Broadband Over Power Line

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Broadband Over Power Line 2010
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
fter years of development! technolo"y to deliver hi"h-speed data over the
e#istin" electric power delivery networ$ has emer"ed in the mar$etplace. %alled
broadband over power line &BPL'! this technolo"y offers an alternative means of
providin" hi"h-speed internet access! (oice over )nternet Protocol &(o)P'! and other
broadband services! usin" medium- and low- volta"e lines to reach customers* homes
and businesses.
Broadband over Power Line &BPL'! also $nown as Power Line
%ommunications &PL%' is a disruptive communications technolo"y that enables
power line infrastructure landlords &electric utilities + property owners' and their
system operator partners to deliver a suite of )nternet Protocol &)P' based services
usin" their e#istin" power distribution infrastructure.
BPL transmits hi"h fre,uency data si"nals throu"h the same power cable
networ$ used in carryin" electrical power to household/or business subscribers. )n
order to ma$e use of BPL! subscribers install a modem that plu"s into an ordinary
electrical wall outlet and pay a subscription fee similar to those paid for other types of
)nternet service.
1.1 Evolution of BPL
BPL is based on PL% technolo"y developed in -./0 by 1+1 Bell 1elephone
Laboratories! and which has been used for internal and low-speed data
communication applications since that time by the electric power utilities. Based on
PL% technolo"y! some customer premises e,uipment &%P2' such as intercom
systems! have used the embedded electrical wire to avoid the cost of special wirin".
)n 2urope and most of the rest of the world! PL% standards allow for communications
over the //3-/43 volt power "rid at fre,uencies of 43 567 to -83 567. )n the 9nited
:tates! the standards for the -/3 volt power "rid allow the use of fre,uencies above
-83 567 as well. Power utilities use the fre,uencies below 4.3 567 for internal
applications such as telemetry and monitorin" and control of e,uipment at remote
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;inal <ear Project=s is One place for all 2n"ineerin" Projects! Presentation! seminar!
summer trainin" report and lot more.
>O12?-1his wor$ is copyri"ht to its uthors. 1his is only for 2ducational Purpose.
sub-stations. )n the -..3s! development be"an on broadband over power line &BPL'!
which has since then been re"ionally standardi7ed.
@espite the spread of broadband technolo"y in the last few years! there are
si"nificant areas of the world that don=t have access to hi"h-speed )nternet. Ahen
wei"hed a"ainst the relatively small number of customers )nternet providers would
"ain! the incremental e#penditures of layin" cable and buildin" the necessary
infrastructure to provide @:L or cable in many areas! especially rural! is too "reat.
But if broadband could be served throu"h power lines! there would be no need to
build a new infrastructure. nywhere there is electricity there could be broadband.
1echnolo"y to deliver hi"h-speed data over the e#istin" electric power delivery
networ$ is closer to reality in the mar$etplace. By combinin" the technolo"ical
principles of radio! wireless networ$in"! and modems! developers have created a way
to send data over power lines and into homes at speeds between 833 $ilobits and 4
me"abits per second &e,uivalent to @:L and cable'. 1he technolo"y evolution in the
ne#t few years is important from a perspective of future competitive position of BPL
as new networ$s are built and alternative technolo"ies emer"e.
Broadband access and services are delivered usin" a variety of technolo"ies!
networ$ architectures and transmission methods. 1he most si"nificant broadband
technolo"ies include?
@i"ital :ubscriber Line &@:L'
%oa#ial %able
:atellite
@:L is a very hi"h-speed connection to )nternet that uses the same wires as a
re"ular telephone line. standard telephone installation in the 9nited :tates consists
of a pair of copper wires. 1his pair of copper wires has sufficient bandwidth for
carryin" both data and voice. (oice si"nals use only a fraction of the available
capacity on the wires. @:L e#ploits this remainin" capacity to carry information on
the wire without affectin" the line*s ability to carry voice conversations.
But there are several limitations of @:L describe below ?
1he ,uality of connection depends upon the pro#imity to the provider*s central
office! closer the better
Beceivin" data is faster than sendin" data over the internet
@:L is not available everywhere
;or millions of people! television brin"s news! entertainment and educational
pro"rams into their homes. Cany people "et their 1( si"nal from cable television
&%1(' because cable 1( provides better reception and more channels.
Cany people who have cable 1( can now "et a hi"h-speed connection to the
)nternet from their cable provider. %able modems allow subscribers to access hi"h-
speed data services over cable systems that are "enerally desi"ned with hybrid fiber-
coa#ial &6;%' architecture. %able modem service is primarily residential! but may
also include some small business service.
1he disadvanta"e of coa#ial cable is that when there are heavy-access users! are
connected to the channel! you will have to share the entire bandwidth! and may see
your performance de"rade as a result. )t is possible that! in times of heavy usa"e with
many connected users! performance will be far below the theoretical ma#imums.
:atellite )nternet access is ideal for rural )nternet users who want broadband
access. :atellite )nternet does not use telephone lines or cable systems! but instead
uses a satellite dish for two-way &upload and download' data communications.
9pload speed is about one-tenth of the 833 $bps download speed. %able and @:L
have hi"her download speeds! but satellite systems are about -3 times faster than a
normal modem. 1wo-way satellite )nternet consists of appro#imately a two-foot by
three-foot dish! two modems &uplin$ and downlin$'! and coa#ial cables between dish
and modem. 1he $ey installation plannin" re,uirement is a clear view to the south!
since the orbitin" satellites are over the e,uator area. nd! li$e satellite 1(! trees and
heavy rains can affect reception of the )nternet si"nals.
-.- %omparison of ccess 1echnolo"ies
1.2 Arhiteture of BPL
Broadband over Power Lines networ$ is overlaid on the medium-volta"e and
low-volta"e se"ments of the power distribution system. 6i"h-speed bac$haul
connections can be brou"ht to the BPL networ$ at substations or elsewhere alon" the
medium volta"e circuit. n mbient node provides connectivity between the
bac$haul connection and the medium volta"e se"ment of the BPL networ$. 6i"h
speed data travels over this medium-volta"e se"ment to remote locations where is it
transferred to the low-volta"e se"ment or to a wireless interface for the final le" to
the end user or networ$ element bein" mana"ed. simplified view is shown is
;i"ure -./.
;i"ure -./ BPL >etwor$ rchitecture
1he dia"ram below &)nductive %ouplin" )njection 1echni,ue' shows how the
BPL injector converts the )P data traffic into an B; si"nal in a si"nal cable. 1he
si"nal is then injected into the C( or L( cable by induction usin" ferrite cores. 1his
is $nown as Dinductive couplin"E and can be done without switchin" off power. n
alternative injection techni,ue! $nown as Dconductive couplin"E connects the si"nal
cable directly to the electricity cables but re,uires the power to be switched off
durin" connection for safety reasons.
;i"ure -.4 )nductive %ouplin" )njection 1echni,ue
1he end-user simply connects a BPL modem to any power soc$et in the
buildin" for access to the BPL B; si"nal. 1he BPL modem converts the B; si"nal
bac$ into )P data. 1he enduser user then connects the BPL modem into a computer!
server! switch! or wireless access point.
1.! CO"PONENT# O$ BPL NET%OR&
1he entire BPL networ$ can be built from a few basic types of components?
F Coupler' that transfer the communications si"nal to and from power lines.
F No(e' that receive and transmit the si"nal from the medium and low volta"e power
lines. >odes can be either terminal &receivin" and transmittin" between
medium and low volta"e lines'! Bepeaters &receivin" and transmittin" on a
medium volta"e line'! or a combination of both.
F "o(e)' that transfer the communications si"nal to and from end users. 1he
modem is typically connected to either a router or the user=s personal
computer. )n addition to an 2thernet interface! some models of mbient=s
BPL modems contain a standard telephone jac$ for internet telephony
applications.
NIC' convert the di"ital data to communication si"nals appropriate for the power
lines and convert the broadband over power lines si"nals bac$ into di"ital
data. >)%s also provide error correction and security functions. 2ach node
can contain up to three >)%s! dependin" upon the node=s function. 2ach >)%
is connected to either a primary &medium volta"e' or secondary &low
volta"e' power line throu"h a coupler.
1.* %or+in, of BPL
)n order to provide data communication! the initial BPL systems coupled radio
fre,uency &B;' data si"nals into the e#istin" electric power lines. 1he hi"h fre,uency
data si"nals are transmitted throu"h the same power lines that carry low fre,uency
electricity to the household or business. 1his enables both si"nals to coe#ist on the
same wire.
;rom the specific technolo"ical perspective! the basic idea of BPL technolo"y
is to modulate a radio si"nal with data and send it throu"h power lines in a band of
fre,uencies which are not used for supplyin" electricity. 1he fre,uencies used and the
encodin" scheme have a si"nificant influence on the efficiency and the speed of BPL
service. 1he encodin" scheme which is used by most of the BPL providers is
Ortho"onal ;re,uency @ivision Cultiple#in" &O;@C'. O;@C is a techni,ue used
for transmittin" lar"e amounts of di"ital data over a radio wave. O;@C splits the
radio si"nals into multiple smaller sub-si"nals that are then transmitted at different
fre,uencies to the receiver. 1he transmission of data by O;@C alon" several of the
carrier fre,uencies simultaneously increases speed and reliability. @ata loss occurs
when electrical distribution is interrupted by electrical devices turned on and off.
O;@C uses small pac$ets to deliver data within the home! losin" only small amounts
of data rather than the whole si"nal.
nother encodin" scheme which is used in BPL is @irect :e,uence :pread
:pectrum &@:::'. @::: is one of two types of Dspread spectrum techni,uesE
wherein a data si"nal at the transmitter is combined with a hi"her data rate bit
se,uence! or chippin" code! that divides the user data accordin" to a spreadin" ratio.
1he chippin" code is a redundant bit pattern for each bit that is transmitted! which
increases the si"nal*s resistance to interference. 1he redundancy of data helps in
recoverin" the bits that are corrupted durin" data transmission.
;rom the system en"ineerin" perspective! BPL provides effective data
communication throu"h a combination of the electric networ$ within the home or
office! the power distribution "rid! and the bac$bone networ$ which transfers the data
si"nal from the )nternet :ervice Provider &):P' to the power lines. BPL systems ta$e
advanta"e of one of the lar"est and the most pervasive networ$s! the power
distribution "rid.
1he power distribution "rid is made up of a number of components aimed at
deliverin" electricity to customers! and includes overhead and under"round Cedium
(olta"e &C(' and Low (olta"e &L(' power lines and associated transformers. ;irst!
power is "enerated at power stations and distributed around a medium to lar"e
"eo"raphical area via 6i"h (olta"e &6(' lines. :econd! in areas where power needs
to be distributed to consumers! transformers will be used to convert this hi"h volta"e
into a lower volta"e to transport over C( power lines. 1hese transformers are
"enerally located at electrical sub-stations operated by the utility or power supplier.
:uch C( power lines will be used to transport electricity around smaller
"eo"raphical areas such as small towns. ;inally! for the purposes of usin" electricity
in the home or business a transformer is used to reduce the volta"e down to safer and
more mana"eable volta"es at the customer*s house or business premises. 1his power
is usually transported over L( power lines. 1hese L( power lines include the lines
that traverse a customer*s home or business.
;i"ure -.4 shows the simplified Cedium (olta"e &C(' BPL access networ$.
1he BPL si"nal in this networ$ is transmitted over the C( system from a head-end in
the local networ$! and for the purpose of final distribution of BPL service to the end
user! either a local repeater to counter the si"nal-bloc$in" effect of the local
transformer! or alternatively a Ai-;i wireless L> access point can be used. )n such
countries as the 9nited :tates where the local electricity supply is -/3(! medium
volta"e &C(' systems deliver power very close to many premises with a very
localised transformer providin" the final -/3( supply to relatively few premises!
which can be as low as between one and si# homes in rural areas.
;i"ure -.4 Cedium (olta"e BPL ccess >etwor$
;i"ure -.8 Low (olta"e BPL ccess >etwor$
;i"ure -.8 shows the Low (olta"e &L(' BPL access networ$! common in
2urope and parts of sia- Pacific. )n this case! the system head-end is the local step-
down transformer! and the L( wire is used for the broadband data distribution. )n
countries where the local electricity supply is //3-/43(! the local step down
transformer is usually located further from the final customer! and can distribute
power to typically tens of hundreds of customers.
Chapter 2 TA-ONO". O$ BPL
BPL can be broadly cate"ori7ed into two types?
-. ccess BPL
/. )n-6ouse BPL
2.1 ACCE## BPL
ccess BPL systems utili7e the power distribution networ$! owned! operated
and controlled by an electricity service provider! as the means of broadband delivery
to and from premises such as the home or office. ccess BPL systems use injectors!
repeaters! and e#tractors to deliver hi"h-speed broadband services to the end-user.
;i"ure /.- ccess BPL
1he ccess BPL networ$ belon"s to broadband service providers. )n this! the
service provider with the help of some injection devices injects data si"nals into the
medium and low volta"e power distribution power networ$ in order to provide
)nternet access. BPL si"nals may be injected onto power lines in several ways on or
between different conductors. :ince BPL si"nals cannot usually pass throu"h an
electric distribution transformer! additional e,uipment is usually re,uired to allow the
data si"nal to bypass distribution transformers! or to re"enerate data! in order to "et
the data si"nal into a consumer*s home.
2.1.1 En( to En( Ae'' BPL
2nd-to-end ccess BPL systems use either a combination of C( and L(
power lines or L( power lines only. 1hese systems represent the classical
architectures for ccess BPL. )n this case the BPL si"nal is injected onto and carried
by the C( power line. 1he BPL si"nal is then transferred to the L( power line via
couplers or throu"h the L( transformer and delivered directly to the end-user. )n the
case of L( only BPL systems! the BPL si"nal is injected onto the L( power line at
the transformer or the utility meter.
2.1.2 /01ri( Ae'' BPL
6ybrid systems use a combination of power lines and wireless transmission.
;or e#ample! a hybrid system may inject a BPL si"nal onto an C( power line and
use a special e#tractor to translate the si"nal into a wireless channel which is
delivered to the end-user.
;i"ure /./ 6ybrid ccess BPL
s shown in ;i"ure /./! the hybrid ccess BPL system uses repeaters and
e#tractors which are capable of transmittin" and receivin" wireless si"nals to and
from end-users.
2.2 IN2/OU#E BPL
)n-house BPL systems utili7e electric power lines not owned! operated or
controlled by an electricity service provider! such as the electric wirin" in a privately
owned buildin". Broadband devices are connected to the in-buildin" wirin" and use
electrical soc$ets as access points
1he only thin" that the user has to do is plu" the modem into the soc$et and
connect it to the computer.
)n-6ouse BPL ma$es use of indoor adapters to transmit data si"nals over
e#istin" interior electric wires within a home! and to connect the data si"nals to
various appliances.
;i"ure /.4 )n-6ouse BPL
)n-house BPL systems use the electrical outlets available within a buildin" to
transfer information between computers and other home electronic devices and
appliances which eliminate the need to install additional wires amon" devices.
Cu'to)er pre)i'e e3uip)ent 4CPE5
1here are such customer premise e,uipment in BPL networ$! which is describe
below.
U#B /o)e Plu,
6ome Plu" dditional dapter with 2thernet or 9:B port G )nternet access
e#tension and home networ$in" usin" your e#istin" household power circuit.
;i"ure /.4 9:B 6ome Plu"
Ethernet /o)e plu,
s shown in ;i"ure /.8! a BPL modem is plu"HandHplay and is rou"hly the si7e
of a common power adapter. )t plu"s into a common wall soc$et! and an 2thernet
cable runnin" to your computer finishes the connection. Aireless versions are also
available.
;i"ure /.8 2thernet 6ome Plu"
Chapter ! TEC/NOLO6ICAL DE7ELOPE"ENT#
Because of low speed! low functionality and hi"h development cost! BPL
technolo"y was never seriously considered as a communication medium! even thou"h
it has been operational since the -.43s. 6istorically! BPL was not only a control
mechanism for electrical utilities! but also was ori"inally desi"ned to send simple
commands over power lines at such low fre,uencies as -33--03 $67. :uch a
mechanism ma$es both remote monitorin" and dia"nostics possible even over lon"
distances. Core recently! BPL has been used in Dsmart homesE. :mart homes can
provide such automated applications as entry! entertainment! and comfort systems!
and can be networ$ed and controlled from a central location. simple form of BPL
also provides the basis for intercom systems.
)n the mid -.03s! e#periments on hi"her fre,uencies were carried out to
analy7e the technolo"ical characteristics of the electric power "rid as a medium for
data transfer. ;re,uencies especially in the ran"e of 8-833 $67 were tested. )n these
tests! both the si"nal to noise levels and the attenuation of the si"nal by the power
"rid were important topics for measurements. 1hese tests were underta$en both in
2urope and in the 9nited :tates.
!.1 Tehnolo,ial o)ple8it0 an( it' hallen,e'
1he introduction of BPL technolo"ies around the world has not been received
with universal! unbridled enthusiasm due lar"ely to interference concerns. 1he
interference characteristics associated with BPL can be divided into two broad
cate"ories? &-' conducted and &/' radiated. )n the ;%% Beport + Order 34-/48!
ccess BPL systems are e#empted from the conducted emissions limits in ;%% Part
-8 rules because measurin" the conducted emissions presents a safety ha7ard due to
the --43 $ilovolt ener"y on the power lines. )nstead! the ;%% has focused on
compliance with established radiated emission re,uirements.
!.2 Tehnolo,ial I''ue
Power lines were not desi"ned for data transmission! but were ori"inally
created to deliver power at 83 to I3 67. Broadband data can be transmitted at
different fre,uencies! over the same wires! however! in order to enable hi"h-speed
and lon"-distance transmission of data on power lines several technolo"ical obstacles
have to be overcome. 1hese include data interference or electrical si"nal interference!
the distance over which data can travel while still providin" "ood ,uality! and the
lac$ of international standards and specifications. 1he technolo"ical issues of BPL in
this section deal with how BPL should be implemented to minimi7e interference with
other services such as amateur radio fre,uencies and international standardi7ation
efforts for BPL technolo"y to increase reliability! interoperability! and security of
broadband transmission over power lines.
!.! Ra(io $re3uen0 Interferene 4R$I5
1here is limit of B; si"nal "iven below.
BPL Operatin" Below 43 C67
BPL Operatin" bove 43 C67
B;) has been one of the most serious potential obstacles to BPL. BPL systems have
been shown to produce B; interference with nearby radio receivers! within up to J8
meters for mobile radios and -83 meters for fi#ed radios! accordin" to the merican
Badio Belay Lea"ue &BBL'. lso! various elements or structures in or near the
powerlines readily become radiators or antennas at the hi"h fre,uencies at which
BPL data are transmitted. 1his presents a problem of interference with a variety of
radio services.
Chapter * BENE$IT# O$ BPL
@espite the proliferation of broadband access methods in many countries! some
advanta"es could still be attained by rollin" out BPL.
Re(ution in o't an( 9ei,ht a' o)pare( to or(inar0 9irin,
:ince it uses the e#istin" infrastructure! BPL could mean that low-cost
broadband could be made a reality in areas that cannot "et @:L! cable or wireless
broadband. 2ven homes in e#tremely remote areas could now potentially "et
broadband! without havin" to resort to the hi"h latency satellite broadband.
;i"ure 4.- %ost %omparison
ccordin" to a report conducted by the :hpi"ler Kroup! results su""est that BPL may
be in the middle of the pac$ as far as deployment costs are concerned.
Po''i1ilit0 of it' u'e for ')art appliane'
1he idea behind this is that you can control appliances with your P%. Ahile
these devices could potentially be connected with 2thernet to a @:L connection! BPL
offers a much neater solution! since a sin"le plu" ac,uires both the device*s
electricity and its data. :ome propose this as an aid for people with mobility
problems.
%irele'' Co))uniation an 1e po''i1le
One possible alternative is to use BPL as the bac$haul for wireless
communications! by for instance han"in" Ai-;i access points or cell phone base
stations on utility poles! thus allowin" end-users within a certain ran"e to connect
with e,uipment they already have. )n the near future! BPL mi"ht also be used as a
bac$haul for AiCL networ$s.
Po9er Co)pan0 an u'e BPL for '0'te) (ata o))uniation
nee('
utomated meterin".
(olta"e control.
Bemote e,uipment monitorin".
2ner"y mana"ement.
/i,h 'pee( net9or+
Cedia ;usion ama7ed customers and ):Ps with promises of speeds up to /.8 Kbps.
6owever! to date! the company has failed to brin" such promises to mar$et. )nstead!
speeds of appro#imately -4 Cbps are standard. :uch a system would ,uic$ly saturate
but manufacturers are wor$in" on improvin" the technolo"y to provide connections
of "reater speed! potentially ma$in" the technolo"y viable.
C/APTER : PROBLE"# ; #OLUTION#
BPL technolo"y has some problems and its solutions also! describe below.
:.1 PROBLE"#
BPL is more e#pensive! because more comple# technolo"ies are to be used in
the chips. 1he power lines would need repeaters to maintain si"nal inte"rity and since
the data si"nal cannot pass throu"h transformers &in which case it would be lost'! they
must be bypassed.
Boutin" data around transformers can be costly. :ince power supply networ$s
vary from country to country! the cost of transformer bypassin" can vary.
1o "enerali7e! houses ta$e in a low volta"e &L('! so the medium volta"e &C('
used for transmission must pass throu"h a C(/L( transformer before it can enter a
house.
1he cost of transformer bypassin" is not the sole economic headache for
potential providers. :ince powerlines were never intended to be used for
pi""ybac$in" data! a number of problems arose when tryin" to do so. 1hese include
hi"h attenuation at hi"h fre,uencies and noise &internal and e#ternal'. s has been
mentioned earlier! this leads to the necessity for a lot of error correction/prevention in
any protocols usin" power lines as a physical layer.
One thin" that cannot be resolved however is a failin" in the electrical
properties of the powerlines themselves. 1hey act as aerials because they are not
shielded. 1his means that they can pic$ up noise and transmit it on as well as emit
interference. 9nfortunately! BPL operates at the same fre,uencies as short wave radio
and low-band (6;. 1his can render various radio systems includin" those of
"overnments unusable. mateur radio enthusiasts the world over seem to be united in
their distaste for what BPL does to the airwaves. 1his interference has historically
scuppered BPL trials. "ood e#ample of this is the >or. Aeb trial that be"an in -..0
in Canchester. @espite complaints about the interference and warnin"s from the
Badio communications "ency! the company consistently rubbished criticism and
insisted that the roll out would ta$e place. By the end of -...! the company had been
closed down. )n Mapan! the technolo"y will not be adopted because of the interference
problem.
nother problem with BPL is security. :ince it transmits on a shared medium!
li$e cable broadband! this ma$es it easier to snoop the line. 2ven thou"h 2uropean
operators have to spend less on transformer bypasses as has been already e#plained!
the fact that the L( si"nal can potentially "o to several hundred homes is not very
secure. 1he same line "oin" into many homes means the same traffic "oin" down that
line. 1his provides an opportunity for hac$ers to ac,uire sensitive data.
:.2 #OLUTION#
1he only proposed solution to the radio interference BPL causes is one
proposed by %orridor :ystems. 1hey propose to use microwaves instead of the lower
fre,uency bands to transmit the data! meanin" that radio e,uipment should not be
interfered with. :upposedly! this could lead to data rates of up to /-I Cbps.
)n the 9:! the >ational ssociation for mateur Badio &or BBL! which has
been one of BPL*s most vehement critics' has ac$nowled"ed that such a technolo"y
would not interfere with radio si"nals used by amateur radio enthusiasts. 1he
electroma"netic spectrum is ,uite con"ested! however! and usin" the /-/3 K67 bands
may just spawn more opponents to BPL.
Badio astronomers! who ma$e use of several protected fre,uency bands from
-4 C67 all the way up to /J8 K67! may be BPL*s ne#t opponents. Kiven that the --
-3 K67 bands are especially important in this field of study! and that %orridor
:ystems* /-/3 K67 BPL has not yet under"one e#tensive trials &or even been
implementedN'! we can only speculate at this time.
Chapter < APPLICATION#
;ollowin" are the various applications of BPL.
-. BPL can provide communications connectivity for @istribution utomation
applications such as remote capacitor control! automatic meter readin" and remote
O>/O;; capabilities! amon" others.
/. BPL can be used to create an )P access networ$ to solve the OLast-CileO dilemma.
:ince the Krid is available throu"hout the country! BPL is simply an add-on to that
e#istin" electrical infrastructure which will allow every consumer to "ain access to
the )nternet. %ustomer applications such as AAA access! (oice over )nternet
Protocol! video on demand. 1here are a number of basic applications for this BPL
technolo"y? telemedicine! and distance learnin" can be established on these systems.
4. :ince the BPL networ$ touches all of the electrical components connected to the
electrical "rid! there is an opportunity to install monitorin" and security devices
anywhere on the Krid which has been BPL enabled. 1he BPL networ$ provides /-
way hi"h-speed communications to all of these devices. @evices could include?
P :ecurity %ameras
P Biolo"ical %ontaminant detection
P Kas / %hemical detection
P %orrosion monitorin"
P Pipeline Conitorin"
<.1 6LOBAL BPL U#A6E
lar"e number of utilities throu"hout the world are currently conductin" trials
or commercial operations of BPL. :ome have already be"un commercial operations
-. )n Kermany! the service is commercially offered by? O(ypeO! OPiper->etO
OPower5omE! O2(OpowerlineO.
/. )n ustria! the service is commercially offered in the city of Lin7 under the brand
name O:peed-AebO.
4. )n :cotland! the service is offered in the cities of %rieff and %ampbeltown under
the name of OBroadbandO.
4. )n the 9:! the service is offered by? Pennsylvania Power + Li"ht! %iner"y!
Pro"ress 2ner"y! %ity of Canassas &municipal owned utility'! %entral (ir"inia %o-
op.
Other commercial deployments are already in operation in %hina! 6on" 5on"!
:in"apore and 5orea.
CONCLU#ION
s it is emer"in" technolo"y! the ne#t few years will decide whether BPL can
compete in the broadband mar$et.
BPL offers a method of broadband access for those livin" in isolated areas! who have
no other viable means of broadband access. 1herefore! it seems plausible that when
BPL will become available in rural areas! it will be a moderate success. 6owever! this
success is unli$ely to be lon"-term! since telecommunications companies are already
contemplatin" rollin" out ;116 &;iber to the 6ome' connections to all of their
customers sometime in the future. 1herefore! it appears that BPL will be little more
than a stop"ap solution.
BIBLIO6RAP/.
-. http ?// en .wi$ipedia .or" /wi$i /Power H line H communication
/. http ?// ntr" .cs .tcd .ie /under"rad /4 ba /.38/ "roup -4/ inde# .html
4. http ?// www .oecd .or" /dataoecd /80/I//44/430J8. pdf
4. http ?// www .state .nj .us /publicadvocate /utility /docs /BPLwhitepaper .pdf
8. http ?// www .ncs ."ov /library /tech H bulletins //33J/ tib H3J-3-. pdf
I. http?//www .icce .ca /eic /site /smt - "st .nsf /vwapj /bpl - e /33J. html
J. http ?// www .becs .ac .in />ewspaper /)ndian Q/3 2#press Q/3/4 rd Q/3 u"ust .pdf
0. http?//www.wave-report.com/tutorials/bpl.htm
.. http ?// www .rivier .edu /journal /BOM -/33I- :prin" /M 43- 1B9LL .pdf
-3. http ?// www .final-yearprojects.co.cc/

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