Trng i hc Bch Khoa i hc Quc gia Tp.

H Ch Minh
Khoa K thut Ha hc
B MN CNG NGH THC PHM

Bo co mn hc Cng ngh sn xut ng Bnh ko

KO CHEWING GUM

GVHD :
Trn Th Thu Tr
Sinh vin : Quan ng Biu
L Anh Dng
Nguyn Phan Duy Nguyn
ng Hi Thnh
Phan Thng

Nm hc: 2010 2011

60700152
60700417
60701633
60702198
60702428

MC LC
CHNG 1: KHI QUT KO CHEWING GUM ......................................................... 4
1.1 Ko chewing gum ........................................................................................................ 4
1.2 Phn loi ko chewing gum ......................................................................................... 5
1.2.1 Phn loi theo hnh dng ..................................................................................... 6
1.2.2 Phn loi theo gi tr nng lng ......................................................................... 6
CHNG 2: NGUYN LIU .............................................................................................. 7
2.1 Gum base ..................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.1 Gum base t nhin ............................................................................................... 7
2.1.2 Gum tng hp ...................................................................................................... 7
2.2 Cht to ngt ................................................................................................................ 8
2.2.1 Cht to ngt c gi tr dinh dng ..................................................................... 8
2.2.2 Cht to ngt khng sinh nng lng .................................................................. 9
2.3 Nc .......................................................................................................................... 10
2.4 Cht lm mm............................................................................................................ 11
2.5 Cht n nh cu trc ................................................................................................. 12
2.6 Cc cht khc ............................................................................................................. 12
2.6.1 Cht chng oxy ha ........................................................................................... 12
2.6.2 Cht nh ha ...................................................................................................... 12
2.6.3 Cht n............................................................................................................. 12
2.6.4 Hng liu ......................................................................................................... 12
2.6.5 Mu .................................................................................................................... 13
CHNG 3: QUY TRNH SN XUT KO CHEWING GUM .................................. 14
3.1 Quy trnh cng ngh .................................................................................................. 14
3.2 Thuyt minh quy trnh ............................................................................................... 15
3.2.1 Chun b gum base ............................................................................................ 15
3.2.2 Gia nhit ............................................................................................................ 15
3.2.3 Phi trn ............................................................................................................ 16
3.2.4 Lm ngui .......................................................................................................... 17
3.2.5 Cn ..................................................................................................................... 17
3.2.6 Ct tm............................................................................................................... 18
3.2.7 Hon thin ......................................................................................................... 19
CHNG 4: THNH TU ................................................................................................ 21
4.1 Gii thiu ................................................................................................................... 21
4.2 Chun b nguyn liu ................................................................................................. 21
4.3 Kt qu....................................................................................................................... 21
4.4 Kt lun ..................................................................................................................... 24

DANH MC HNH
Hnh 1-1: Bubble tape gum ........................................................................................................ 5
Hnh 1-2: Chewing gum dng th .............................................................................................. 6
Hnh 1-3: Chewing gum dng thi ............................................................................................ 6
Hnh 3-2: Dy chuyn thit b sn xut ko chewing gum ...................................................... 14
Hnh 3-3: Thit b Z blade sigma mixer .................................................................................. 16
Hnh 3-4: Thit b phi trn U Trough mixer .......................................................................... 17
Hnh 4-1: nh hng ca pH ln cng ca methanethiol v dimethyl disulfide khi c
mt GTE. ....................................................................................................................................... 22
Hnh 4-2: nh hng ca nng GTE ln kh nng loi b 370C, pH=8 trong 5 pht ... 22
Hnh 4-3: nh hng ca GTE v AP ln vic gim CH3SH pH = 7.4 ............................... 23
Hnh 4-4: nh hng ca vic tin oxy ha GTE ln vic loi b methanethiol khi c v
khng c mt AP 370C, pH=7.4 trong 5 pht ............................................................................ 23
Hnh 4-5: nh hng ca GTE ln nng cn li ca H2S 370C v cc pH khc nhau
trong 5 pht .................................................................................................................................... 23

DANH MC BNG
Bng 1-1: tan ca saccharose theo nhit ......................................................................... 8
Bng 1-2: Ch tiu cht lng ng tinh luyn (TCVN 7270 : 2003) ..................................... 8
Bng 1-3: Ch tiu cht lng ca glucose syrup dng trong sn xut ko ............................... 9
Bng 1-4: Tiu chun nc (TCVN 5502 : 2003) ................................................................... 10
Bng 1-5: Ch tiu cht lng ca cht mu thc phm dng sn xut ko ............................ 13
Bng 1-6: T l thnh phn nguyn liu ca mt sn phm chewing gum .............................. 13
Bng 4-1: pH nc bt cc thi im khc nhau ................................................................. 24

Ko chewing gum

CHNG 1:

Phn 1: Khi qut

KHI QUT KO CHEWING GUM

1.1 Ko chewing gum

Chewing gum l loi ko gum c lm ngt, hng ko bao gm thnh phn ch yu l
nha m ly t thin nhin hoc nhn to. M nha hu c ny l mt loi sa trng c sn xut
t nhiu ngun ht cy trng, n c bit ti nh yu t cu thnh ca cao su. Chewing gum
c s dng nh loi thc n nhanh, n khng c gi tr v dinh dng v thng khi nhai n
xong mi ngi thng vt n i thay v nut n.
Xuyn sut qu trnh lch s, nhiu ngi trong cc khu vc a l khc nhau chn cht nhai
t nhin v cht c hng thm nh th ra mi thm v ung nc c hng thm mt. Ngi
Ai Cp s dng nha thng, ngi Italia s dng hng trm, ty n s dng cnh non ca cy
hng liu, Rp th s dng sp ong. Sp cy sam l loi cht nhai thm c yu thch th
k trc khi thc dn Anh n thng tr. John Curtis v anh trai ca ng l John Bacon Curtis
ngh rng h c th bao gi li v bn chng i. Gia nm 1800 h th nghim sn xut ko
chewing gum dng thi ln u tin. u tin h n qua nc si sau ht bt v cht bn
(l cy, v cy) trc khi cho ng v ph gia vo. Sau h cn n, ngui v sau l
ct n thnh nhiu thi nhng vo bt ng, bao gi li bng giy v bo qun chng trong ci hp
nh bng g. Cng ty Curtis pht trin vi qui m ln v ng tr thnh doanh nhn khi cn rt tr
v ln u tin nghin cu v ch to thnh cng my sn xut ko chewing gum v sau l
nh my sn xut ko chewing gum ra i ln u tin. Qui trnh sn xut ko chewing gum ca
Curtis ging nh ngy nay. Ngoi s thnh cng ca cng ty Curtis cn c mt vi cng ty khc
thnh lp v pht trin trong th k 19. Tuy nhin nm 1869 William F. Semple mi l ngi u
tin c bng sn xut ko chewing gum. Cng thc ca ng y l cng thc d sn xut nht.
Nhng ng y cha bao gi sn xut v bn n. Tuy nhin ko chewing gum ma ta bit n ngy
nay c sn xut bi Thomas Adam. Adam bt u sn xut nhng khi ko chewing gum ln
t khi ng y gp ngi ni ting Mexico, Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna, ngi mun Adam
gip anh y gii thiu mt loi cht c bit, mt loi sp cao su ly t cy cao su Sapodilla ca
Mexico v trung tm chu M, n nh loi cht r tin thay th cho cao su. Adam khng tm
thy con ng no tng hp a n vo s dng nhng ng y ngh n s lm ra loi ko
chewing gum tuyt vi m c th d dng thay th cho nguyn liu du ha c mi v nht nho
c nh hng n lng tiu th ko lc by gi.
ng y thit k cho n mt kch c thch hp v nht qun, Adam chicle vo nc nng
cho n khi ni bong bng u. ng y cho hng liu vo gm hai nguyn liu chnh l v
cy de vng v cay cam tho, nho n, to hnh dng v cun n thnh cun. Nm 1871 Adam c
bng sng ch my sn xut ko u tin. My thc hin nho bt v cn thnh ming di, lm
cho tm bt thnh mn di cng ra c th ct bi nhng nh dc liu, ngi iu khin hu
ht cc cng on ca my mi ngy. D n ca Adam v cng ty ca Adam t c thnh
cng v sn phm ca c mt trn khp mi ni cho n ngy nay.
Hu ht mi cng ty sn xut chewing gum thnh cng ngy nay u c thnh lp bi
William Wrigley vo nm 1892. D cho cng ty do con trai v chu trai ca ng ta iu hnh sau
khi ng y cht vo nm 1932, ang pht trin mt loi chewing gum c hng thm nhng sc
tiu th gim ng k nh l: Juicy Fruit, Doublemint, v Wrighleys Spearmint. Gn y
cng ty gii thiu ra nhng loi gum cho nhng ngi mang rng gi, gum khng ng, gum

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Ko chewing gum

Phn 1: Khi qut

c hng qu v buble gum. Nh nhng sn phm lc u ca Wrigley, tt c tr nn ph

bin. iu b mt pha sau s thnh cng ca ko chewing gum Wrigley l sn xut nhng loi
ko c hng v nh v s qung co ni bt nh ng Wrigley ni vo th k trc: bo h
nhanh ln v sing nng.
Ngy nay bubble gum c l ph bin hn so vi chewing gum t nht l i vi gii tr. Tuy
nhin 1906 ln u tin sn phm bubble gum tht bi khi ngi tiu dng thy n qu nho
v nhiu ht cm nhng n nm 1928 Walter Diemer, mt ngi th tr ca cng ty Fleer,
pht trin mt loi bubble gum c th chp nhn c v c tip th vi tn gi l Dubble
Bubble (mu hng quen thuc ca gum gn nh l mt s tnh c). Sut nhng nm 1930-1940
s pht minh ra cao su tng hp gip cho cc nh sn xut chewing gum rt nhiu bi v h
khng cn phi da vo ngun cung cp cao su t nhin nhp khu khng u.
Mc d cc loi chewing gum c bn vn gi hng v c trong hn mt th k, th mt vi
loi khc gn y bt u xut hin. V d nh, chewing gum khng ng ln u tin xut
hin vo nhng nm 1970 cng vi gum cha nicotine, gum c nhn lng, gum cho vn ng
vin, chewing gum dnh vo rng v bubble gum khng dnh vo mt. Gn ay hn mt s nh
sn xut c gng thm vo chewing gum cht nhm v qung co n nh mt loi chewing
gum tt cho rng.

1.2 Phn loi ko chewing gum

Ngy nay, ko cao su t n s a dng ca hng v. Khng c kiu ko cao su no tiu
chun, n c th c pht trin thnh nhiu hnh dng, kch thc. Mt s v d gm:
Stick gum: dng phng, mng.
Bubble tape gum: hnh dng tng t nh dng tp nhng di hn, v th n c cun
trn li bn ngoi mt ci li.

Hnh 1-1: Bubble tape gum

Cut & Wrap gum: dng thi, khi.
Center-filled gum: bn trong c nhn ngt.

Bubble gum: dai cao, c th thi thnh bong bng.

Drage gum: vin ko trn nh nh vin thuc.
Sugarfree gum: s dng cht ngt nhn to dng n king.

Candy & Gum combinations: ko chewing gum c nhn l cc loi ko lollipop.

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Ko chewing gum

Phn 1: Khi qut

Functional gum: c cha tr xanh, nhn sm, caffeine, guarana

Medicated gum: ko gum vi chc nng nh cht mang cc loi thuc vo c th do

thuc ngm qua nc bt nn vo mu nhanh hn thuc vin thng thng.
Whitening gum: gip lm trng rng do cha cc cht lm trng nh baking soda,
Calprox.

1.2.1 Phn loi theo hnh dng

Dng th:
- Mm mng
- To cm gic m i khi n ha quyn vi hng thm c trng ring.
- Hnh ch nht, hnh vung,

Hnh 1-2: Chewing gum dng th

Dng thi:
- Xp, gin.
- To cm gic gin tan, tr nng ng, tinh thn phn khi, .

Hnh 1-3: Chewing gum dng thi

1.2.2 Phn loi theo gi tr nng lng

Ko sinh nng lng: Trong ko c cha cc dng ng sinh nng lng: saccharose,
glucose, fructose v mt s cht to ngt nh: xylitol, maltitol, lactitol
Ko khng sinh nng lng: cha glycyrrhizin, stevioside, monellin

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Ko chewing gum

Phn 2: Nguyn liu

CHNG 2:

NGUYN LIU

2.1 Gum base

S d chewing gum c c tnh mm, do, mn v n hi l do trong thnh phn c cha mt
lng gum base nht nh. Hm lng thng l 20-25% khi lng ca sn phm. Bn cht ca
gum base l mt cht keo v chng c c tnh khc vi cc loi cht keo thc phm khc: l
mt cht keo k nc, nhai lu trong ming s khng b nc bt ha tan, gi nguyn tnh do v
n hi t u cho n cui.
Gum base bao gm gum base t nhin v gum base nhn to. Do gi thnh m hin nay hu
ht cc c s sn xut khng s dng hon ton gum thin nhin m ch s dng khong 10-20%,
phn cn li l s dng gum tng hp.

2.1.1 Gum base t nhin

2.1.1.1 Chicle
Chicle l loi cao su thin nhin c ly t m ca cy Achras saporata. Loi cy ny pht
trin Mexico v min nam trung tm nc M. Vic ly m ca cy ny cng ging nh cy
cao su.
V mt ha hc th chicle l mt transpolyisoprene. nhit trn 600C th chicle s mn ra.
V th trc khi a vo sn xut chng ta cn un nng chng bng mt lng hi nc
chng tan chy v mm ra, lc s to nn mt khi gum ln c m 20-30%. Trong khi
gum ny vn cn c tp cht nh ct, v v cnh cy lm tinh khit khi gum bng cch s
dng cc cht ty ra
Chicle l loi gum base c s dng u tin trong cng ngh sn xut chewing gum. Ln
u tin c ng General Di Santa mang n t nc M.

2.1.1.2 Jelutong
y cng l mt loi cao su thin nhin dng trong sn xut chewing gum. N c ly t
cy Dyera cstulata thuc loi Apocyanesas. Loi cy ny pht trin pha nam. T ngun
nguyn liu th ban u, chng ta gia cng bng cch cho hi nc i vo bn trong khi nguyn
liu.

2.1.1.3 Gutta perchar

Bn cht ca gutta perchar cng l mt hp cht transpolyisoperen. Gutta perchar l ng
phn ca chicle

2.1.2 Gum tng hp

Gum tng hp thng s dng l polyacetate ethylen. Poliacetate ethylen l mt resin cao
phn t, khi gia nhit s ha mm, c tnh do v tan trong dung mi hu c. Phn t lng cao
hay thp ph thuc vo c tnh ca chng. M c tnh ca chng li trc tip nh hng n
tnh n hi, mm do, bng nhn ca chewing gum.
Polyacetate ethylen l cht rn dng ht, mu trng. Phn t lng ca polymer ny rt ln,
thng vo khong 20000-100000. Phn t lng cao s khng thch hp ch to thnh gum
trong sn xut chewing gum, do cn phi gim phn t lng chng c tnh do cn thit
bng cch s dng cc hp cht tng tnh do cho khi gum. Cc cht tng do thng dng l
octilin diphenil phophat (O.D.P) vi liu lng l 20-30% khi lng cht do

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Ko chewing gum

Phn 2: Nguyn liu

Ngoi ra cn c cc hp cht gum tng hp nh: butadience styrene, polyvinyl acetate (PVA)

2.2 Cht to ngt

V ngt ca chewing gum l do hn 50% ng bt to nn. tng cng ngt cho
chng ta c th cho thm bt cam tho c nghin tht nh. Qu trnh sn xut chewing gum
l mt qu trnh phi trn rt nhun nhuyn cc thnh phn li vi nhau. Mun cho hn hp t
c ng nht cao th ng phi c nghin tht nh trc khi a vo trn. Kch thc
ca ht ng phi nh hn 20-40 m. Nhng cng khng c qu nh v nu kch thc ca
cc ht ng qu nh th gy kh khn cho qu trnh sn xut v sau v khi gp m ng rt d
b kt tinh. V th khi cho ng vo phi trn chng ta nn nghin mn 96%, 4% cn li khng
nghin.

2.2.1 Cht to ngt c gi tr dinh dng

2.2.1.1 Xylitol (C2H12O5)
C sn trong t nhin: du, bp ci bng
Sn phm thng mi: dng tinh th trng
Phng php thu nhn:
- Phng php vi sinh vt: s dng c cht l xylose, cy vi sinh vt vo xylose to
xylitol
- Phng php ha hc:
xylan
phan
hoa
Thc vat Ta
ch
Xylan Thu
y
Xylose Hydrogen

Xylitol

2.2.1.2 Saccharose
nhit khc nhau, tan ca sacccharose cng khc nhau.
Bng 1-1: tan ca saccharose theo nhit
Nng
Nng
Nhit si, 0C
Nhit si, 0C
saccharose (%)
saccharose (%)
0
100. 0
60
103. 0
10
100. 4
70
106. 5
20
100. 6
80
112. 0
30
101. 0
90
130. 0
40
101. 5
99
160. 0
50
102. 0
Bng 1-2: Ch tiu cht lng ng tinh luyn (TCVN 7270 : 2003)
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Ch tiu
Pol, tnh bng Z, khng nh hn
Hm lng ng kh, tnh bng % khi lng, khng ln hn
Tro dn, tnh bng % khi lng, khng ln hn
m, tnh bng % khi lng, khng ln hn
mu, tnh bng ICUMSA, khng ln hn
Hm lng tp cht (ppm), khng ln hn
D lng SO2 ti a, mg/kg
Hm lng en (As), mg/kg
0

Mc quy nh
99,90
0,03
0,03
0,05
10
2
70
1

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Ko chewing gum
9
10
11
12
13

Phn 2: Nguyn liu

Hm lng ng (Cu), mg/kg

Hm lng Ch (Pb), mg/mg
Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh, CFU/10g, khng ln hn
Nm men, CFU/10g, khng ln hn
Nm mc, CFU/10g, khng ln hn

2
0,5
200
10
10

2.2.1.3 Glucose surup

Glucose syrup cng l 1 nguyn liu quan trng lm ko. N l sn phm ca qu trnh
thy phn khng hon ton tinh bt bng acid, l dung dch ca glucose.
Glucose syrup dng lm ko l dung dch khng mu (hoc hi vng), trong sut, snh v c
v ngt m du.
Thnh phn ch yu ca glucose syrup l: glucose, maltose, dextrin, fructose. Ty theo mc
thy phn tinh bt m hm lng ca bn thnh phn ny c khc nhau v t cng quyt
nh tnh cht v gi tr s dng ca glucose syrup.
Bng 1-3: Ch tiu cht lng ca glucose syrup dng trong sn xut ko
kh
ng kh
Tro
Kim loi nng
pH
Nhit chy sm
Tinh bt v acid t do
Mui NaCl
Mu sc
Mi v
Tp cht

80-85%
35-40%
0, 6%
0, 001%
4.8-5.5
140-1480C
Khng c
6.5%
Khng mu hoc vng nht
Khng c mi v l
Khng c tp cht c hc

2.2.2 Cht to ngt khng sinh nng lng

2.2.2.1 Glycyrrhizin
Bn cht ha hc: terpene glycoside (mui amon ca acid glycyrrhizic)
Nguyn liu sn xut: c cam tho
V ngt c trng: bc h

2.2.2.2 Stevioside
Bn cht ha hc: stevion lin kt ba gc glucose
Nguyn liu sn xut: l thc vt stevia rabaudiana
V ngt c trng: ngt nhng hi thong v ng

2.2.2.3 Monellin
Bn cht ha hc: protein vi hai mch polypeptic (M=11000), cu trc bc 4
Nguyn liu sn xut: tri dioscoredphyllum comensii
V ngt c trng: c cm nhn nhanh nhng sau bin mt

2.2.2.4 Cc cht to ngt tng hp:

Saccharine: hin nay khng s dng nhiu

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Ko chewing gum

Phn 2: Nguyn liu

Sodium cyclohexyl sulphamate

Acesulfame K: an ton thp hn aspartame
Aspartame: c s dng nhiu. v bn cht ha hc l dipeptide cu to t 2 acid amin
(phelnyl alanine v asparigen), sau phn gii thnh 2 acide amin b sung cho c th: hon ton
khng gy c hi d chng c tiu ha hay khng tiu ha

2.3 Nc
Nc l ngun nguyn liu trong cng ngh sn xut ca tt c cc loi bnh ko ni chung
v chewing gum ni ring.
Trong cc sn phm thc phm nc tn ti 3 dng: t do, lin kt v mao qun
Nc lin kt ha hc: Lin kt rt cht ch vi vt liu v ch c th tch ra khi c tng
tc ha hc, khi s l nhit tng i mnh, nc lin kt ha hc tn ti ch yu hai dng:
- Dng hydrat: c trong thnh phn cc nhm hydroxyl (lin kt ion)
- Dng nc ca hp cht phn t di dng tinh th hydrat
Nc mao qun (lin kt ha l): c hp th bi cc phn t b mt mao qun ri i
vo bn trong, ngng t lm y cc ng mao qun
Nc t do: vn duy tr trng thi vt l, l tc nhn phn tn cht keo v ha tan cc loi
mui
Ni chung hai dng nc t do v mao qun khng khc bit r rt, chng c th trao i vi
nhau rt nhanh.
Nc c kh nng phn tn nhiu hp cht cha cc nhm khng phn cc do xu hng mt
lng ln cc phn t nc tng tc vi nhau nh lin kt hydro. a vo nc mt cu trc
khng cc i hi mt nng lng ln bi trong trng hp ny cc cc phn t nc bao quanh
bt buc phi phn b li u n hn trong nc nguyn cht.
Khi a vo nc cc cht khc nhau di dng dung dch hay dng keo s to ra thuc tnh
kt hp, ty thuc vo s lng phn t c mt s lm tnh cht ca nc thay i: gim p xut
hi bo ha, gim sc cng b mt, to ra p sut thm thu qua mng bn thm. .
Hot ca nc (aw): l t s gia p sut hi ring phn ca nc trong thc phm vi p
sut hi bo ha ca dung mi nc nguyn cht.
Cng thc: aw = P/P0
m tng i (%) = aw x 100%
Vai tr ca nc trong cng ngh sn xut chewing gum
- Cung cp lng m cn thit lm ko c mm mong mun. Lng m ny cng l
mt trong cc yu t lm thay i cu trc ca khi gum cng nh sn phm ko. Nu
m qu nhiu th lm cho khi gum ca chng ta tr nn mm v b sm mu. Nu
thp qu s gy hin tng kh v cng.
- L mi trng ha tan mt s thnh phn nguyn liu nh ng, hng liu v
mt s hp cht ha tan
Bng 1-4: Tiu chun nc (TCVN 5502 : 2003)
STT
1

Tn ch tiu
Mu sc

n v
mg/l Pt

Mc ti a
15

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Ko chewing gum
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
3
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34

Mi, v
c (1)
pH
cng, tnh theo CaCO3
Hm lng oxy ha tan, tnh theo oxy
Tng cht rn ho tan
Hm lng amoniac, tnh theo nit
Hm lng asen
Hm lng antimon
Hm lng clorua
Hm lng ch
Hm lng crom
Hm lng ng
Hm lng florua
Hm lng km
Hm lng hydro sunfua
Hm lng mangan
Hm lng nhm
Hm lng nitrat, tnh theo nit
Hm lng nitrit, tnh theo nit
Hm lng st tng s (Fe2+ + Fe3+)
Hm lng thy ngn
Hm lng xyanua
Cht hot ng b mt, tnh theo
Linear Ankyl benzen Sufonat (LAS)
Benzen
Phenol v dn xut ca phenol
Du m v cc hp cht du m
Hm lng thuc tr su ln hu c
Hm lng thuc tr su clo hu c
Colifom tng s (2)
E. coli v coliform chu nhit
Tng hot lpha
Tng hot beta

Phn 2: Nguyn liu

NTU

mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l

Khng c
5
6 - 8,5
300
6
1000
3
0,01
0,005
250
0,01
0,05
1,0
0,7 - 1,5
3,0
0,05
0,5
0,5
10,0
1,0
0,5
0,001
0,07
0,5

Mg/l
Mg/l
Mg/l
Mg/l
Mg/l
MPN/100 ml
MPN/100 ml
pCi/l (3)
pCi/l

0,01
0,01
0,1
0,01
0,1
2,2
0
3
30

Vi
1) NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit): n v o c.
2) MPN/100 ml (Most Probable Number per 100 liters): Mt khun lc trong 100 ml.
3) pCi/l (picocuries per liter): n v o phng x Picocuri trn lit.

2.4 Cht lm mm
Khi gim lng nc cho vo m khng gy ra hin tng kh v cng cho ko th ngi ta

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Phn 2: Nguyn liu

thng s dng cc hp cht lm m nh glycerin, sorbitol cho vo trong ko. Cht lm m ny

s gi mt lp m trn b mt ko, khng xy ra hin tng kh b mt
Sorbitol l mt sn phm t thc vt
Glycerin l sn phm t s thy phn cht bo. Nn vic dng glycerin t nhiu cng nh
hng ti b phn ngi tiu dng theo o v th chng ta c th thay th glycerin t vic thy
phn cht bo bng vic sn xut t cc hp cht c ngun t du m.

2.5 Cht n nh cu trc

Cht n nh cu trc l mt hp cht c cho vo gum base nhm to nn s d dng cho
cc qu trnh ch bin sau ny v to ra cm gic mm, du khi s dng sn phm.
Chewing gum cha 40-55% cht n nh cu trc, cn i vi chewing gum c cht lng
cao th ch cha 18-20%
Cht n nh cu trc ph bin l calcium carbonate v bt than. Hai hp cht ny to nn cu
trc n nh rt tt, gi thnh r v khng gy nhiu bin i.
i vi cc loi chewing gum c hng liu c to ra t vic kt hp cc acid vi nhau th
khng nn dng calcium carbonate lm cht n nh cu trc bi v calcium carbonate s phn
ng vi cc acid to ra carbon dioxyl gy hin tng phng bao b v s nh hng ti hng v
ca ko
Thng thng i vi cc sn phm chewing gum c hng liu tri cy th thng dng bt
than lm cht n nh cu trc.

2.6 Cc cht khc

2.6.1 Cht chng oxy ha
Trong gum base cha mt lng cht chng oxy ha, ph bin l butylated hydroxyltoluene
(BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) hoc tocopherol. Cc cht chng oxy ha l nhng cht
gip hn ch v ngn chn xy ra qu trnh oxy ha din ra trong ko, qu trnh oxy ha ny
khng ph thuc vo nhit ca mi trng xung quanh.

2.6.2 Cht nh ha
Cht nh ha thng s dng trong sn xut ko l phosphatide, lng dng nhiu nht
khng qu 0.5% khi lng ko. Glyceride monoacid v glyceride diacid cng thng c s
dng, lng dng khng qu 0.5% khi lng ko.

2.6.3 Cht n
Cht n c cho vo cho khi ko c cng c hc, c tnh n nh v ha hc v
mt s tnh cht vt l (dn nhit, dn in)
Cht n thng dng l cao su trng qua tinh ch. Nhng cao su trng thng l cht rn
dng cc, kh phi trn vi cht do nn phi ha tan cao su trng. Dung mi ha tan cao su
trng l sp trng. Nhit nng chy ca sp trng l 56-580C.

2.6.4 Hng liu

Hng liu thng c s dng trong ch bin chewing gum l tinh du chit sut t cy
bc h lc, du bc h tinh du ny c chit t nhng cy thm nht v th hng trong cc
sn phm chewing gum bc h rt mnh. Tinh du to ra mi v rt tt cho sn phm nhng khi
cc tinh du ny hot ng nh nhng cht keo th chng li nh hng n cu trc ca sn

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Ko chewing gum

Phn 2: Nguyn liu

phm.
Ngoi ra cn s dng hng liu t cc sn phm tri cy. V gi thnh ca cc hng liu
tri cy t nhin rt c nn ngi ta thng dng cc hp cht hng tng hp.
- Hng to c to ra t hp cht ethyl acetate.
- Hng anh o t benzaldehyl.

2.6.5 Mu
Mu dng phn bit mi
To cm quan cho sn phm
Bng 1-5: Ch tiu cht lng ca cht mu thc phm dng sn xut ko
Thnh phn
Ch tiu cht lng
0
Cht bay hi ( 135 C)
10%
Cht khng tan trong nc
0. 5%
Kim loi nng:
Asen
1. 4 ppm
Ch
10 ppm
Bng 1-6: T l thnh phn nguyn liu ca mt sn phm chewing gum
Nguyn liu
Gum base
Sorbitol
Tinh th sorbitol
Mannitol
Glycerin
Cht to ngt nhn to
Hng liu

T l
25
17
36
18.6
0.5
0.5-1.5
1.5

Phm vi
25-26
16-17
35-40
14.5-17.1
0.5
0.5-1.5
1.5

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Ko chewing gum

Phn 3: Quy trnh cng ngh

CHNG 3:

QUY TRNH SN XUT KO CHEWING GUM

3.1 Quy trnh cng ngh

Gum nn
ng

Nghin nh

Mt tinh bt

Nghin

Gia nhit

Gia nhit

Ry

Phi trn

Lc

Lm ngui

p n

Cht to hng
Mu thc phm

Cn
To hnh
Hon thin

Ko chewing gum
Hnh 3-1: Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut ko chewing gum

Hnh 3-2: Dy chuyn thit b sn xut ko chewing gum

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Phn 3: Quy trnh cng ngh

3.2 Thuyt minh quy trnh

3.2.1 Chun b gum base
Cc cng ty sn xut ko chewing gum nhp gum base t cc cng ty khc chuyn cung cp
gum cho sn xut bnh ko. Gum base c ch to t cc cht keo tng hp c s dng ph
bin hin nay. V khi s dng chng cc nh sn xut c kh nng ch ng v ngun nguyn
liu.

3.2.2 Gia nhit

3.2.2.1 Mc ch
Ha tan gum thnh dng lng gip cho qu trnh phi trn vi cc thnh phn khc d dng
hn.
Yu cu: Gum, mt tinh bt, lc u dng vin trn phi c ha tan hon ton.

3.2.2.2 Cc bin i
Bin i vt l: Nhit ca gum ha lng tng rt cao, th tch v khi lng gum tng.
Bin i ha hc: Hm lng lng m trong khi gum tng.
Bin i sinh hc: Hu ht cc vi sinh vt b tiu dit hon ton t lc ny.

3.2.2.3 Phng php thc hin

Gum c thi nh cho vo my trn kiu nm c o hi gia nhit bng hi nc c p

sut 1-1,5kg/cm2. Do gum base c cng kh cao v cn c x l tr thnh mt khi ng
nht trc khi s dng cho cc qu trnh tip theo nn cn phi s dng thit b c li dao cng
v c v o gia nhit. Nhit nu khong 110oC. Mt tinh bt c gia nhit n nng chy
trong mt ni nu khc.

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Ko chewing gum

Phn 3: Quy trnh cng ngh

Hnh 3-3: Thit b Z blade sigma mixer

3.2.3 Phi trn

3.2.3.1 Mc ch
Hon thin hng v ca sn phm bng cch b sung cc cht to ngt nh ng bt, syrup,
mu, cht to hng.
Yu cu: hn hp c phi trn phi ng t l v mn u.

3.2.3.2 Cc bin i
Bin i vt l: th tch v khi lng dung dch tng
Bin i ha l: c s ha tan ng v syrup vo gum ha lng, c th xut hin mt
lng rt t cc bt kh.

3.2.3.3 Phng php thc hin

Keo t nhin hay keo tng hp sau khi gia nhit s tn ti dng st, khi keo mm chng
s c a vo bn trong mt my trn c b tr mt ci cnh khuy ln c t ti chnh gia
my trn nhm khuy trn cc thnh phn li vi nhau to nn mt hn hp ng u v loi
my trn ny c th cha ti mt tn cc thnh phn nguyn liu khc nhau

Trong qu trnh khuy trn, ngi ta c th cho thm cc cht to ngt, cht to hng, to
mu vo nhng i hi phi ng thi im v ng mt s lng thch hp c tnh ton t
trc. iu ny c thc hin nh sau:

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Ko chewing gum

Phn 3: Quy trnh cng ngh

Khi keo mm cho trc nh trn quay, ng thi cho mt tinh bt gia nhit n
nng chy vo my trn. Sau chia ng bt lm 3 phn v cho vo theo 3 ln khc
nhau nh trn tht u.
- Mun hng liu phn b u khp v hp thu tt, trn trc hng liu vi mt t bt
ng cho tht u v cho vo my trn ng thi vi khi cho bt ng ln th ba.
- Qu trnh khuy trn c tin hnh mt cch t t v cn thn m bo rng cc
thnh phn nguyn liu ha trn u vo nhau.
- Phn cn st li ca m ko trc c th cho vo v nh trn vi m ko sau .
Lng trn vo khng c vt qu 10%. Nu lng cn li m trc cn st m
sau hi nhiu iu ny s lm tn chi ph sn xut, mt khc nguyn liu do chu tc
ng c hc qu nhiu s to ra nhng vn khng mong mun cho qu trnh sn
xut. Tt nht khng nn ko cn d m trc vo m sau.
S dng thit b phi trn c v o gia nhit, nhit phi trn t 50 70 oC, tc phi trn
30 vng/pht, thi gian 20 pht.
-

Hnh 3-4: Thit b phi trn U Trough mixer

3.2.4 Lm ngui
3.2.4.1 Mc ch
Chun b cho qu trnh to hnh, trnh hin tng hi ng, trnh mt cu t hng.
Yu cu: khi ko ngui, khng hi ng.

3.2.4.2 Cc bin i
Bin i vt l: nhit khi ko gim, c s co th tch ca khi ko, nht khi ko tng.
Bin i ha hc: c phn ng nghch o ng xy ra nhng khng ng k.

3.2.4.3 Phng php thc hin

Lm ngui b mt, s dng khng kh lnh v trng lm tc nhn lnh. Nhit nguyn liu
sau khi lm ngui t 3 7 oC. Thi gian lm ngui l 15 pht.

3.2.5 Cn
3.2.5.1 Mc ch
Ci thin cu trc khi ko.
To tm ko mn vi dy thch hp chun b cho qu trnh ct nh hnh.

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Ko chewing gum

Phn 3: Quy trnh cng ngh

Gip cho khi ko t c kch thc nht nh.

Yu cu: Tm ko c dy thch hp vi qui trnh cng ngh.

3.2.5.2 Cc bin i
Bin i vt l: Tm ko b bin i kch thc khi i qua trc cn ca my cn.
Bin i ha l: Tc ng n cu trc ca ko, ko gin mch ko.

3.2.5.3 Phng php thc hin

T my trn, mt lng ln hn hp trn sau khi lm ngui s c a qua mt lot cc con
ln c mt di bng nh v rng bn trong cc trc ln. Mi cp trc ln pha sau c b tr
gn nhau hn so vi cc cp trc pha trc lm gim tm ko n mt kch thc thch ph
hp vi yu cu sn xut. Cc cp trc ln ny lm bng thp c.
Phi iu chnh c ly gia cc cp trc ln ca my cn, v iu khin my ming ko c
th chuyn ng qua li gia hai trc cn, ln th nht c dy khong 3mm, ln th hai
khong 1,5 mm. Ming ko sau khi ra khi my cn s c chiu rng khong 18cm, dy 1,5mm,
c ct thnh tng on di 30cm. Pha trn c th b tr mt thit b phun mt lp mng thch
hp hn hp tinh bt ng v ng bt vi t l 2/8 dnh my v tng hng v.

3.2.6 Ct tm
3.2.6.1 Mc ch
Gip cho khi ko t c kch thc nht nh.

3.2.6.2 Cc bin i
Bin i vt l: Tm ko b ct thnh nhng thanh c kch thc thch hp.

3.2.6.3 Phng php thc hin

Kt thc qu trnh cn, tm ko cao su sau s c ct thnh nhng thanh ko c kch
thc thch hp, c th l dng hnh ch nht hoc dng vin nn ty thuc vo loi ko cao su
c sn xut. Nu ko sn xut c dng hnh ch nht hay c tn gi l thanh ko cao su s c
kch thc khong 70 20 1,5 (mm), nu l dng vin s c kch thc 25 10 2 (mm). Ko
ct xong phi chn la loi ra nhng vin khng hon chnh, hay c kch thc khng ph
hp.

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Ko chewing gum

Phn 3: Quy trnh cng ngh

Ko cao su c dng thanh hay dng vin s c chuyn n mt mi trng c s kim sot
v nhit lm mt, gia cc thanh ko hay vin ko trn phi c khong cch hp l c
s tip xc hon ton vi mi trng. Khi mt hm lng m thch hp trong ko s thot ra
ngoi iu ny s gip cho thanh, vin ko duy tr mt m hp l thun li cho qu trnh
bo qun v m bo thnh phm cui cng c dai thch hp v gi c s lng mn.

3.2.7 Hon thin

3.2.7.1 Mc ch
To cho khi ko c hnh dng bt mt, cm quan sn phm.

3.2.7.2 Cc bin i
Bin i vt l: Thay i hnh dng tm bt.

3.2.7.3 Phng php thc hin

3.2.7.3.1

i vi vin ko cao su

Breaking v bc ng
Sau qu trnh x l nhit, ming ko ln s c ct thnh nhng vin ring bit. Nhng vin
ko ny sau s c phun kh to nn mt lp v cng xung quanh vin ko. Nhng vin
ko s chuyn ng bn trong thit b, trong khi mt hn hp siro c chun b sn t trc
gm nc lc, cht to ngt v cht to mu s phun u vo chng. S kt hp gia qu trnh
chuyn ng ca vin ko v vic phun lp bc ng s to nn lp v cng xung quanh vin
ko trung tm. Tuy vy, qu trnh ny tn ti nhng khuyt im do trong qu trnh phun nhng
vin ko nhn c dch phun l hon ton khc nhau do vy khi lng vin ko to nn khng
hon ton ging nhau.

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Ko chewing gum

Phn 3: Quy trnh cng ngh

ng gi
Nhng vin ko cao su s c t vo bn trong nhng v lm bng cht do v c ng
kn.
Ko cao su c th gi th cng hoc gi my, ty thuc vo iu kin thit b m quyt nh.
Tt nht nn iu chnh nhit v m tng i ca phng cho ph hp vi yu cu cng
ngh, nhm hn ch ko ht m vi mc thp nht trong qu trnh bao gi, thng khng ch
nhit 20-25 0 C v m tng i khong 60%.
Nu khng c thit b iu ha m nn trang b thit b chng m t sn phm vo
v ly ra bao gi dn. D ng gi th cng hay bng my mc u i hi phi gi cht v kn.

3.2.7.3.2

i vi thanh ko cao su

Bao gi
Sau qu trnh lm mt v x l nhit , nhng ngi chu trch nhim vn hnh s ct nhng
tm ko thnh nhng thanh ko v a chng vo trong thit b bao gi. Cng on tip theo,
my bao gi s nhn v bao gi nhng thanh ko trn s dng giy bao gi pha ngoi v kt
thc bng qu trnh dn nhn bn ngoi. Ko cao su thng c gi bng hai lp giy. Lp
trong l giy nhm hoc giy nhm c lt mng mng, bn ngoi l lp giy dy c bng cao
v in nhn nhiu mu. C khong 5 thanh ko li c gi bng 1 t giy sp hoc mt t giy
bng knh, v c 20 gi nh ny li ng vo mt hp carton trng, mi hp nng khong 300g.

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Phn 4: Thnh tu

CHNG 4:

THNH TU

nh hng ca cht chit tr xanh ln s loi b cc hp cht d bay hi

(c cha sulfur) gy mi hi trong ming v tim nng ng dng ca n trong
chewing gum.
4.1 Gii thiu
Cc hp cht sulfur d bay hi (VSCs), c bit l hydrogen sulde and methanethiol
(CH3SH) c nh gi l cc hp cht hi ch yu gy ra hi ming cho con ngi. Catechins
trong tr xanh v nhng sn phm t nhin khc c cho l c kh nng kh mi. Polyphenols
trong tr cng c khng nh l c hiu qu cn tr s pht trin ca cc vi khun gy mi hi
ming.
C ch kh mi ca catechin ()-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) trong tr l nh nhm thiol
gn vo vng ortho-quinone, pht sinh t qu trnh oxy ha ca EGCG bi oxy kh quyn. Qu
trnh oxy ha xy ra trong mi trng kim nh (pH= 7.5) nhanh hn mi trng trung tnh.
Trong mi trng acid, qu trnh oxy ha polyphenols thnh quinones b km hm, nhng qu
trnh oxy ha vn xy ra khi c mt polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) or peroxidases (PODs).
ng dng ca polyphenols trong tr v trong cc sn phm chm sc rng ming c
chng minh. Tuy nhin, GTE trong cc sn phm chm sc ming loi b thiol hiu qu khi
trong khoang ming hnh thnh quinones trong qu trnh s dng. pH ca nc bt trong khong
5.57.7, mt nghin ca c tin hnh bi Stosser ch ra rng: khi nhai chewing gum khng
ng pH nc bt l 6.37.3, trong khi pH s gim xung di 5 khi sc ming vi dung
dch ng sucrose 10%. Khi , nh hng ca GTE ln cc hp cht thiol trong ming s gim
cc tiu. Nhng nghin cu trc y cho thy phn ng kh mi xy ra nhanh khi pH = 7.5 hay
trung tnh v b km hm khi pH<5. V vy thc y phn ng gia CH3SH v polyphenols
xy ra, cn iu chnh pH nc bt trn pH trung tnh.
Bi nghin cu ny s trnh by phng php ko di phn ng GTE vi thiol bao gm c
CH3SH v H2S pH>7.5, c v khng c s dng enzyme. Xc nh pH ti thch cho phn ng
gia GTE vi methanethiol and hydrogen sulde nhit c th. iu kin pH ti thch,
chng ta s xc nh nng GTE ti u cho phn ng vi thiols vi s c v khng c mt PPO
v POD. Cui cng, nghin cu vic thm GTE v sodium bicarbonate vo gum base c lm tng
pH nc bt ti gi tr cn thit cho GTE phn ng vi thiols.

4.2 Chun b nguyn liu

Gum c nho trn trong thit b sigma-blade mixer cho n khi nhit t 50 500C.
Phn bt trn trc s c trn vi nguyn liu th gum base cho n khi ng u s to thnh
dng paste, xp x khong 5 pht. Hn hp c ly ra khi my trn sigma-blade mixer v
ngui nhit phng. Nhng phn th s c nghin trong thit b hammer mill, bt thu c
s em i ry kch thc 1mm. Khi bt c em trn kh vi cc thnh phn cn li. Hn
hp sau s c nn bi thit b Specac vi p lc nn khong 1 4 tn. Nhng vin ko c
ng knh 20mm c hnh thnh.

4.3 Kt qu
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Phn 4: Thnh tu

Hnh 4-1: nh hng ca pH ln cng ca methanethiol v dimethyl disulfide

khi c mt GTE.
th trn th hin nh hng ca GTE ln vic b methanethiol nhng pH khc nhau sau
khi th mu 370C trong 5 pht. Khng c nh hng ng k di iu kin acid. Lng
methanethiol cn li gim ng k khi tng pH, v loi b hn 90% methanethiol ch trong 5 pht
khi pH 8. Ring dimethyl disulde cn li khng thay i nhiu cc pH.

Hnh 4-2: nh hng ca nng GTE ln kh nng loi b 370C, pH=8 trong 5 pht
Kt qu cho thy khi nng GTE ln hn 0.5 mg/ml th hiu qu loi b CH3SH tng khng
ng k.

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Phn 4: Thnh tu

Hnh 4-3: nh hng ca GTE v AP ln vic gim CH3SH pH = 7.4

Khi khng c mt AP m ch c GTE, th CH3SH cn li hn 50% khi pH=7.4. Khi tng dn
hm lng AP ln 5, 10, 15 mg/10ml, th lng CH3SH cn li gim tng ng l 20, 11, 5%.
Khi tng nng AP ln 20mg/10ml th hiu qu tng khng ng k. cc nng khc nhau
ca CH3SH, khng c s khc bit ng k khi nng GTE 0.1, 0.5, 1mg/ml.

Hnh 4-4: nh hng ca vic tin oxy ha GTE ln vic loi b methanethiol khi c v khng c
mt AP 370C, pH=7.4 trong 5 pht
Vic tin oxy ha GTE khng c hiu qu loi b methanethiol; tuy nhin, khi c mt 1 lng
nh AP ca nm th hiu qu hn. Vic tin oxy ha sau 1 hay 4 ngy lm gim ng k nng
methanethiol khi c mt AP, v cng kh hiu qu khi tin oxy ha sau 6 ngy.

Hnh 4-5: nh hng ca GTE ln nng cn li ca H2S 370C v cc pH khc nhau

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Phn 4: Thnh tu

trong 5 pht
Khi pH acid th khng c hiu qu loi b H2S. Lng H2S cn li gim t 100% xung
20% khi pH tng t 5.8 ln 8.1, gim di 20% khi pH tng t 8.1 ln 8.4; tuy nhin c s tng
nh lng H2S cn li khi pH=8.4. Khi b sung thm 20mg AP vo GTE th H2S cn li gim t
70% xung 0% khi pH tng t 5.8 ln 8.1. Nh vy, khi c mt GTE s loi b c 85% H2S
khi pH = 8.1 8.3. vi vic thm AP vo th s loi b 100% H2S khi pH = 8.0 8.4.
Bng 4-1: pH nc bt cc thi im khc nhau

Qua bng ny, cho ta thy pH nc bt ca 10 ngi th trc khi nhai chewing gum c mt
GTE v baking soda t 6.25 n 7.74. Khi thm 2% baking soda th ch c 4 trong 10 ngi c
pH = 8 khi nhai 10 pht. Nhng khi thm 5% baking soda th pH trung bnh ca 10 ng th sau 10
pht nhai l 8.20 ( pH > 8 c ngha).
Nhng c mt iu lu l chewing gum c GTE s ha nu trong sut thi gian bo qun.
iu ny xy ra do polyphenols trong tra xanh phn ng trng hp. Vic thm cng nhiu
baking soda th gum cng sm mu hn. ng thi cng gy ra v ng khng mong mun.
trnh vic bin mu, quan trng nht l gi cho polyphenols ca tr xanh khng tip xc vi
baking soda. V vy, vic vi bao GTEs th cn thit khi ta ng dng trong sn phm ny.

4.4 Kt lun
Cht chit tr xanh (GTE) c kh nng loi b hiu qu methanethiol khi pH ca mi trng
tng t 7.5 n 8.0. Cht chit tr xanh cng c nghin cu l loi b hydrogen sulde v c
bit hiu qu ca GTE c ci thin ng k trong mi trng kim. Di tc dng ca GTE,
H2S s loi b c ti a khi pH = 8.1 8.4 370C trong 5 pht. Khi pH tng cao hn na th
hiu qu li gim. Polyphenol oxidase hay peroxidase s lm tng cng hiu qu loi b thiol
khi dng kt hp vi GTE nhit c th trong mi trng kim. Vic thm vo 5% baking
soda vo trong chewing gum c cha GTE s to ra dung dch m ca nc bt c pH=8 trong
10 pht. Tuy nhin, c s bin mu d di v to ra v ng khng mong mun, dng nh l do
cc poliphenol trong tr xanh khng c vi bao phn ng. Do vy, vic vi bao GTE c
cp khi ng dng pH cao.

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