assistance you may need. On
March 30, the ACS Board of Directors and
ACS Council passed a resolution support-
ing ACSs colleagues, friends, and members
in Japan.
The fact that ACS, a leading learned
society in the world and longtime friend
of the Chemical Society of Japan, showed
this commitment reminds us of the strong
bond in chemistry at the global level, Ka-
washima says.
ACS has been in touch with the affected
universities and scientists in the devas-
tated area, Jacobs notes. There were some
temporary disruptions at those universi-
ties, but most of them, to the best of our
knowledge, are back in business now, she
says. Its really now at the village and the
town level that the need is the greatest.
Jacobs says that the effort to help Ja-
pan is consistent with ACSs response to
domestic tragedies, such as Hurricane Ka-
trina. We learned from Katrina the kind of
response that is appropriate for us in these
kinds of disasters, she says.
We hope that whatever support our
members are able to give to the East Japan
Earthquake Victim Support Project will
help make it a success, Jacobs contin-
ues. Its our small contribution to the
rebuilding.
For more information, or to make a do-
nation, visit www.acs.org/JapanRelief . LW
ACS JOINS JAPANS
RELIEF EFFORT
CAROLYN BERTOZZI
NAMED KAVLI LECTURER
ACS HAS SELECTED Carolyn R. Bertozzi ,
the T. Z. & Irmgard Chu Distinguished Pro-
fessor of Chemistry and professor of mo-
lecular and cell biology at the University of
California, Berkeley, to be the lecturer for
The Kavli Foundation
Innovations in Chem-
istry Lecture program
at the 2012 spring ACS
national meeting in
San Diego.
The program is
designed to address
the urgent need for
vigorous, outside-the-
box thinking by scientists as they tackle the
worlds mounting challenges, including cli-
mate change, emerging diseases, and water
and energy shortages (C&EN, July 19, 2010,
page 42). The lectures take place during the
ACS national meetings and are sponsored
by The Kavli Foundation, a philanthropic
organization that supports basic scientific
research.
Bertozzis lecture will describe her
research at the interface of synthetic meth-
odology and biology, in particular the de-
velopment of bioorthogonal chemistry as a
powerful tool kit for studying biochemical
pathways in living organisms.
The Kavli Foundation has demonstrated
extraordinary vision and leadership in
their support of leading-edge basic science
research and in promoting the public under-
standing of how critical science is for the hu-
man condition, Bertozzi says. The lecture
series provides scientists like me with a
valuable opportunity to share research re-
sults with the citizens that support us, she
adds. As well, it is an opportunity to com-
municate to the next generation of students
how important the chemical sciences are for
solving central problems of humanity. LW
Announcements of ACS news may be sent to
acsnews.cen@acs.org.
N
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COMMITTED Students
walk though earthquake-
affected areas.
49
WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
AWARDS
LEMELSON-MIT PRIZE
TO JOHN ROGERS
John A. Rogers , director of the National
Science Foundation Nanoscale Science &
Engineering Center and the Lee J. Flory
Founder Chair in Engineering Innovation
at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Cham-
paign, is the recipient
of the 2011 Lemelson-
MIT Prize , which
awards $500,000 to
a midcareer scientist
whose inventions are
making a broad impact
on society.
Rogers research fo-
cuses on soft materials
for flexible macroelectronic circuits, nano-
photonic structures, microfluidic devices,
and microelectromechanical systems. His
work has led to commercial products for
human health, fiber optics, semiconductor
manufacturing, and solar power.
He cofounded the companies Semprius
and mc10 to commercialize technologies
such as photovoltaics and silicon wafer-
based electronics for use in surgical proce-
dures. He also developed the first cameras
similar in size and shape to the human eye,
which could have use in many applica-
tions, such as night-vision surveillance and
robotic vision.
John Rogers takes the cross section of
scientific and technological development
for practical application to a new level; the
work is striking in its novelty and market-
ability, says Michael J. Cima, faculty direc-
tor of the Lemelson-MIT Program. His
management of a team of young research-
ers focused on inventive work additionally
establishes his ability to thrive as a role
model, evidenced in the fact that every
student to study in his group has gone on
to pursue a creative technical career. This
game-changing and inspiring type of inven-
tor defines who we look to honor.
DAVID WILLIAMS NAMED
OUTSTANDING TEACHER
David Williams, a chemistry teacher
at Lawton High School, in Michigan,
was given the Outstanding High School
Chemistry Teacher award by the ACS
Kalamazoo Section .
He is a remarkable teacher, says Lydia
E. H. Hines, councilor of the Kalamazoo
Section. It is very
important in current
times to teach stu-
dents how to think
independently and
how to design exper-
iments. The teaching
style that Mr. Wil-
liams has adopted will enable the develop-
ment of strong scientists who will be ready
for carrying out independent research once
they begin pursuing their undergraduate
degrees.
JUDITH LACHVAYDER
HONORED FOR HIGH
SCHOOL TEACHING
Judith H. Lachvayder, a chemistry teacher
at Saint Ignatius High School, in Cleveland,
is the recipient of the 2011 Award for Excel-
lence in High School Teaching from the
ACS Central Region .
Lachvayder has been teaching high
school chemistry since 1971. She taught in
the Parma City School District in Ohio for
35 years before moving to Saint Ignatius
in 2003. In addition to her teaching, Lach-
vayder mentors students participating in
extracurricular activities such as the Intel
International Science & Engineering Fair.
She has also been instrumental in improv-
ing teachers performance by leading and
organizing many local workshops for
DALE BOGER SELECTED
AS PORTOGHESE
LECTURER
Dale L. Boger , Richard & Alice Cramer
Professor of Chemistry at Scripps Research
Institute, is the recipient of the 2011 Philip
S. Portoghese Medicinal Chemistry Lec-
tureship, jointly sponsored by the Journal of
Medicinal Chemistry and the ACS Division of
Medicinal Chemistry .
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PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
AWARDS ANNOUNCED
The ACS Division of Physical Chemis-
try has named the winners of two of its
awards.
Michael A. Duncan , Franklin & Regents
Professor of Chemistry at the University
of Georgia, is the winner of the 2011 ACS
Physical Chemistry Division Award in Ex-
perimental Physical Chemistry. The award
recognizes his work on photodissociation
spectroscopy to investigate the structure
and bonding in metal atom clusters, metal
cation-molecular complexes, protonated
ROLE MODEL
Williams (right)
and his high school
chemistry teacher,
Doreen Odziana,
who inspired him to
study chemistry.
HERR RECEIVES YOUNG
INVESTIGATOR AWARD
Amy E. Herr , assistant professor of bioen-
gineering at the University of California,
Berkeley, is the recipient of the Young In-
vestigator Award in Analytical Chemistry,
presented by the Analytical Chemistry
Academic Contact Committee of Eli Lilly
& Co. Herr will receive an unsolicited and
unrestricted grant of $50,000, which may
be renewed for a second year.
Her research is focused on developing
new tools for quantifying complex
biological systems. She combines innovative
approaches from analytical chemistry,
engineering, materials science, and biology
to address questions in fundamental and
applied science.
The lectureship is named in honor of Por-
toghese, editor-in-chief of the Journal of
Medicinal Chemistry,
and honors the contri-
butions of an individu-
al who has had a major
impact on medicinal
chemistry research.
Bogers research
is at the interface of
chemistry and biol-
ogy and involves the
exploration of the biological properties of
natural products with the goal of discover-
ing new therapeutic targets. He will deliver a
lecture during the fall ACS national meeting
in Denver.
teachers. Lachvayder was honored during
the 42nd ACS Central Regional Meeting in
Indianapolis in June.
50
WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
AWARDS
JUSTIN HASFORD
GARNERS MIDDLEKAUF
AWARD
Justin J. Hasford, an attorney at Finnegan,
Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner
LLP in Washington,
D.C., is the recipient of
the Roger D. Middle-
kauf Service Award,
presented by the ACS
Division of Chemistry
& the Law . Hasfords
practice focuses
on complex patent
infringement litiga-
tion on behalf of branded pharmaceutical
companies.
The award recognizes Hasfords out-
standing contributions and service to the
division. He has served as chair, program
chair, and secretary of the division, as well
as its liaison to the ACS Committee on Pat-
ents & Related Matters.
LINDA WANG compiles this section.
Announcements of awards may be sent to
l_wang@acs.org.
IZATT-CHRISTENSEN
AWARD TO ANDREW
HAMILTON
Andrew D. Hamilton, vice chancellor at
the University of Oxford , is the recipient
of the 2011 Izatt-Christensen Award, pre-
sented at the International Symposium
on Macrocyclic & Supramolecular Chem-
istry . The award, which includes a $2,000
honorarium and an engraved plaque, is
given annually to recognize outstanding
achievement in the fields of macrocyclic
and supramolecular chemistry. Hamilton
is being honored for his development of
macrocycle-peptide conjugates for protein
recognition.
AARON WHEELER
WINS YOUNG
INNOVATOR AWARD
Aaron Wheeler , associate professor of
chemistry at the University of Toronto, is
the recipient of the Analytical Chemistry
2011 Young Innovator Award.
The award, sponsored by the journal and
the Chemical & Biological Microsystems
Society , recognizes the contributions of an
individual who has demonstrated excep-
tional technical advancement and innova-
tion in the area of lab-on-a-chip devices
and digital microfluidic systems.
Wheeler develops hybrid methods that
rely on the unique advantages of micro-
channels and digital microfluidics for high-
throughput bioanalytical applications. He
will receive the award in Seattle in October
during the 15th International Conference
on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry &
Life Sciences .
ACS PETROLEUM
DIVISION HONORS
CHUNSHAN SONG
Chunshan Song , distinguished professor
of fuel science and director of the Earth &
Mineral Sciences Energy Institute at Penn-
sylvania State Univer-
sity, has been selected
to receive the ACS
Petroleum Chemistry
Division s 2011 Distin-
guished Researcher
Award.
The award recogniz-
es Song for his exten-
sive contributions to
research in petroleum chemistry. Song, who
is also a professor of chemical engineering
and associate director of the Penn State In-
stitutes of Energy & the Environment, is in-
ternationally known for his contributions to
clean fuels, catalysis, and CO
2
capture and
utilization research. Song will be honored
during an award symposium at the fall ACS
national meeting in Denver.
NATIONAL CHEMICAL
TECHNICIAN AWARD
SEEKS APPLICANTS
Applicants are being sought for the 2012
National Chemical Technician Award . The
award consists of a $1,000 honorarium and
travel expenses for the winner and a guest
to attend the 2012 spring ACS national
meeting in San Diego, where the winner
will be honored.
Nominees must be employed as a
chemical technician and have worked
as a chemical technician for at least five
years. Nominees do not need to be ACS
members.
The nomination form can be downloaded
at www.acs.org/ncta. Nomination packets
must be received by the ACS Committee on
Technician Affairs by Sept. 30. Questions
may be directed to cta@acs.org.
molecular ions, and carbocations. He will
receive the award during the fall ACS na-
tional meeting in Denver.
James L. Skinner , Joseph O.
Hirschfelder Professor of Chemistry at
the University of Wisconsin, Madison,
is the 2011 recipient of the ACS Physical
Chemistry Division Award in Theoretical
Chemistry. This award, cosponsored by the
Telluride School on Theoretical Chemistry,
recognizes Skinners pioneering work in
the theory of dynamics and spectroscopy
in condensed phases. Skinner received the
award at the Telluride School on Theoreti-
cal Chemistry last month.
SOLID-STATE
FELLOWSHIP TO
AMY PRIETO
Amy L. Prieto , assistant professor of chem-
istry at Colorado State University, has been
awarded the 2011 ExxonMobil Solid State
Chemistry Faculty Fellowship, admin-
istered by the ACS Division of Inorganic
Chemistry . The award recognizes signifi-
cant contributions to solid-state chemistry
by an untenured faculty member at a U.S.
institution.
Prietos accomplishments include de-
veloping injection methods for the synthe-
sis of nanoparticles of abundant, nontoxic
elements for applications in photovoltaics
and developing direct electrodeposition
methods from aqueous solutions for the
synthesis of anode materials for high-
power-density lithium-ion batteries.
MICHIGAN GREEN
CHEMISTRY AWARD
AVAILABLE
Nominations are being accepted for the
Michigan Green Chemistry Governors
Award, which honors industrial, academic,
student, and nonprofit efforts to green
Michigans economy.
The award will be presented by Gov.
Rick Snyder during the 2011 Michigan
Green Chemistry & Engineering Confer-
ence on Oct. 27 at the University of Michi-
gan, Ann Arbor. Nominations are due on
Aug. 5; applications are available at www.
michigan.gov/greenchemistry .
TECHNICAL WRITER (SOMERSET, NJ): Pharmaceuti-
cal R&D company seeks qualified personnel to write
analytical technical documents, development and
validation reports, analytical methods, and specifi-
cations for drug substance and products. Research
analytical and summary basis approval documents,
prepare documents for all FDA submissions, design,
and write validation protocols. Write response to FDA
deficiency letters and gratuitous amendments. Send
CV to HR, Apicore LLC, 49 Napoleon Court, Somer-
set, NJ 08873.
POSITIONS OPEN
Advertising Rate Information
QUALI TY JOBS, QUALI TY CHEMI STS
Serving the Chemical, Life Sciences, and Laboratory Worlds
CLASSIFICATIONS
Positions open and academic positions. Di-
rectory sectionchemical exchange, equip-
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wantedmembers, nonmembers, student
and national affiliates, and retired members.
ISSUANCE
Published weekly every Monday. Calen-
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to www.cen-online.org/classifieds, e-mail
classifieds@acs.org, or call Renee Zerby at
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DIRECTORY SECTION
Space rate is $680 per inch. Lower rates
available on contract basis. Contact your
local advertising representative to place an
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Situations Wanted advertisements
placed by ACS members and affiliates are
accepted at $6.60 a line per insertion, no
minimum charge. State ACS membership
status and e-mail to classifieds@acs.org.
The advertisements will be classified by the
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If not designated, placement will be deter-
mined by the first word of text submitted.
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E-mail ads in a word document to
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able at http://pubs.acs.org/cen/advertise/
CCauth_CENC.pdf) with billing address.
POs and CC forms must allow for some
degree of flexibility and/or adjustment.
CONDITIONS
In printing these advertisements ACS as-
sumes no obligations as to qualifications of
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concerning positions advertised or those
seeking employment. Replies to announce-
ments should carry copies of supporting
documents, not original documents. Every
reasonable effort will be made to prevent for-
warding of advertising circulars. Employers
who require applications on company forms
should send duplicate copies. ACS considers
all users of this section obligated to acknowl-
edge all replies to their advertisements.
IMPORTANT NOTICES
Employment in countries other than your
own may be restricted by government visa
and other policies. Moreover, you should
investigate thoroughly the generally ac-
cepted employment practices, the cultural
conditions, and the exact provisions of the
specific position being considered. Mem-
bers may wish to contact the ACS Office of
International Activities for information it
might have about employment conditions
and cultural practices in other countries.
Various state and national laws against
discrimination, including the Federal Civil
Rights Act of 1964, prohibit discrimination in
employment because of race, color, religion,
national origin, age, sex, physical handicap,
sexual orientation, or any reason not based
on a bona fide occupational qualification.
These advertisements are for readers
convenience and are not to be construed
as instruments leading to unlawful
discrimination.
MEDICINAL/ORGANIC CHEMIST POSITIONS AT
HEC PHARMACEUTICALS, CO. SHENZHEN, CHINA
HEC Pharmaceuticals, Co., located in suburb Shen-
zhen, is a leading pharmaceutical company in China
engaging in both new drug R&D and API manufacture.
Current openings include entry PhD-level organic
chemists in new drug R&D department (Req# N) and
junior/senior PhD level organic chemists in API devel-
opment department (Req# A). HEC Pharma offers
competitive salary/benefits and great opportunity for
career advancement. To apply, please send CV to hr@
hecpahrma.com with job Req# in subject.
PHD RESEARCH CHEMIST
ROCKY HILL, CT.
Conduct applied research synthesizing small mol-
ecules, functional oligomers, and polymer networks
for new elastomeric adhesive and sealants. The scope
of the position includes defining potential technical ap-
proaches, exploring viable ideas, translating customer
needs into chemical structures, and assessing the per-
formance of materials. Minimum Qualifications: We
are looking for a creative contributor with experience
in synthetic chemistry and functional oligomer synthe-
sis. A Ph.D. in Chemistry or Chemistry and Polymer
Science is preferred. Working experience in polymer
characterization techniques and customer interac-
tion is required. Henkel is an Equal Opportunity Em-
ployer; Minority/Female/Disabled/Veteran. Please
apply online www.henkel.com reference position
#4967 and also send resume directly to cora.sena@
rightth ing inc.com.
The Warner Babcock Institute for Green
Chemistry, founded by the preeminent Green
Chemistry authority, Dr. John Warner, provides
contract invention and innovation services to
all industries that are touched by the chemical
enterprise.
WBI currently has job openings for junior - and
senior - level chemists and engineers with the
following range of responsibilities: execu-
tion and occasional leadership of customer
research programs; supporting synthesis,
process development and scale-up services;
and written and oral communication with key
customer contacts.
required qualifcations
BS, MS or PhD in chem|stry or a|||ed sc|ent|fc
and eng|neer|ng fe|ds. 3 to 5 years or more
industrial experience is preferred but not
mandatory. Successful candidates will dem-
onstrate entrepreneurial and self-driven spirit,
and will nimbly and comfortably navigate WBIs
dynamic and diverse business landscape.
To apply, please forward your resumes via
email to HR@warnerbabcock.com.
51
WWW.CEN-ONLI NE.ORG AUGUST 1, 2011
The University of Kentucky is an equal opportunity employer and
encourages applications from minorities and women.
Analytical Chemist (Scientist III)
SP536510
The selected candidate will direct and operate a new
laboratory focused on tobacco chemical constituent
analysis in smoke and smokeless products; lead the
existing, internationally recognized Reference
Cigarette Program; develop a research program on
tobacco analysis and analytical methods related to
FDA regulation of tobacco products; and perform
research including smoking machine studies and
main stream smoke analysis.
PhD and 3 years experience analyzing tobacco
and/or other plant materials required; equivalent
combination of education and related experience will
be considered. Management and communication
skills are required.
See for yourself what makes UK one great place to
work! To apply for job #SP536510, a University of
Kentucky Employment Application must be
submitted at www.uky.edu/HR/ukjobs. If you have
any questions, contact HR Employment, phone
(859) 257-9555 press 2 or email
ukjobs@email.uky.edu. Application deadline is
September 18, 2011. Upon offer of employment, suc-
cessful applicants for certain positions must undergo
a national background check and pre-employment
drug screen as required by University of Kentucky
Human Resources.
see blue.
Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center
THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
at Seattle University invites applications for a
full-time, tenure-track Assistant Professor beginning
September, 2012. Exceptional candidates at Associate or Full
Professor who have a demonstrated record of accomplish-
ment in teaching, extramural funding, and publication may
be considered.
The ACS approved Chemistry Department at Seattle
University offers bachelors degrees in chemistry and
biochemistry. Successful applicants must have multidisci-
plinary interests that support research and teaching in the
College of Science and Engineering and will be expected
to develop an independent, externally funded research pro-
gram that emphasizes undergraduate research. A Ph.D. in
chemistry or highly related discipline, promise of teaching
excellence, and a commitment to undergraduate research
are essential; post-doctoral experience is highly desirable.
Teaching responsibilities will include courses in physical
chemistry and at least one of the following areas: analyti-
cal, inorganic, organic and biochemistry as well as oppor-
tunities to develop interdisciplinary courses for majors and
non-majors.
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Required materials include: curriculum vitae, the names
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separate statements that address 1) teaching philosophy
and 2) proposed research that include possible contribu-
tions to the departmental and University missions. Inquiries
regarding the position should be directed to Kristen J.
Skogerboe at skogerbo@seattleu.edu. Review of appli-
cations will begin October 1, 2011. Applications received
after that date may be considered until the position is flled.
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istry and Biomolecular Science invites applications
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Research expertise that complements that of current
faculty and builds on departmental strengths in the
broadly defined materials/colloids/nanoscience/bio-
technology areas will be considered. Clarkson offers a
highly interdisciplinary and collaborative environment
and opportunities for affiliations with our Center for
Advanced Materials Processing or other Clarkson re-
search centers are abundant. Successful candidates
are expected to develop vigorous, creative, externally
funded research programs. Teaching will be in sup-
port of the departments undergraduate programs
in Chemistry and Biomolecular Science as well as the
graduate M.S. and Ph.D. programs. Candidates must
have a Ph.D. with outstanding research potential. Re-
view of applications will begin immediately and con-
tinue until position is filled. Clarkson University, New
York States highest ranked small research institution,
is located in the northern Adirondacks in the college
town of Potsdam, New York. Applications must be
submitted through the web site www.clarkson.edu/
hr by clicking Career Opportunities on the left-hand
navigation bar. An Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Ac-
tion Employer, Clarkson University actively seeks and
encourages applications from minorities, women and
people with disabilities.
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Masdar Institute of
Science and Technology
Located in Abu Dhabi, U.A.E., Masdar Institute of
Science and Technology PZ H WYP]H[L UV[MVYWYV[
independent, graduate-level, research-driven institute
developed with the support and cooperation of
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). The
goal of the Institute is to develop, over a period of years,
indigenous R&D capacity in Abu Dhabi, addressing
issues of importance to the region in critical areas such
as: renewable energy, sustainability, environment, water
resources and microelectronics. The Institute offers
graduate degree programs (MSc & PhD) in science and
engineering disciplines with a focus on advanced energy
and sustainable technologies.
(See http://www.masdar.ac.ae/ and
http://web.mit.edu/mit-tdp/index.html)
Materials must be submitted electronically to:
masdar-faculty-applic@mit.edu
specifying the Job Code ChE-F012011 and Program of Interest in the subject line.
Job Code
ChE-F012011
Application submittal
information:
Massachusetts Institute
of Technology is assisting
Masdar Institute in the
search. Initial screening of
applications will begin im-
mediately and the positions
will remain open until flled.
Application materials
should include:
applicant name and
contact information
a curriculum vitae
statements of research
and teaching interests
an application letter
describing the applicants
current position and how
his/her experience
matches the position
requirements
and e-mail contact
information for at least
three references
The successful applicant will have demon-
strated research excellence in at least one of
the following areas:
Applied Thermodynamics Process
Systems Engineering Chemical Kinetics
Bioengineering Separation Processes
Transport Processes
Applicants should have:
(aj Ph.D. degree in Chemical Engineering or a closely related feld, (bj the ability to teach at the
graduate level, (cj the ability to supervise graduate students, (dj an interest in research that ad-
dresses systems solutions to chemical process and/or renewable energy technology challenges.
Chemical Engineering (ChE)
The Chemical Engineering Program at Masdar Institute of Science and Technology invites
applicants for faculty positions at the Assistant, Associate and Full Professor levels.
Job Responsibilities:
The search is open to candidates with the following expertise: Develop and teach graduate
courses, supervise master's and doctoral students, develop a research program, seek external
funding for such research, and participate in the lnstitute's service and outreach activities.
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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR (Physical Chemistry) Sim-
mons College (Boston, MA) seeks applications for a
tenure-track position in Physical Chemistry. Candi-
dates must have a Ph.D. in chemistry, a commitment
to excellence in teaching, and a research program suit-
able for undergraduates. Postdoctoral experience or
equivalent is required, with strengths in instrumenta-
tion preferred. Review will begin August 15, 2011. De-
tails can be found at http://jobs.simmons.edu. AA/
EEO Employer
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR POSITION in the Materials
Department at the University of California, Santa
Barbara. The Materials Department at UCSB seeks
applications for a tenure-track, Assistant Professor
position in the area of Inorganic Materials. Candidates
should demonstrate the ability to develop a research
program emphasizing functional inorganic materials.
Details of the online application process are to be found
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com/apply/inorganic. EO/AA Employer
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ACADEMIC POSITIONS
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMIS-
TRY. Tenure-track position at the College of Charles-
ton, Charleston, SC, starting January or August 2012.
The area of specialization is open, but the successful
candidate will teach the first semester Biochemistry
course. Post-doctoral experience is highly desired.
The typical teaching load will be nine contact hours a
semester. The successful candidate is expected to ini-
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RESEARCH ASSISTANT PROFESSOR POSITION
IN SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION, SOLAR FUELS,
AND/OR SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS
The sustainable energy initiative at the University of
Notre Dame invites applications for a research faculty
position in solar energy research. Areas of interest in-
clude photochemical energy conversion and storage,
solar cells and new technologies, new solar materials
and photochemical reduction of CO
2
. Notre Dames
sustainable energy initiative encompasses the Col-
leges of Science and Engineering, builds on existing
strengths in materials for sustainable nuclear, fossil,
and solar energy, and represents a new phase in the
universitys research growth with strategic investment
in people and infrastructure. Successful candidates
will engage in research and in the set up and operation
of a new solar user facility. The solar laboratory will en-
able researchers to conduct state-of-the-art testing of
materials for the conversion of solar energy to chemi-
cal fuels. It is anticipated that the successful candidate
will develop his/her own research program both inde-
pendently and in collaboration with other researchers
involved in the sustainable energy initiative.
Applicants should submit a curriculum vitae, a list of
publications, detailed research plans, and arrange for
at least three letters of recommendation. Applications
will be reviewed until the position is filled. All materials
should be e-mailed to villarosa.2@nd.edu (Subject:
SEI RAP) or post-mailed to SEI RAP Search Commit-
tee, c/o Barb Villarosa, Center for Sustainable En-
ergy at Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame, 115
Stinson-Remick Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556.
The University of Notre Dame, an Equal Opportuni-
ty Employer with a strong institutional and academic
commitment to diversity, endeavors to foster a vibrant
learning community animated by the Catholic intellec-
tual tradition.
WANT YOUR DREAM JOB? Find it at www.acs.org/
careers. Search the latest postings for jobs in specific
fields, at various levels, in different locations. Or post
your rsum and have employers find you. Why wait?
Go to www.acs.org/careers and get started on finding
the right job for you.
FURMAN UNIVERSITY
Tenure-Track Faculty
Position: Analytical Chem is try
Sabbatical Replacement
Positions: Organic Chemistry
Furman Universitys Department of Chemistry invites
applications for a tenure-track Assistant Professor
position with primary teaching responsibilities in the
area of Analytical Chemistry starting in June or August
2012. Additionally, faculty have opportunities to teach
freshman seminars. Candidates having a Ph.D. and/or
postdoctoral experience related to analytical chemis-
try will be considered. Applicants should submit a CV,
transcripts of undergraduate and graduate work, a let-
ter describing their interest in teaching and conduct-
ing research with undergraduates in the liberal arts
college environment, and summaries of research pro-
grams that they would initiate at Furman University.
Furmans chemistry program emphasizes excel-
lence in classroom teaching and working with talented
students in research. The research program involves
approximately 60 undergraduates each summer, co-
ordinated with a research-oriented masters degree
program. Substantial research start-up support is
available. The department has exceptional labora-
tory equipment holdings totaling over $6.4 million
(see http://chemistry.furman.edu/facilities.php for
equipment listing). A new $65 million science complex
was completed in 2008.
The Department of Chemistry also seeks to fill Or-
ganic Chemistry sabbatical replacement positions
for the 201213 academic year. Responsibilities will
focus on teaching introductory and advanced organic
chemistry classes with the possibility of conducting
research with undergraduates during the summers of
2012 and/or 2013.
Review of applications will begin October 1, 2011,
and will continue until the positions are filled. Appli-
cants should provide the names and contact informa-
tion of three professional references familiar with their
qualifications and have them send letters directly to
Dr. Lon B. Knight, Faculty Search, Department of
Chemistry, Furman University, 3300 Poinsett High-
way, Greenville, SC 29613.
Greenville, SC, is a metropolitan area with a popula-
tion of over 600,000 located in the foothills of the beau-
tiful Blue Ridge Mountains. It is experiencing dynamic
growth in high-tech and research companies and i s
home to thriving arts, entertainment, and educational
opportunities.
An Equal Opportunity Employer, Furmans
Chemistry Department encourages women and
minority applicants to apply.
DIRECTOR OF BIOLOGICAL MASS
SPEC TROM ETRY
Indiana University, Bloomington
The College of Arts and Sciences and the Department
of Chemistry seek outstanding applicants for the posi-
tion of Director of Biological Mass Spectrometry. This
is a non-tenure-track position to be filled at the Associ-
ate or Senior Scientist rank, effective January 1, 2012.
A Ph.D. in Chemistry with an emphasis in biological
mass spectrometry and multiple years postdoctoral
experience are required; the salary is commensurate
with experience. The successful candidate will work
closely with tenure-track faculty and existing leader-
ship in the IU Mass Spectrometry Laboratory and IU
Proteomics Facility to coordinate the expansion and
integration of mass spectrometry-related resources
associated with the METACyt Biochemical Analysis
Center and the Center for Glycomics and Glyco-
proteomics. The Director will mentor postdoctoral
and bachelors-level associates and oversee a mix
of service-based and project-based activities while
developing new collaborations both on and beyond
the IUB campus in the areas of glycomics, proteom-
ics and metabolomics. Opportunities for developing
training curricula or new courses are available if the
candidate so desires. The deadline for receipt of ap-
plications is October 1, 2011. Please submit a cover
letter, curriculum vitae and arrange to have three
letters of recommendation sent to David P. Giedroc,
Chair, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University,
800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN 47405-7102
or as PDF files to chemchair@indiana.edu. Indiana
University is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity
Employer and especially encourages applications from
women and members of minority groups.
ACADEMIC POSITIONS
54
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Altana AG 15
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ASDI, Inc. 35
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BASF Corporation 43
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Cambridge NanoTech 44
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Fluid Metering, Inc. 35
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PerkinElmer Instruments 12
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Royal Society of Chemistry 2
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Takasago International Corp. 25
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UC Berkeley 33
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Wavelength Publications 45
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newscripts
Take a virtual tour of the Elemental Matters exhibit at
C&EN Online, cenm.ag/art.
MORE ONLINE
POWERFUL.
PORTABLE.
CC&&EENN MMOOOBBILLEE.
AUGUST
2011
R
ight now, inside the museum at the
Chemical Heritage Foundation (CHF),
in Philadelphia, two of the strangest
eye charts in the world are hanging next to
each other. One is made entirely of braille
characters, and the other features a list of
the CHEMICAL ELEMENTS. The charts
look almost like something out of the of ce
of an eccentric optometrist who practices
alternative medicine. But theyre not. Rath-
er, the two charts compose Braille, a piece
that Nova Scotian artist David Clark created
after being inspired by Dmitri Mendeleev,
the father of the periodic table.
The installation reminds you that all the
senses are needed in chemistry, says Mar-
jorie Gapp , curator of art and images at CHF.
Since Feb. 4, Gapp and the museum have
curated Elemental Matters: Artists Imagine
Chemistry, an exhibit that celebrates
workssuch as Clarks Brailleinspired
by the chemical elements. The exhibit is
part of CHFs International Year of Chemis-
try festivities.
To Gapp, the art displayed in Elemental
Matters goes a long way toward telling
the central sci-
ences full story.
Chemistry is so
much more than a
laboratory, she tells
Newscripts. These
artists help you ex-
perience chemistry
in a diferent way.
Take, for instance,
Susan Alexjander .
For her exhibit sub-
mission, the Lake
Oswego, Ore.-based
composer identied
eight chemical elements that are essential
to life (such as hydrogen and carbon). She
then mapped the magnetic-eld-induced
oscillations of the nuclei in these elements,
called Larmor frequencies, to audible fre-
quencies with a synthesizer, making music
( C&EN, Oct. 5, 2009, page 43 ). Alexjanders
soundtrack plays throughout Elemental
Matters, providing the exhibit with, as Gapp
puts it, an ethereal atmosphere.
To Alexjander, the exhibits merging of
chemistry and art makes perfect sense.
There are so many artists that use science
as an inspiration, and I think there are more
scientists that are being inspired by art, she
CHEMI STRY-I NSPI RED ART, BI TE-SI ZE RESEARCH
JEFF HUBER wrote this weeks column.
Please send comments and suggestions to
newscripts@acs.org.
says. I just see science and art get-
ting closer and closer.
Elemental Matters runs at
the Museum at CHF until Dec. 16.
F
or weight-conscious art
enthusiasts thinking of
stopping at a
restaurant on their
way home from the
museum, researchers
at the University of
Utah have one piece of eating advice: TAKE
LARGE BITES.
In a forthcoming Journal of Consumer
Research study that was published online
on June 2, Arul Mishra , Himanshu Mishra ,
and Tamara M. Masters , all of Utahs David
Eccles School of Business , report that large
bites could actually be useful in curbing the
overconsumption of food. The research team
came to this conclusion after giving patrons
at a local Italian restaurant either a small
or large fork with which to eat. Monitoring
the two groups levels of consumption, the
research team discovered that patrons using
a small fork tended to eat
more food than those using
a large forka phenomenon
the team attributes to the pa-
trons goal of achieving hunger
satisfaction.
Diners focus on the visual
cue of whether they are mak-
ing any dent on [sic] the food
on their plate to assess goal
progress, the researchers
write. When using a small
fork, diners feel they are not
making much of a dent in
consuming their food, they
add. To compensate, small-fork diners take
more bites of food, thereby eating more than
their large-fork counterparts. To combat this
trend, the research team recommends that
diners use larger forks to facilitate larger
bites.
Taking larger bites in the short term can
prevent overeating in the long term? Sud-
denly, biting of more than you can chew
doesnt sound like such a bad idea.
Fork: Gateway
to appropriate
bite size.
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