3

rd
YEAR ENGLISH LITERATURE OPTIONAL COURSE
INTERTEXTUAL ECHOES
Dr. Lucia Opreanu
Course descripion and o!"eci#es
T$is opiona% course &i%% 'ocus on $e inere(ua% re%aions$ips esa!%is$ed !e&een %ierar) e(s
across $e cenuries as &e%% as !e&een %ierar) e(s and &or*s 'ro+ o$er 'ie%ds, especia%%) ar and
cine+a. A'er esa!%is$in- $e $eoreica% 'ra+e&or* !) resorin- o essenia% e(s !) .u%ia /rise#a,
0i*$ai% 1a*$in, Ro%and 1ar$es, Linda Huc$eon, ec. and de'inin- $e nu+erous er+s co+prised
under $e u+!re%%a er+ o' inere(ua%i), $e course &i%% 'ocus on a #arie) o' cone+porar) e(s and
$eir re%aions$ips &i$ $e canonica% &or*s $a inspired $e+. I &i%% +oreo#er inc%ude re'erences o
$e ineracions esa!%is$ed !e&een %ierar) e(s and o$er &or*s o' ar, especia%%) painin-s and
+oion picures, in an ae+p o +a*e sudens a&are o' $e deep%) inere(ua% naure o' +os 'or+s o'
$u+an endea#our. T$e +ain ai+s o' $e course inc%ude encoura-in- sudens o respond o ne& pieces
o' &riin- &$i%s re#isiin- a%read) 'a+i%iar &or*s and deer+inin- $e+ o #ie& %ierar) e(s no as
iso%aed eniies !u as %i#in- or-anis+s en-a-ed in consan dia%o-ue &i$ one ano$er.
2 $eoreica% 'ra+e&or*3 .u%ia /rise#a, 0i*$ai% 1a*$in, Ro%and 1ar$es, Linda Huc$eon
2 er+ino%o-)3 pasic$e4 parod)4 p%a-iaris+4 appropriaion4 i+iaion4 adapaion4 recuperaion4
re&riin-4 para%%e%is+4 co%%a-e4 !rico%a-e4 a%%usion4 5uoaion4 ec$o.
Su--esed opics3
2 T$e curren sae o' %ieraure
2 T)pes o' inere(ua%i) in %ieraure, cine+a and +usic.
2 Parod) #ersus pasic$e3 de'iniions, disincions, ai+s 6+oc*er) 7 $o+a-e8 and e(a+p%es
2 Re&riin- 'air)2a%es and dis+an%in- pariarc$)
2 Inere(ua%i) across +edia3 %ieraure and cine+a 6.ane Ausen9s Pride and Prejudice, $e 11C 'i%+
#ersion and He%en :ie%din-9s Bridget Joness Diary and Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason8
2 Inere(ua%i) across +edia3 %ieraure and ar
; 'ro+ %ieraure o painin- 6Geor-e Gordon 1)ron < Eu-=ne De%acroi(4 .o$n /eas < Ar$ur Hu-$es
and :ran* Dic*see8
; 'ro+ painin- o %ieraure 6Peer Ac*ro)d9s Chatterton4 Trac) C$e#a%ier9s Girl With a Pearl Earring8
2Re&riin- narrai#es 'ro+ a ne& perspeci#e
; -i#in- a #oice o pre#ious%) +ar-ina%ised c$aracers
; re&riin- and -ender s&appin-
2 Re2rearin- and re2&riin-3 $e ineracion !e&een $eor) and 'icion and $e uses o' inere(ua%i) as
a criica% srae-)
2 T$e -ro&in- scope o' inere(ua%i) < $e daunin- inere(ua% %e-ac) o' so+e canonica% &riers
6>i%%ia+ S$a*espeare, .ane Ausen, ec.8
1i!%io-rap$)
Pri+ar) e(s3
Ac*ro)d, Peer < Chatterton
Carer, An-e%a < The Bloody Chamer
C$e#a%ier, Trac) < Girl With a Pearl Earring
Da$%, Roa%d < Re!olting Rhymes
:ie%din-, He%en < Bridget Joness Diary
:ie%din-, He%en < Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason
:o&%es, .o$n < The Collector
Hu(%e), A%dous < Bra!e "e# World.
Lod-e, Da#id < The British $useum is %alling Do#n
Na'isi, A?ar < Reading &olita in Tehran: ' $emoir in Boo(s
R$)s, .ean < Wide )argasso )ea
Secondar) !i!%io-rap$) 6opiona%83
A%%en, Gra$a+. *nterte+tuality. London and Ne& Yor*3 Rou%ed-e, @AA3.
1ar$, .o$n. BT$e Lieraure o' E($ausion.C The "o!el Today: Contem,orary Writers on $odern
%iction. Ed. 0a%co%+ 1rad!ur). London3 :onana, DEFF.
1ar$, .o$n. BT$e Lieraure o' Rep%enis$+en.C Essentials of the theory of fiction. Eds. 0ic$ae% ..
Ho''+an and Paric* D. 0urp$). Dur$a+ NC3 Du*e Uni#ersi) Press, DEEG.
1au+an, Ric$ard. ' World of -thers Words. Cross/Cultural Pers,ecti!es on *nterte+tuality. 0a%den,
O('ord and Car%on3 1%ac*&e%%, @AAH.
1%oo+, Haro%d. The 'n+iety of *nfluence. ' Theory of Poetry. Ne& Yor*3 O('ord Uni#ersi) Press,
DEF3.
Cuddon, .. A. The Penguin Dictionary of &iterary Terms and &iterary Theory. London3 Pen-uin
1oo*s, DEE@.
Currie, 0ar*. Postmodern "arrati!e Theory. London3 0ac+i%%an, DEEI.
Deni$, Si+on. Parody. London and Ne& Yor*3 Rou%ed-e, @AAA.
Huc$eon, Linda. ' Theory of Parody: The Teachings of T#entieth/Century 'rt %orms. I%%inois3
Uni#ersi) o' I%%inois Press, @AAA.
Lod-e, Da#id. The 'rt of %iction. *llustrated from classic and modern te+ts. London3 Pen-uin 1oo*s,
DEE@.
Opreanu, Lucia. BIni+aions o' $e :uure 'ro+ $e Arc$i#es o' $e Pas3 T$e Topos o' $e Li!rar) in
$e Pos+odern No#e%C $a,,ing the %uture, IaJi3 Uni#ersias XXI, @AAK, pp. GFD2GFF.
Opreanu, Lucia. BOri-ina%i), in'%uence, inere(ua%i)C in Da!id &odges %iction: ' 0uest for
)olutions to Prolems of &iterature. ConsanLa3 Europo%is, @ADD. pp. EK2DDA
Ren?a, Luis A. BIn'%uenceC Critical Terms for &iterary )tudies. Eds. :ran* Lenricc$ia and T$o+as
0cLau-$%in. C$ica-o3 T$e Uni#ersi) o' C$ica-o Press, DEEK.
Rose, 0ar-are. Parody: 'ncient1 $odern and Post/modern 2&iterature1 Culture1 Theory3. Ca+!rid-e3
Ca+!rid-e Uni#ersi) Press, DEE3.
Ru!in, Louis Deci+us. BT$e Curious Dea$ o' $e No#e%3 or, >$a o do A!ou Tired Lierar) CriicsC
in The Curious Death of the "o!el. Essays in 'merican &iterature. 1aon Rou-e3 Louisiana Sae
Uni#ersi) Press, DEGF.
Sc$u%?e2En-%er, :ran*. BCross2Cu%ura% Criicis+ and $e Li+is o' Inere(ua%i).C 'cross the &ines.
Ed. >o%'-an- /%oos. A+serda+ and A%ana3 Rodopi, DEEI.
>oron, 0ic$ae% and .udi$ Si%% 6eds.8. *nterte+tuality: Theories and Practices. 0anc$eser and Ne&
Yor*3 0anc$eser UP, DEEA.
T$e e($ausion o' %ierar) possi!i%iies
0ONDAY 3
RD
0ARCH. Spen a%% )eserda) and +os o' oda) readin- $e sudens9 &or*2in2pro-ress,
$eir +a"or pro"ecs 'or $e )ear, no#e%s 6or in &o cases co%%ecions o' s$or sories8 &$ic$ $e) sared
%as se+eser under Russe% 0arsden9s super#ision, or !rou-$ up o $e Uni#ersi) &i$ $e+, a%read)
under &a). I 'ee% ra$er "aded !) $e e(perience. I9s no $a $e)9re !ad%) &rien < on $e conrar),
$e -enera% %e#e% o' a!i%i) is $i-$ < i9s "us $a $ere are oo +an) o' $e+, oo +an) o a*e in a%% a
once. E#er) i+e I open ano$er 'o%der $ere9s ano$er i+a-ined &or%d o !e in$a!ied, a &$o%e ne& se
o' c$aracers &i$ na+es o !e +e+ori?ed and re%aions$ips o' consan-uini) and a''ini) o !e sored
ou, i+es and seasons o !e noed, p$)sica% appearances o !e picured, connecions o' cause and e''ec
o !e in'erredM 6M8
I9s a #er) unnaura% &a) o read, o' course, "u+pin- 'ro+ one un'inis$ed sor) o ano$er, !u i
+ade +e $in* a!ou $e pro%i'ic producion o' 'icion in our cu%ure. Is i o#er2producionN Are &e in
dan-er o' accu+u%ain- a 'icion2+ounain < an i++ense 5uani) o' surp%us no#e%s, %i*e $e !uer
+ounains and +i%* %a*es o' $e EECN I re+e+!er Ra%p$ 0essen-er9s dr) re+ar*, OWhether the #orld
needs more no!elists is a matter of o,inion.9 His o&n opinion &as pre) o!#ious.
O' course one can ar-ue $a $ere9s a !asic $u+an need 'or narrai#e3 i9s one o' $e
'unda+ena% oo%s 'or +a*in- sense o' e(perience < $as !een, !ac* as 'ar as )ou can -o in $isor). 1u
does $is, I as* +)se%', necessari%) enai% $e end%ess +u%ip%icaion o' ne# soriesN 1e'ore $e rise o'
$e no#e% $ere &asn9 $e sa+e o!%i-aion on $e sor)e%%er < )ou cou%d re%ae $e o%d 'a+i%iar a%es
o#er and o#er, $e +aer o' Tro), $e +aer o' Ro+e, $e +aer o' 1riainM -i#in- $e+ a ne& spin
as i+es and +anners c$an-ed. 1u 'or $e %as $ree cenuries &riers $a#e !een re5uired o +a*e up a
ne& sor) e#er) i+e. No a!so%ue%) ne&, o' course < i9s !een poined ou o'en enou-$ $a a a
cerain %e#e% $ere are on%) a 'inie nu+!er o' p%os < !u $e p%o +us !e '%es$ed ou eac$ i+e &i$ a
ne& se o' c$aracers, and &or*ed ou in a ne& se o' circu+sances. >$en )ou $in* o' $e !i%%ions o'
rea% peop%e &$o $a#e %i#ed on $is ear$, eac$ &i$ $eir uni5ue persona% $isories, $a &e s$a%% ne#er
$a#e i+e o *no&, i see+s e(raordinar), e#en per#erse, $a &e s$ou%d !o$er o in#en a%% $ese
addiiona% preend2%i#es. And i is a !o$er. So +uc$ $a in rea%i) is si+p%) O-i#en9 $as o !e decided
&$en )ou9re &riin- 'icion. :acs $a#e o !e represened !) pseudo2'acs, %a!orious%) in#ened and
painsa*in-%) descri!ed. T$e reader +us re-iser and +e+ori?e $ese 'acs in order o 'o%%o& )our
sor), !u $e) are '%us$ed a&a) a%+os as soon as $e !oo* is 'inis$ed, o +a*e roo+ 'or ano$er sor).
1e'ore %on- no$in- re+ains in $e reader9s +e+or) !u a na+e or &o, a 'e& #a-ue i+pressions o'
peop%e, an indisinc reco%%ecion o' $e p%o, and a -enera% sense o' $a#in- !een enerained, or no, as
$e case +a) !e. I9s 'ri-$enin- o $in* o' $o& +an) no#e%s I +us $a#e read in +) %i'ei+e, and $o&
%i%e I reain o' $e su!sance o' +os o' $e+. S$ou%d I rea%%) !e encoura-in- $ese !ri-$ )oun-
peop%e o add $eir 5uoien o $e dus2$eap o' 'or-oen pseudo2%i#esN 6Da#id Lod-e < Thin(s48
O>e%%, )ou see, I $a#e $is $eor),9 Ada+ &$o $ad "us $ou-$ o' i, said e(pansi#e%). OHas i e#er
occurred o )ou $o& no#e%iss are using u, e(perience a a dan-erous raeN No, I see i $asn9. >e%%,
$en, consider $a !e'ore $e no#e% e+er-ed as $e do+inan %ierar) 'or+, narrai#e %ieraure dea%
on%) &i$ $e e(raordinar) or $e a%%e-orica% < &i$ *in-s and 5ueens, -ians and dra-ons, su!%i+e
#irue and dia!o%ic e#i%. T$ere &as no ris* o' con'usin- $a sor o' $in- &i$ %i'e, o' course. 1u as
soon as $e no#e% -o -oin-, )ou +i-$ pic* up a !oo* a an) i+e and read a!ou an ordinar) c$ap
ca%%ed .oe S+i$ doin- "us $e sor o' $in-s )ou did )ourse%'. No&, I *no& &$a )ou9re -oin- o sa) <
)ou9re -oin- o sa) $a $e no#e%is si%% $as o in#en a %o. 1u $a9s "us $e poin3 $ere9#e !een suc$
a 'anasic nu+!er o' no#e%s &rien in $e %as coup%e o' cenuries $a $e)9#e "us a!ou e($aused $e
possi!i%iies o' %i'e. So a%% o' us, )ou see, are rea%%) enacin- e#ens $a $a#e a%read) !een &rien a!ou
in so+e no#e% or o$er. O' course, +os peop%e don9 rea%i?e $is < $e) 'ond%) i+a-ine $a $eir %i%e
%i#es are uni5ueM .us as &e%%, oo, !ecause &$en )ou do u+!%e o i, $e e''ec is #er) disur!in-.9
6Da#id Lod-e < The British $useum is %alling Do#n8
Ia%o Ca%#ino < *f on a Winters "ight a Tra!eler
IPs no $a )ou e(pec an)$in- in paricu%ar 'ro+ $is paricu%ar !oo*. YouPre $e sor o' person
&$o, on princip%e, no %on-er e(pecs an)$in- o' an)$in-. T$ere are p%en), )oun-er $an )ou or %ess
)oun-, &$o %i#e in $e e(pecaion o' e(raordinar) e(periences3 'ro+ !oo*s, 'ro+ peop%e, 'ro+
"ourne)s, 'ro+ e#ens, 'ro+ &$a o+orro& $as in sore. 1u no )ou. You *no& $a $e !es )ou can
e(pec is o a#oid $e &ors. T$is is $e conc%usion )ou $a#e reac$ed, in )our persona% %i'e and a%so in
-enera% +aers, e#en inernaiona% a''airs. >$a a!ou !oo*sN >e%%, precise%) !ecause )ou $a#e denied
i in e#er) o$er 'ie%d, )ou !e%ie#e )ou +a) si%% -ran )ourse%' %e-ii+ae%) $is )ou$'u% p%easure o'
e(pecaion in a care'u%%) circu+scri!ed area %i*e $e 'ie%d o' !oo*s, &$ere )ou can !e %uc*) or
un%uc*), !u $e ris* o' disappoin+en isnP serious.
So, $en, )ou noiced in a ne&spaper $a *f on a #inter5s night a tra!eler $ad appeared, $e ne&
!oo* !) Ia%o Ca%#ino, &$o $adnP pu!%is$ed 'or se#era% )ears. You &en o $e !oo*s$op and !ou-$
$e #o%u+e. Good 'or )ou.
In $e s$op &indo& )ou $a#e pro+p%) ideni'ied $e co#er &i$ $e i%e )ou &ere %oo*in- 'or.
:o%%o&in- $is #isua% rai%, )ou $a#e 'orced )our &a) $rou-$ $e s$op pas $e $ic* !arricade o'
1oo*s You Ha#enP Read, &$ic$ are 'ro&nin- a )ou 'ro+ $e a!%es and s$e%#es, r)in- o co&
)ou...And $us )ou pass $e ouer -ird%e o' ra+pars, !u $en )ou are aac*ed !) $e in'anr) o' 1oo*s
T$a I' You Had 0ore T$an one %i'e You >ou%d Cerain%) A%so Read 1u Un'orunae%) Your Da)s
Are Nu+!ered. >i$ a rapid +aneu#er )ou !)pass $e+ and +o#e ino $e p$a%an(es o' $e 1oo*s
You 0ean To Read 1u T$ere Are O$ers You 0us Read :irs, $e 1oo*s Too E(pensi#e No& And
YouP%% >ai Ti%% T$e)Pre Re+aindered1 $e 1oo*s dio >$en T$e) Co+e Ou in Paper!ac*1 1oo*s
You Can 1orro& :ro+ So+e!od)1 1oo*s T$a E#er)!od)Ps Read So IPs As I' You Had Read T$e+,
Too. E%udin- $ese assau%s, )ou co+e up !enea$ $e o&ers o' $e 'orress, &$ere o$er roops are
$o%din- ou3
$e 1oo*s YouP#e 1een P%annin- Top Read :or A-es,
$e 1oo*s YouP#e 1een Hunin- :or Years >i$ou Success,
$e 1oo*s Dea%in- >i$ So+e$in- YouPre >or*in- On A T$e 0o+en,
$e 1oo*s You >an To O&n So T$e)P%% 1e Hand) .us In Case,
$e 1oo*s You Cou%d Pu Aside 0a)!e To Read T$is Su++er,
$e 1oo*s You Need To Go >i$ O$er 1oo*s On Your S$e%#es,
$e 1oo*s T$a :i%% You >i$ Sudden, Ine(p%ica!%e Curiosi), No Easi%) .usi'ied,
No& )ou $a#e !een a!%e o reduce $e coun%ess e+!a%ed roops o an arra) $a is, o !e sure,
#er) %ar-e !u si%% ca%cu%a!%e in a 'inie nu+!er4 !u $is re%ai#e re%ie' is $en under+ined !) $e
a+!us$ o' $e 1oo*s Read Lon- A-o >$ic$ IPs No& Ti+e To Reread and $e 1oo*s YouP#e A%&a)s
Preended To Ha#e Read And No& IPs Ti+e To Si Do&n And Rea%%) Read T$e+.
>i$ a ?i-?a- das$ )ou s$a*e $e+ o'' and %eap srai-$ ino $e ciade% o' $e Ne& 1oo*s
>$ose Au$or Or Su!"ec Appea%s To You. E#en inside $is sron-$o%d )ou can +a*e so+e !reac$es
in $e ran*s o' $e de'enders, di#idin- $e+ ino Ne& 1oo*s !) Au$ors Or On Su!"ecs No Ne& 6'or
)ou or in -enera%8 and Ne& 1oo*s 1) Au$ors Or On Su!"ecs Co+p%ee%) Un*no&n 6a %eas o )ou8,
and de'inin- $e aracion $e) $a#e 'or )ou on $e !asis o' )our desires and needs 'or $e ne& and $e
no ne& 6'or $e ne& )ou see* in $e no ne& and 'or $e no ne& )ou see* in $e ne&8.
I $ad decided o read Wuthering 6eights Q$e no#e% &e &ere curren%) sud)in- in En-%is$Q )e a-ain 'or $e
'un o' i, and $aPs &$a I &as doin- &$en C$ar%ie ca+e $o+e. RMS In En-%is$, 0i*e oo* $is accuso+ed sea
!) +) side. >e $ad a pop 5ui? on Wuthering 6eights. I &as srai-$'or&ard, #er) eas). RMS C$ar%ie &as si%%
scannin- $e ne&s, so I pic*ed up +) +uc$2a!used cop) o' Wuthering 6eights 'ro+ &$ere I9d %e' i $is
+ornin- a !rea*'as, and ried o %ose +)se%' in urn2o'2$e2cenur) En-%and &$i%e I &aied 'or $i+ o sar
a%*in-. I &as "us o $e par &$ere Hea$c%i'' reurns &$en C$ar%ie c%eared $is $roa and $re& $e paper o $e
'%oor. RMS I c%eared $e a!%e 5uic*%) &$i%e Ed&ard or-ani?ed an ini+idain- sac* o' 'or+s. >$en I +o#ed
Wuthering 6eights o $e couner, Ed&ard raised one e)e!ro&. I *ne& &$a $e &as $in*in-, !u C$ar%ie
inerruped !e'ore Ed&ard cou%d co++en. RMS
BI9+ -%ad C$ar%ie $as decided o %e )ou ou Q)ou9re sad%) in need o' a #isi o $e !oo*sore. I can9 !e%ie#e
)ou9re readin- Wuthering 6eights a-ain. Don9 )ou *no& i !) $ear )eNC BNo a%% o' us $a#e p$oo-rap$ic
+e+ories,C I said cur%). BP$oo-rap$ic +e+or) or no, I don9 undersand &$) )ou %i*e i. T$e c$aracers are
-$as%) peop%e &$o ruin eac$ o$ers9 %i#es. I don9 *no& $o& Hea$c%i'' and Ca$) ended up !ein- ran*ed &i$
coup%es %i*e Ro+eo and .u%ie or E%i?a!e$ 1enne and 0r. Darc). I isn9 a %o#e sor), i9s a $ae sor).C BYou
$a#e so+e serious issues &i$ $e c%assics,C I snapped. BPer$aps i9s !ecause I9+ no i+pressed !) ani5ui).C
He s+i%ed, e#iden%) sais'ied $a $e9d disraced +e. BHones%), $ou-$, &$) do )ou read i o#er and o#erNC
His e)es &ere #i#id &i$ rea% ineres no&, r)in- Q a-ainQ o unra#e% $e con#o%ued &or*in-s o' +) +ind.
He reac$ed across $e a!%e o crad%e +) 'ace in $is $and. B>$a is i $a appea%s o )ouNC His sincere curiosi)
disar+ed +e. BI9+ no sure,C I said, scra+!%in- 'or co$erenc) &$i%e $is -a?e unineniona%%) scaered +)
$ou-$s. BI $in* i9s so+e$in- a!ou $e ine#ia!i%i). Ho& no$in- can *eep $e+ apar Q no $er se%'is$ness,
or $is e#i%, or e#en dea$, in $e end. . .C His 'ace &as $ou-$'u% as $e considered +) &ords. A'er a +o+en $e
s+i%ed a easin- s+i%e. BI si%% $in* i &ou%d !e a !eer sor) i' ei$er o' $e+ $ad one redee+in- 5ua%i).C BI
$in* $a +a) !e $e poin,C I disa-reed. BT$eir %o#e is $eir on%) redee+in- 5ua%i).C BI $ope )ou $a#e !eer
sense $an $a Qo 'a%% in %o#e &i$ so+eone so . . . +a%i-nan.C BI9s a !i %ae 'or +e o &orr) a!ou &$o I 'a%%
in %o#e &i$,C I poined ou. B1u e#en &i$ou $e &arnin-, I see+ o $a#e +ana-ed 'air%) &e%%.C He %au-$ed
5uie%). BI9+ -%ad you $in* so.C B>e%%, I $ope )ou9re s+ar enou-$ o sa) a&a) 'ro+ so+eone so se%'is$.
Ca$erine is rea%%) $e source o' a%% $e rou!%e, no Hea$c%i''.C BI9%% !e on +) -uard,C $e pro+ised. RMS
B>$a &ere )ou readin-NC I +uered, no rea%%) a&a*e a a%%. 7Wuthering 6eights,8 $e said. I 'ro&ned s%eepi%).
BI $ou-$ )ou didn9 %i*e $a !oo*.C BYou %e' i ou,C $e +ur+ured, $is so' #oice %u%%in- +e o&ard
unconsciousness. B1esides . . . $e +ore i+e I spend &i$ )ou, $e +ore $u+an e+oions see+ co+pre$ensi!%e
o +e. I9+ disco#erin- $a I can s)+pa$i?e &i$ Hea$c%i'' in &a)s I didn9 $in* possi!%e !e'ore.C RMS
As I &as a!ou o $ead do&n 'or !rea*'as, I noiced +) !aered cop) o' Wuthering 6eights %)in- open on $e
'%oor &$ere Ed&ard $ad dropped i in $e ni-$, $o%din- $is p%ace $e &a) $e da+a-ed !indin- a%&a)s $e%d
+ine. I pic*ed i up curious%), r)in- o re+e+!er &$a $e9d said. So+e$in- a!ou 'ee%in- s)+pa$) 'or
Hea$c%i'', o' a%% peop%e. T$a cou%dn9 !e ri-$4 I +us $a#e drea+ed $a par. T$ree &ords on $e open pa-e
cau-$ +) e)e, and I !en +) $ead o read $e para-rap$ +ore c%ose%). I &as Hea$c%i'' spea*in-, and I *ne&
$e passa-e &e%%.
'nd there you see the distinction et#een our feelings: had he een in my ,lace and * in his1 though *
hated him #ith a hatred that turned my life to gall1 * ne!er #ould ha!e raised a hand against him. 9ou
may loo( incredulous1 if you ,lease: * ne!er #ould ha!e anished him from her society as long as she
desired his. The moment her regard ceased1 * #ould ha!e torn his heart out1 and dran( his lood: But1
till then; if you dont elie!e me1 you dont (no# me ; till then1 * #ould ha!e died y inches efore *
touched a single hair of his head:
T$e $ree &ords $a $ad cau-$ +) e)e &ere Bdran* $is !%ood.C I s$uddered. Yes, sure%) I +us $a#e drea+
$a Ed&ard said an)$in- posii#e a!ou Hea$c%i''. And $is pa-e &as pro!a!%) no $e pa-e $e9d !een readin-.
T$e !oo* cou%d $a#e 'a%%en open o an) pa-e.
I &as se%'is$, I &as $ur'u%. I orured $e ones I %o#ed. I &as %i*e Ca$), %i*e Wuthering 6eights1 on%) +)
opions &ere so +uc$ !eer $an $ers, nei$er one e#i%, nei$er one &ea*. And $ere I sa, cr)in- a!ou i, no
doin- an)$in- produci#e o +a*e i ri-$. .us %i*e Ca$).
6Sep$enie 0e)er < The T#ilight )aga8
:A0OUS EXA0PLES O: INTERTEXTUALITY IN LITERATURE, CINE0A T 0USIC
0i-ue% de Cer#anes < Don 0ui+ote
Henr) :ie%din- 2 )hamela
.a+es .o)ce < <lysses
T.S. E%io < The Waste &and
To+ Soppard < Rosencrant= and Guildenstern are
Dead
.ean R$)s < Wide )argasso )ea
'madis de Gaula
Sa+ue% Ric$ardson < Pamela1 or >irtue Re#arded
Ho+er < The -dyssey
Dane < The *nferno, #as ran-e o' o$er e(s
>i%%ia+ S$a*espeare < 6amlet
C$ar%oe 1ronU < Jane Eyre
0an :rida)
Space 1a%%s
Ro!in Hood3 0en in Ti-$s
Ho S$os
Scar) 0o#ie D
Scar) 0o#ie @
Scar) 0o#ie 3
Scar) 0o#ie H
Ausin Po&ers D Inernaiona% 0an o' 0)ser)
Ausin Po&ers @ T$e Sp) >$o S$a--ed 0e
Ausin Po&ers 3 Go%d+e+!er
Danie% De'oe < Ro!inson Crusoe
Sar >ars Tri%o-), Sar Tre*
Ro!in Hood3 Prince o' T$ie#es
Top Gun
Screa+, I /no& >$a You Did Las Su++er
T$e E(orcis
T$e Rin-, Si-ns
T$e Grud-e, T$e >ar o' $e >or%ds, Sa&, T$e
Vi%%a-e, 0i%%ion Do%%ar 1a!)
$e .a+es 1ond series
.a+es 1ond 6T$e Sp) >$o Lo#ed 0e8
.a+es 1ond 6Go%d'in-er8
THE SI0PSONS 6episode i%es83 Ho+er9s Od)sse), 0oanin- Lisa, Ca%% o' $e Si+psons, T$e Te%%a%e Head, T$e Crepes o'
>ra$, Si+pson and De%i%a$, T$e Ra#en, T&o Cars in E#er) Gara-e, T$ree E)es on E#er) :is$, T$e >a) He >as,
Principa% C$ar+in-, 1rus$ >i$ Greaness, T$e >ar o' $e Si+psons, T$ree 0an and a Co+ic 1oo*, Saurda)s o'
T$under, Lisa $e Gree*, A Sreecar Na+ed 0ar-e, Ne& /id on $e 1%oc*, /in- Ho+er, Cape :eare, T$e De#i% and
Ho+er Si+pson, 1ar Si+psonPs Dracu%a, T$e Las Te+paion o' Ho+er, Wprin-'ie%d 6or, Ho& I %earned o sop &orr)in-
and %o#e %e-a%i?ed -a+!%in-8, T$e 1o) >$o /ne& Too 0uc$, Lad) 1ou#ier9s Lo#er, 1ar o' Dar*ness, T$e S$innin-,
Ti+e and Punis$+en, T&o Do?en and One Gre)$ounds, T$e Sprin-'ie%d Connecion, Le+on o' Tro), Radioaci#e 0an,
Ni-$+are On E#er-reen Terrace, A :is$ Ca%%ed Se%+a, 0uc$ Apu A!ou No$in-, Cii?en /an-, A 0i%$ouse Di#ided,
T$e Sprin-'ie%d :i%es, Grade Sc$oo% Con'idenia%, T$e Canine 0uin), T$e O%d 0an and $e Lisa, T$e Principa% and $e
Pauper, T$e Las Te+paion o' /rus), Tras$ o' $e Tians, /in- o' $e Hi%%, Naura% 1orn /issers, Lard o' $e Dance, T$e
>i?ard o' E#er-reen Terrace, D9o$ in $e >ind, 0a)ored o $e 0o!, >i%d 1ars Can9 1e 1ro*en, T$e O%d 0an and $e
BCC Suden, 0on) Can9 1u) 0e Lo#e, Guess >$o9s Co+in- o Criici?e Dinner, Desperae%) See*in- Xena, Li%e 1i-
0o+, Sadd%esore Ga%acica, 0issionar)3 I+possi!%e, P)-+oe%ian, 1ar o $e :uure, Las Tap Dance in Sprin-'ie%d, A Ta%e
o' T&o Sprin-'ie%ds, Tennis $e 0enace, He( and $e Ci), >i? /ids, Ta%es 'ro+ $e Pu!%ic Do+ain 6T$e Od)sse), .oan o'
Arc, Ha+%e8, T$e Is%and o' Dr Hi!!er, T$e Dad >$o /ne& Too Li%e, Dude, >$ere9s 0) Ranc$N, :rin*ensein, T$e
Re-ina 0ono%o-ues, T$e :a and $e :urries, 0i%$ouse Doesn9 Li#e Here An)+ore, 0) 1i- :a Gee* >eddin-, T$e >a)
>e >eren9, :our 1e$eadin-s and a :unera%, S%eepin- >i$ $e Ene+), T$ere9s So+e$in- A!ou 0arr)in-, T$e Se#en2
1eer Snic$, T$e Ia%ian .o!, 0) :air Laddie, T$e See+in-%) Ne#er2Endin- Sor), G.I. D9o$, /i%% Gi%, T$e Coun o' 0one
:aso, T$e Re#en-e o' $e Gee*s, 1ar+an 1e-ins, Sop or 0) Do- >i%% S$oo, 0r and 0rs Si+pson, Eerna% 0oons$ine
o' $e Si+pson 0ind, S+o*e on $e Dau-$er, Apoca%)pse Co&, In $e Na+e o' $e Grand'a$er
>EIRD AL YAN/OVIC PARODIES3 'ddicted to ),uds 2 parod) o' Ro!er Pa%+erPs XAddiced o Lo#eX4
'limony 2 parod) o' 1i%%) Ido%Ps X0on) 0on)X4 'mish Paradise 2 parod) o' Coo%ioPs XGan-saPs ParadiseX4
'nother -ne Rides the Bus 2 parod) o' YueenPs XAno$er One 1ies $e DusX4 Ca!ity )earch 2 parod) o' U@Ps
XHo%d 0e, T$ri%% 0e, /iss 0e, /i%% 0eX 6Noe3 T$e parod) is a!ou a $orri!%e #isi o $e denis. In $e son-,
iPs Xnu+! +e, dri%% +e, '%oss +e, !i%% +e.X84 ' Com,licated )ong 2 parod) o' A#ri% La#i-nePs XCo+p%icaedX4
Eat *t 2 parod) o' 0ic$ae% .ac*sonPs X1ea IX 4 eBay 2 parod) o' $e 1ac*sree 1o)sP XI >an I T$a >a)X4 %at
2 parod) o' 0ic$ae% .ac*sonPs X1adX 4 Girls Just Want to 6a!e &unch 2 parod) o' C)ndi LauperPs XGir%s .us
>an o Ha#e :unX4 *sle Thing 2 parod) o' Tone LocPs X>i%d T$in-X 4 &asagna 2 parod) o' XLa 1a+!aX
6radiiona% Spanis$ 'o%* son-84 &i(e a )urgeon 2 parod) o' 0adonnaPs XLi*e a Vir-inX4 &i!in5 in the %ridge 2
parod) o' Aeros+i$Ps XLi#inP on $e Ed-eX4 &i!ing With a 6ernia 2 parod) o' .a+es 1ro&nPs XLi#in- in
A+ericaX4 Phony Calls 2 parod) o' TLCPs X>aer :a%%sX4 Pretty %ly for a Rai 2 parod) o' O''sprin-Ps XPre)
:%) 6:or a >$ie Gu)8X4 )he Dri!es &i(e Cra=y 2 parod) o' :ine Youn- Canni!a%sP XS$e Dri#es 0e Cra?)X4
)mells &i(e "ir!ana 2 parod) o' Nir#anaPs XS+e%%s Li*e Teen SpiriX4 Toothless Peo,le 2 parod) o' 0ic* .a--erPs
XRu$%ess Peop%eX4 9oda 2 parod) o' T$e /in*sP XLo%aX4 9ou5re Pitiful 2 parod) o' .a+es 1%unPs XYouPre
1eaui'u%X
T$e Princess and $e Tin 1o(
.a+es T$ur!er
Once upon a i+e, in a 'ar counr), $ere %i#ed a /in- &$ose dau-$er &as $e preies princess in $e &or%d.
Her e)es &ere %i*e $e corn'%o&er, $er $air &as s&eeer $an $e $)acin$, and $er $roa +ade $e s&an %oo*
dus). :ro+ $e i+e s$e &as a )ear o%d, $e Princess $ad !een s$o&ered &i$ presens. Her nurser) %oo*ed %i*e
Carier9s &indo&. Her o)s &ere a%% +ade o' -o%d or p%ainu+ or dia+onds or e+era%ds. S$e &as no per+ied
o $a#e &ooden !%oc*s or c$ina do%%s or ru!!er do-s or %inen !oo*s, !ecause suc$ +aeria%s &ere considered
c$eap 'or $e dau-$er o' a *in-. >$en s$e &as se#en, s$e &as a%%o&ed o aend $e &eddin- o' $er !ro$er and
$ro& rea% pear%s a $e !ride insead o' rice. On%) $e ni-$in-a%e, &i$ $is %)re o' -o%d, &as per+ied o sin- 'or
$e Princess. T$e co++on !%ac*!ird, &i$ $is !o(&ood '%ue, &as *ep ou o' $e pa%ace -rounds. S$e &a%*ed in
si%#er2and2sa+ie s%ippers o a sapp$ire2and2opa? !a$roo+ and s%ep in an i#or) !ed in%aid &i$ ru!ies. On $e
da) $e Princess &as ei-$een, $e /in- sen a ro)a% a+!assador o $e cours o' 'i#e nei-$!orin- *in-do+s o
announce $a $e &ou%d -i#e $is dau-$er9s $and in +arria-e o $e prince &$o !rou-$ $er $e -i' s$e %i*ed $e
+os. T$e 'irs prince o arri#e a $e pa%ace rode a s&i' &$ie sa%%ion and %aid a $e 'ee o' $e Princess an
enor+ous app%e +ade o' so%id -o%d &$ic$ $e $ad a*en 'ro+ a dra-on &$o $ad -uarded i 'or a $ousand )ears.
I &as p%aced on a %on- e!on) a!%e se up o $o%d $e -i's o' $e Princess9 suiors. T$e second prince, &$o ca+e
on a -ra) c$ar-er, !rou-$ $er a ni-$in-a%e +ade o' a $ousand dia+onds, and i &as p%aced !eside $e -o%den
app%e. T$e $ird prince, ridin- on a !%ac* $orse, carried a -rea "e&e% !o( +ade o' p%ainu+ and sapp$ires, and i
&as p%aced ne( o $e dia+ond ni-$in-a%e. T$e 'our$ prince, asride a 'ier) )e%%o& $orse, -a#e $e Princess a
-i-anic $ear +ade o' ru!ies and pierced !) an e+era%d arro&. I &as p%aced ne( o $e p%ainu+2and2sapp$ire
"e&e% !o(. No& $e 'i'$ prince &as $e sron-es and $andso+es o' a%% $e 'i#e suiors, !u $e &as $e son o' a
poor *in- &$ose rea%+ $ad !een o#errun !) +ice and %ocuss and &i?ards and +inin- en-ineers so $a $ere
&as no$in- +uc$ o' #a%ue %e' in i. He ca+e p%oddin- up o $e pa%ace o' $e Princess on a p%o& $orse, and $e
!rou-$ $er a s+a%% in !o( 'i%%ed &i$ +ica and 'e%dspar and $orn!%ende 6)pes o' ordinar) roc*s8 &$ic$ $e $ad
pic*ed up on $e &a). T$e o$er princes roared &i$ disdain'u% %au-$er &$en $e) sa& $e a&dr) -i' $e 'i'$
prince $ad !rou-$ o $e Princess. 1u s$e e(a+ined i &i$ -rea ineres and s5uea%ed &i$ de%i-$, 'or a%% $er
%i'e s$e $ad !een -%ued &i$ precious sones and price%ess +ea%s, !u s$e $ad ne#er seen in !e'ore or +ica or
'e%dspar or $orn!%ende. T$e in !o( &as p%aced ne( o $e ru!) $ear pierced &i$ an e+era%d arro&. BNo&,C $e
/in- said o $is dau-$er, B)ou +us se%ec $e -i' )ou %i*e !es and +arr) $e prince $a !rou-$ i.C T$e
Princess s+i%ed and &a%*ed up o $e a!%e and pic*ed up $e presen s$e %i*ed $e +os. I &as $e p%ainu+2and2
sapp$ire "e&e% !o(, $e -i' o' $e $ird prince. BT$e &a) I 'i-ure i,C s$e said, Bis $is. I is a #er) %ar-e and
e(pensi#e !o(, and &$en I a+ +arried, I &i%% +ee +an) ad+irers &$o &i%% -i#e +e precious -e+s &i$ &$ic$
o 'i%% i o $e op. T$ere'ore, i is $e +os #a%ua!%e o' a%% $e -i's +) suiors $a#e !rou-$ +e, and I %i*e i $e
!es.C T$e Princess +arried $e $ird prince $a #er) da) in $e +ids o' -rea +erri+en and $i-$ re#e%r). 0ore
$an a $undred $ousand pear%s &ere $ro&n a $er and s$e %o#ed i.
0ora%3 'll those #ho thought that the Princess #as going to select the tin o+ filled #ith #orthless stones
instead of one of the other gifts #ill (indly stay after class and #rite one hundred times on the lac(oard1 7*
#ould rather ha!e a hun( of aluminum silicate than a diamond nec(lace.
Cindere%%a
Roa%d Da$%
I -uess )ou $in* )ou *no& $is sor).
You donP. T$e rea% onePs +uc$ +ore -or).
T$e p$one) one, $e one )ou *no&,
>as coo*ed up )ears and )ears a-o,
And +ade o sound a%% so' and sapp)
"us o *eep $e c$i%dren $app).
0ind )ou, $e) -o $e 'irs !i ri-$,
T$e !i &$ere, in $e dead o' ni-$,
T$e U-%) Sisers, "e&e%s and a%%,
Depared 'or $e Pa%ace !a%%,
>$i%e dar%in- %i%e Cindere%%a
>as %oc*ed up in a s%i+) ce%%ar,
>$ere ras &$o &aned $in-s o ea,
1e-an o ni!!%e a $er 'ee.
S$e !e%%o&ed PHe%pZP and PLe +e ouZ9
T$e 0a-ic :air) $eard $er s$ou.
Appearin- in a !%a?e o' %i-$,
S$e said3 P0) dear, are )ou a%% ri-$NP
PA%% ri-$NP cried Cind). PCanP )ou see
PI 'ee% as roen as can !eZP
S$e !ea $er 'is a-ains $e &a%%,
And s$oued, PGe +e o $e !a%%Z
PT$ere is a Disco a $e Pa%aceZ
PT$e res $a#e -one and D a+ "ea%ousZ
PI &an a dressZ I &an a coac$Z
PAnd earrin-s and a dia+ond !rooc$Z
PAnd si%#er s%ippers, &o o' $oseZ
PAnd %o#e%) n)%on pan) $oseZ
PDone up %i*e $a IP%% -uaranee
PT$e $andso+e Prince &i%% 'a%% 'or +eZP
T$e :air) said, PHan- on a ic*.P
S$e -a#e $er &and a +i-$) '%ic*
And 5uic*%), in no i+e a a%%,
Cind) &as a $e Pa%ace 1a%%Z
I +ade $e U-%) Sisers &ince
To see $er dancin- &i$ $e prince.
S$e $e%d $i+ #er) i-$ and pressed
$erse%' a-ains $is +an%) c$es.
T$e Prince $i+se%' &as urned o pu%p,
A%% $e cou%d do &as -asp and -u%p.
T$en +idni-$ sruc*. S$e s$oued, PHec*Z
I9#e -o o run o sa#e +) nec*ZP
T$e Prince cried, PNoZ A%asZ A%ac*ZP
He -ra!!ed $er dress o $o%d $er !ac*.
As Cind) s$oued, PLe +e -oZP
T$e dress &as ripped 'ro+ $ead o oe.
S$e ran ou in $er under&ear,
And %os one s%ipper on $e sairs.
T$e Prince &as on i %i*e a dar,
He pressed i o $is poundin- $ear,
PT$e -ir% $is s%ipper 'is,P $e cried,
PTo+orro& +orn s$a%% !e +) !rideZ
IP%% #isi e#er) $ouse in o&n
PUni% IP#e rac*ed $e +aiden do&nZP
T$en ra$er care%ess%), I 'ear,
He p%aced i on a crae o' !eer.
A once, one o' $e U-%) Sisers,
6T$e one &$ose 'ace &as !%oc$ed &i$ !%isers8
Snea*ed up and -ra!!ed $e dain) s$oe,
And 5uic*%) '%us$ed i do&n $e %oo.
T$en in is p%ace s$e ca%+%) pu
T$e s%ipper 'ro+ $er o&n %e' 'oo.
A$ $a, )ou see, $e p%o -ro&s $ic*er,
And Cind)Ps %uc* sars %oo*in- sic*er.
Ne( da), $e Prince &en c$ar-in- do&n
To *noc* on a%% $e doors in o&n.
In e#er) $ouse, $e ension -re&.
T$e s$oe &as %on- and #er) &ide.
6A nor+a% 'oo -o %os inside.8
A%so i s+e%%ed a &ee !i ic*).
6T$e o&nerPs 'ee &ere $o and sic*).8
T$ousands o' ea-er peop%e ca+e
To r) i on, !u a%% in #ain.
No& ca+e $e U-%) SisersP -o.
One ried i on. T$e Prince screa+ed, PNoZP
1u s$e screa+ed, PYesZ I 'isZ >$oopeeZ
PSo no& )ouP#e -o o +arr) +eZP
T$e Prince &en &$ie 'ro+ ear o ear.
He +uered, PLe +e ou o' $ere.P
PO$ no )ou donPZ You +ade a #o&Z
PT$erePs no &a) )ou can !ac* ou no&ZP
PO'' &i$ $er $eadZP T$e Prince roared !ac*.
T$e) c$opped i o'' &i$ one !i- &$ac*.
T$is p%eased $e Prince. He s+i%ed and said,
PS$ePs preier &i$ou $er $ead.P
T$en up ca+e Siser Nu+!er T&o,
>$o )e%%ed, PNo& I &i%% r) $e s$oeZP
PTr) $is inseadZP $e Prince )e%%ed !ac*.
He s&un- $is rus) s&ord and s+ac*
Her $ead &en cras$in- o $e -round.
I !ounced a !i and ro%%ed around.
In $e *ic$en, pee%in- spuds,
Cindere%%a $eard $e $uds
O' !ouncin- $eads upon $e '%oor,
And po*ed $er o&n $ead round $e door.
P>$aPs a%% $e rac*eN PCind) cried.
P0ind )our o&n !i??,P $e Prince rep%ied.
Poor Cind)Ps $ear &as orn o s$reds.
0) PrinceZ s$e $ou-$. He c$ops o'' $eadsZ
Ho& cou%d I +arr) an)one
>$o does $a sor o' $in- 'or 'unN
T$e Prince cried, P>$oPs $is dir) s%uN
PO'' &i$ $er nuZ O'' &i$ $er nuZP
.us $en, a%% in a !%a?e o' %i-$,
T$e 0a-ic :air) $o#e in si-$,
Her 0a-ic >and &en s&oos$ and s&is$Z
PCind)ZP s$e cried, Pco+e +a*e a &is$Z
P>is$ an)$in- and $a#e no dou!
PT$a I &i%% +a*e i co+e a!ouZP
Cind) ans&ered, PO$ *ind :air),
PT$is i+e I s$a%% !e +ore &ar).
PNo +ore Princes, no +ore +one).
PI $a#e $ad +) ase o' $one).
IP+ &is$in- 'or a decen +an.
PT$e)Pre $ard o 'ind. DP)ou $in* )ou canNP
>i$in a +inue, Cindere%%a
>as +arried o a %o#e%) 'e%%er,
A si+p%e "a+ +a*er !) rade,
>$o so%d -ood $o+e2+ade +ar+a%ade.
T$eir $ouse &as 'i%%ed &i$ s+i%es and %au-$er
>$o &as $e o&ner o' $e s$oeN And $e) &ere $app) e#er a'er.
THERE ARE 0ANY >AYS !) &$ic$ one e( can re'er o ano$er3 parod), pasic$e, ec$o, a%%usion,
direc 5uoaion, srucura% para%%e%is+. So+e $eoriss !e%ie#e $a inere(ua%i) is $e #er) condiion
o' %ieraure, $a a%% e(s are &o#en 'ro+ $e issues o' o$er e(s, &$e$er $eir au$ors *no& i or
no. >riers co++ied o docu+enar)2s)%e rea%is+ &i%% end o den) or suppress $is princip%e.
Sa+ue% Ric$ardson, 'or insance, $ou-$ $e $ad in#ened an enire%) ne& *ind o' 'icion &$ic$ &as
5uie independen o' ear%ier %ieraure, !u i is eas) o see in Pamela 6DFHA8, $is sor) o' a #iruous
+aidser#an &$o +arries $er +aser a'er +an) ria%s and ri!u%aions, a 'air)2a%e arc$e)pe. T$e ne(
i+poran En-%is$ no#e% &as Henr) :ie%din-Ps Jose,h 'ndre#s 6DFH@8, &$ic$ sars ou as a parod) o'
Pamela1 and incorporaes a re&or*in- o' $e para!%e o' $e Good Sa+arian and +an) passa-es &rien
in +oc*2$eroic s)%e. Inere(ua%i), in s$or, is en&ined in $e roos o' $e En-%is$ no#e%, &$i%e a $e
o$er end o' $e c$rono%o-ica% specru+ no#e%iss $a#e ended o e(p%oi ra$er $an resis i, 'ree%)
rec)c%in- o%d +)$s and ear%ier &or*s o' %ieraure o s$ape, or add resonance o, $eir presenaion o'
cone+porar) %i'e.
So+e &riers si-npos suc$ re'erences +ore e(p%ici%) $an o$ers. .a+es .o)ce ipped o'' $is readers
!) eni%in- $is epic o' +odern Du!%in %i'e <lysses1 Na!o*o# !) -i#in- Lo%iaPs precursor $e na+e o'
PoePs Anna!e%. RMS 6Lod-e, Da#id < The 'rt of %iction. *llustrated from classic and modern te+ts.8
INTERTEXTUALITY A er+ coined !) .u%ia /rise#a in DEGG o denoe $e inerdependence o'
%ierar) e(s, $e inerdependence o' an) one %ierar) e( &i$ a%% $ose $a $a#e -one !e'ore i. Her
conenion &as $a a %ierar) e( is no an iso%aed p$eno+enon !u is +ade up o' a +osaic o'
5uoaions, and $a an) e( is $e Pa!sorpion and rans'or+aion o' ano$erP. S$e c$a%%en-es radiiona%
noions o' %ierar) in'%uence, sa)in- $a inere(ua%i) denoes a ransposiion o' one or se#era% si-n
s)se+s ino ano$er or o$ers. 1u $is is no conneced &i$ $e sud) o' sources. PTransposiionP is a
:reudian er+, and /rise#a is poinin- no +ere%) o $e &a) e(s ec$o eac$ o$er !u o $e &a) $a
discourses or si-n s)se+s are ransposed ino one ano$er 2 so $a +eanin-s in one *ind o' discourse
are o#er%aid &i$ +eanin-s 'ro+ ano$er *ind o' discourse. I is a *ind o' Pne& aricu%aionP. :or
/rise#a $e idea is par o' a &ider ps)c$oana%)ica% $eor) &$ic$ 5uesions $e sa!i%i) o' $e su!"ec,
and $er #ie&s a!ou inere(ua%i) are #er) di''eren 'ro+ $ose o' Ro%and 1ar$es and o$er $eoriss.
6Cuddon, ..A. < The Penguin Dictionary of &iterary Terms and &iterary Theory8
ADAPTATION 1road%) spea*in-, $e re2casin- o' a &or* in one +ediu+ o 'i ano$er, suc$ as $e
re2casin- o' no#e%s and p%a)s as 'i%+ or e%e#ision scrips. :or e(a+p%e, )te,hen 6ero, ' Passage to
*ndia, The Prime of $iss Jean Brodie and &es &iaisons dangereuses as sa-e p%a)s4 The %orsyte )aga,
Daniel Deronda, War and Peace, Brideshead Re!isited and The Je#el in the Cro#n as e%e#ision
dra+as. So+ei+es a c)c%e or se5uence is adaped3 'or insance, $e dra+ai?aion o' so+e o' $e
Canterury Tales as a +usica% co+ed) 6DEGF8. S$or sories and poe+s are o'en e5ua%%) suia!%e.
ALLUSION Usua%%) an i+p%ici re'erence, per$aps o ano$er &or* o' %ieraure or ar, o a person or
an e#en. I is o'en a *ind o' appea% o a reader o s$are so+e e(perience &i$ $e &rier. An a%%usion
+a) enric$ $e &or* !) associaion and -i#e i dep$. >$en usin- a%%usions a &rier ends o assu+e an
esa!%is$ed %ierar) radiion, a !od) o' co++on *no&%ed-e &i$ an audience s$arin- $a radiion and
an a!i%i) on $e par o' $e audience o Ppic* upP $e re'erence. T$e 'o%%o&in- *inds +a) !e rou-$%)
disin-uis$ed3 6a8 a re'erence o e#ens and peop%e 6e.-. $ere are a nu+!er in Dr)denPs and PopePs
saires84 6!8 re'erence o 'acs a!ou $e au$or $i+se%' 6e.-. S$a*espearePs puns on >i%%4 DonnePs pun
on Donne, Anne and Undone84 6c8 a +eap$orica% a%%usion 6$ere are +an) e(a+p%es in T. S. E%ioPs
&or*84 6d8 an i+iai#e a%%usion 6e.-. .o$nsonPs o .u#ena% in London8.
COLLAGE 6: Psic*in-P or Ppasin- $in-s onP8 A er+ adoped 'ro+ $e #oca!u%ar) o' painers o
denoe a &or* &$ic$ conains a +i(ure o' a%%usions, re'erences, 5uoaions, and 'orei-n e(pressions. I
is co++on in $e &or* o' .a+es .o)ce, E?ra Pound and T. S. E%io. T$e in'%uence o' surrea%is+ in $is
respec $as !een considera!%e.
I0ITATION T$ree !asic +eanin-s can !e disin-uis$ed3 6a8 cop)in- or p%a-iaris+4 6!8 $e adopion o'
$e one, s)%e and aiude o' ano$er &rier4 a re2creaion4 6c8 a represenaion. Lierar) $eor) durin-
and a'er $e Ro+anic period re-arded i+iaion in sense 6!8 as a so+e&$a in'erior pracice,
deri#ai#e, %ac*in- in ori-ina%i). Prior o $a and 'or +an) cenuries 6especia%%) durin- $e rI$8 i $ad
!een re-arded as a &$o%%) respeca!%e pracice. Ariso%e ad#ocaed i, so did Cicero and Horace. T$e
idea &as $a a &rier s$ou%d %earn e#er)$in- $e cou%d 'ro+ $e +asers &$o &ere $is predecessors.
T$is poin o' #ie& pre#ai%ed durin- $e +edie#a% and Renaissance periods and coninued ino $e DI
$
c.
Pope, &$o co+posed so+e o' $e !es i+iaions 6*mitations of 6orace8, -i#es $e DI
$
c. #ie& in 'n
Essay on Criticism 6DFDD8. No&ada)s, i+iaion is se%do+ used as a criica% er+. >$en i is, i is
rou-$%) s)non)+ous &i$ +i+esis.
PARODY 6G* P!eside, su!sidiar) or +oc* son-P8 T$e i+iai#e use o' $e &ords, s)%e, aiude, one
and ideas o' an au$or in suc$ a &a) as o +a*e $e+ ridicu%ous. T$is is usua%%) ac$ie#ed !)
e(a--erain- cerain rais, usin- +ore or %ess $e sa+e ec$ni5ue as $e caroon caricauris. In 'ac, a
*ind o' sairica% +i+icr). As a !ranc$ o' saire is purpose +a) !e correci#e as &e%% as derisi#e.
I' an au$or $as a propensi) 'or arc$aic or %on- &ords, dou!%e2!an*ed ad"eci#es, %on-,
con#o%ued senences and para-rap$s, sran-e na+es, 5uain +anneris+s o' e(pression, is seni+ena%,
!o+!asic, arc$ or po+pous, $en $ese are so+e o' $e 'eaures $a $e &ou%d !e parodis &i%% see* o
e(p%oi.
Parod) is di''icu% o acco+p%is$ &e%%. T$ere $as o !e a su!%e !a%ance !e&een c%ose
rese+!%ance o $e Pori-ina%P and a de%i!erae disorion o' is principa% c$aracerisics. I is, $ere'ore, a
+inor 'or+ o' %ierar) ar &$ic$ is %i*e%) o !e success'u% on%) in $e $ands o' &riers &$o are ori-ina%
and creai#e $e+se%#es. In 'ac, $e +a"ori) o' $e !es parodies are $e &or* o' -i'ed &riers.
T$e ori-ins o' parod) are ancien. Ariso%e re'ers o i in Poetics and ari!ues is in#enion o
He-e+on o' T$asos &$o used an epic s)%e o represen +en as !ein- in'erior o &$a $e) are in rea%
%i'e. He-e+on &as supposed o $a#e !een $e 'irs +an o inroduce parod) in $e $eare, in $e K
$
c.
1C. Ho&e#er, $e G
$
c. poe Hippona( $as a%so !een credied &i$ $is.
Arisop$anes used parod) in $e %rogs &$ere $e oo* o'' $e s)%e o' Aesc$)%us and Euripides.
P%ao a%so caricaured $e s)%e o' #arious &riers in $e )ym,osium. Lucian used parod) in $is
Dialogues. I &as so co++on a+on- Lain au$ors $a Cicero %ised is #arieies. In $e 0idd%e A-es
parodies o' $e %iur-), $)+ns and $e 1i!%e &ere 'air%) 're5uen. One o' $e 'irs and !es *no&n
En-%is$ parodies &as C$aucerPs Tale of )ir Tho,as 6c. D3I38, a s*i on so+e o' $e +ore a!surd
c$aracerisics o' +edie#a% ro+ances 6C$aucer &as in urn o !e &e%% parodied !) A%e(ander Pope and
>.>. S*ea8.
Lae in $e Renaissance period Cer#anes parodied $e &$o%e radiion o' +edie#a% ro+ances in
Don 0ui+ote 6DGAK, DGDK8. Eras+us in $oriae Encomium 6DKAE8 and Ra!e%ais in Gargantua and
Pantagruel 6DK3H, DK3@8 urned sc$o%asicis+s upside do&n. S$a*espeare parodied $e eup$uis+ o'
.o$n L)%) in 6enry *>, p I 6DKEF8, 0ar%o&ePs !o+!asic +anner in Ha+%e 6c. DGA38 and $e -enera%
s)%e o' Nas$e in &o!e5s &aour5s &ost 6c. DKEK8.Laer Sir .o$n Suc*%in- oo* o'' Donne sp%endid%) as a
%o#e poe, and in DFAD .o$n P$i%ips parodied 0i%on #er) c%e#er%) in The ),lendid )hilling. So+e&$a
ear%ier 1uc*in-$a+ produced one o' $e 'e& dra+aic parodies &$ic$ $a#e sur#i#ed cone+porar)
ineres4 na+e%) The Rehearsal 6DGFD8, &$ic$ +oc*ed Dr)denPs The Con?uest of Granada.
In DF3G Isaac Ha&*insPs A Pipe o' To!acco creaed a preceden !ecause i &as $e 'irs
co%%ecion o' parodies o' #arious au$orsP supposed ae+ps on a sin-%e su!"ec. :ie%din-Ps !ur%es5ue
dra+a Tom Thum appeared in DF3A4 and :ie%din-Ps )hamela 6DFHD8 &as a co+p%ee parodic no#e% a
$e e(pense o' Ric$ardsonPs Pamela 6DFHA8. To $e DI
$
c. a%so !e%on-s S$eridanPs The Critic 6DFFE8, a
success'u% parod) o' seni+ena% dra+a and $e +a%icious %ierar) criicis+ o' $e period.
T$e Ro+anic period and $e DE
$
c. pro#ided a succession o' a+p%e ar-es 'or %ierar)
inconoc%ass. In DID@ .a+es and Horace S+i$ pu!%is$ed Re"eced Addresses in &$ic$ Sco,
>ords&or$, 1)ron, Co%erid-e, Dr .o$nson and o$ers &ere parodied #er) success'u%%). T$erea'er,
1urns, 1)ron, >ords&or$, Poe, Lon-'e%%o&, Tenn)son, 1ro&nin-, >i%%ia+ 0orris, $e Rosseis,
S&in!urne, Sou$e), >$i+an, Hop*ins and /ip%in- &ere 5uie 're5uen%) parodied, o'en !) &riers
e5ua%%) disin-uis$ed. :or e(a+p%e, /eas on >ords&or$, 1)ron on >ords&or$, .a+es Ho-- on
>ords&or$, S&in!urne on Tenn)son, C. S. Ca%#er%e) on 1ro&nin-, Le&is Carro%% on S&in!urne,
Ho-- on Co%erid-e 2 and so 'or$. T$e 'a#ourie #ici+s &ere Sou$e), >ord&or$, 1ro&nin- and
S&in!urne.
0a( 1eer!o$+ re'ined parod) o ar, and $is co%%ecion o' $is o&n parodies in ' Christmas
Garland 6DED@8, &$ic$ inc%udes pieces in $e +anner o' /ip%in-, Ga%s&or$), Hard), Arno%d 1enne,
Ed+und Gosse and o$ers, is -enera%%) a-reed o $a#e se a sandard &$ic$ +a) ne#er !e surpassed.
In &$a $as !een descri!ed as $e Ppos 1eer!o$+P period o' parod) $ere is o !e 'ound as +uc$
#arie) as in $e DE
$
c. and o'en as +uc$ s*i%%. .a+es .o)ce &as a -i'ed parodis so+e o' &$ose !es
e''ors can !e 'ound in $e PO(en o' $e SunP episode o' <lysses. A c%assic parod) o' $e DE3As &as
Se%%a Gi!!onsPs Cold Comfort %arm 6DE3@8, a c%e#er caricaure o' $e pri+ii#is+ o' 0ar) >e!!Ps
no#e%s 2 and a%so, 'or $a +aer, o' $e pri+ii#is+ o' Hard) .. C. Po&)s and D. H. La&rence. 0ore
recen and a%ened insances are C. Da) Le&isPs parodies in Par V o' 'n ltalian >isit, C)ri% Conno%%)
on A%dous Hu(%e), Pau% .ennin-s on Resisenia%is+, /enne$ .r T)nan on T$ornon >i%der 2 p%us a
&$o%e sc$oo% o' A+erican parodiss +uc$ o' &$ose &or* $as appeared in The "e# 9or(er. T$e !es
*no&n o' $ese are Ro!er 1enc$%e), Peer De Vries, >o%co Gi!!s, S. .. Pere%+an, :ran* Su%%i#an,
.a+es T$ur!er and E. 1. >$ie. In DEGA D&i-$ 0acDona%d pu!%is$ed Parodies: an 'nthology from
Chaucer to Beerom and 'fter, an ad+ira!%e co%%ecion o' #ina-e pieces. An acco+p%is$ed
cone+porar) parodis in #erse is >end) Cope. T$ere are so+e -ood e(a+p%es in $er co%%ecion o'
poe+s $a(ing Cocoa for @ingsley 'mis 6DEIG8.
PASTICHE 6% ,asta, PpaseP8 A pac$&or* o' &ords, senences or co+p%ee passa-es 'ro+ #arious
au$ors or one au$or. I is, $ere'ore, a *ind o' i+iaion and, &$en ineniona%, +a) !e a 'or+ o'
parod). An e%a!orae 'or+ o' pasic$e is a susained &or* 6sa), a no#e%8 &rien +os%) or enire%) in
$e s)%e and +anner o' ano$er &rier. A -ood +odern e(a+p%e is Peer Ac*ro)dPs !ri%%ian The &ast
Days of -scar Wilde 6DEI38, &$ic$ is a diar).
PLAGIARIS0 6L ,lagiarius, P*idnapper, seducer, %ierar) $ie'P8 Hence ,lagiary, $e noun and
,lagiari=e, $e #er!. C. T. Onions de'ined p%a-iaris+ as P&ron-'u% appropriaion and pu!%icaion as
onePs o&nP. As suc$ i is scelus sem,er et ui?ue. 0uc$ p%a-iaris+ $as !een $e %i'in-, 'i%c$in- or
pirain- o' o$er peop%ePs &or*s4 a #er) co++on pracice a+on- dra+aiss durin- $e E%i?a!e$an
period &$en $ac*&riers !%aan%) so%e $e p%a)s o' o$ers and presened $e+ as $eir o&n. T$ese da)s
6and 'or %on- pas8 suc$ $ie#in- is rare and au$ors are no& 'air%) &e%% proeced !) cop)ri-$.
T$ere are o$er 'or+s o' %ierar) 'e%on) and pi%'erin- &$ic$ $a#e !een re-arded as %ess
repre$ensi!%e. T$ese +a) !e conscious or unconscious !orro&in-. In $is con#ersaions &i$
Ec*er+ann, Goe$e once poined ou $a $rou-$ a%% ar P$ere is 'i%iaion i.e. descen or rans+ission
'ro+. I' )ou see a -rea +aser, )ou &i%% a%&a)s 'ind $a $e $as used &$a &as -ood in $is
predecessors, and $a i &as $is &$ic$ +ade $i+ -rea. 0en %i*e Rap$ae% do no sprin- ou o' $e
-round. T$e) oo* $eir roo in $e ani5ue and in $e !es $a $as !een done !e'ore $e+.P T$is is a
poin o' #ie& &i$ &$ic$ +an) &ou%d a-ree, 'ro+ Ariso%e on&ards. I+iaion &as a pracice 'u%%)
appro#ed !) $e C%assica% au$ors 6e.-. Ariso%e, Cicero and Yuini%ian8 and i $as !een %e-ii+ae e#er
since Ho+er, &$o $i+se%' !orro&ed 'ro+ $e !a%%ads $en a%i#e in ora% radiion. In 'ac, $e !a%%ad2
+a*er, a%+os !) de'iniion, is a !orro&er in $e +ore accepa!%e sense o' $e er+. T$e -ood !a%%ad2
+a*er sudies care'u%%) &$a $as a%read) !een ac$ie#ed, %earns 'ro+ i and $en ae+ps o adap and
i+pro#e i on $is o&n accoun. He assi+i%aes, re'ines, +odi'ies and, i' $e is -i'ed, $e $en produces
an ori-ina% &or* o' $is o&n &$ic$ &i%% e+!e%%is$ $e e(isin- radiion. T$is is pro-ress. T$e !a%%ad
The <n?uiet Gra!e e(iss in se#era% #ersions o#er a considera!%e period o' i+e and eac$ is e5ua%%)
-ood. T$ere are no 'e&er $an $ir)2nine #arians o' $ary 6amilton 2 and a-ain +an) o' $e+ are
e5ua%%) -ood. To suppor $e poin &e +a) cie Lu$erPs $i-$%) success'u% re2usin- o' $e o%d C$urc$
$)+ns, and. 1urnsPs use o' radiiona% +aeria% &$ic$ $e s$aped ane& o $is o&n purpose.
1a%%ad2+a*in- is a popu%ar ar and enerain+en. 1) ana%o-) so are $e Punc$ and .ud) s$o&,
+usic $a%%, pro#er!s, -a+es, dance son-s, 'esi#a% riua%s, 'eri%i) ries, 'o%*son-s and 'o%* dra+as 6e.-.
$e 0u++in- P%a) and $e P%ou-$ 0onda) P%a)8. A%% !orro&.
Ano$er 'or+ o' !orro&in- in#o%#es $e use o' source2!oo*s. S$a*espeare 'or insance, oo*
+an) o' $is p%os 'ro+ c$ronic%es and &e%%2esa!%is$ed sories. 0an) o' $is cone+poraries did $e
sa+e. Ver) o'en $e) rans'or+ed $e source ino an ori-ina% &or*.
A %ess o!#ious e(a+p%e o' $e in'%uence o' source +aeria% can !e seen in $e p%a)s o' 0o%i=re,
&$o +ade suc$ noa!%e use o' $e radiions and ec$ni5ues o' commedia dell5arte.
O$er *inds o' source are %e-end and +)$. T$e per#asi#e in'%uence o' $ese, in European
%ieraure especia%%), $as !een considera!%e 6e.-. Oedipus, U%)sses, :ausus, Don .uan, T$e >anderin-
.e&8. T$ere are a%so innu+era!%e insances o' #er!a% P!orro&in-P.
In -enera% near%) a%% ariss %i#e o'' eac$ o$er. T$e) !orro& 'ro+ eac$ o$er. U%i+ae%) $e
on%) rue es is &$e$er or no i is "usi'ia!%e. Occasiona%%) a +an appears &$o is #irua%%) a %a& uno
$i+se%', $e -enius. A'er $i+ no$in- is 5uie $e sa+e e#er a-ain. Lesser +ora%s are conen o 'o%%o&
$e ru%es and con#enions, !u o use $e+ s*i%'u%%) and &i$ as +uc$ ori-ina%i) as $e) are capa!%e o'.
Occasiona%%) $ere appears $e %ierar) iconoc%as4 $e +an &$o doesnP &an o *no& a!ou radiion,
&$o &ans o +a*e a co+p%ee%) c%ean sar on $e 'a!u%ous taula rasa. T$e) are near%) a%&a)s o'
in'erior a%ens and ac$ie#e %i%e $a %ass. In 'ac, %ierar) iconoc%as+ 6%i*e +os o$er 'or+s o'
iconoc%asic aci#i)8 usua%%) creaes a pa%r) +ess.
In !roader senses )e, $e &rier 6$e aris8 is a !orro&er. Usin- &$a Co%erid-e, $i+se%' a
noed p%a-iaris, re'erred o as P$e $oo*s2and2e)es o' +e+or)P $e sores and soc*s $is +ind &i$ $e
e(perience and creaions o' o$er &riers. He eac$es $i+se%' 'ro+ $e+ and $rou-$ $e+. T$e
creai#e +ind +aures $is *no&%ed-e, a%%o&s i o +acerae, so o spea*, in &$a Henr) .a+es
descri!ed as $e Pdeep &e%% o' unconscious cere!raionP. One can deec $e resu%s c%ear%) enou-$ in
+an) &or*s. To a*e a 'e& noa!%e e(a+p%es3 Seneca &as +uc$ in'%uenced !) $e Gree* ra-edians4 so
&as Racine. Hoss o' &riers o' a%% *inds $a#e P%i#ed o''P Ariso%e and P%ao. 0i%on &as +uc$
in'%uenced !) Spenser &$o o&ed +uc$ o C$aucer &$o, in urn, $ad !orro&ed 'ro+ :renc$ and Ia%ian
&riers. /eas &as +uc$ in'%uenced !) a%% $ree o' $ese En-%is$+en. Pope, &$o $ad a pro'ound
*no&%ed-e and undersandin- o' $e C%assica% au$ors, Pi+iaedP Horace. Dr .o$nson, &$o $ad a
co+para!%e *no&%ed-e and undersandin-, Pi+iaedP .u#ena%. T$e Pre2Rap$ae%ies !orro&ed
e(ensi#e%) 'ro+ +edie#a% au$ors 6$ence +edie#a%is+8. And one can $ard%) i+a-ine D)%an T$o+as
and Ted Hu-$es !ein- $e 'ine Poes $e) are i' $e) $ad no %earn +uc$ 'ro+ Gerard 0an%e)
Hop*ins. >.H. Auden is an ousandin- e(a+p%e o' a poe &$o $as used +an) %on- esa!%is$ed poeic
'or+s and adaped $e+ o $is o&n indi#idua% needs and purposes.
Suc$ +en 6and $ere are scores o' o$ers8 are e(a+p%es o' -ood !orro&ers4 $e *ind $a .onson
&as $in*in- o' 6$e undersood $e +aer #er) &e%%8 &$en, in Disco!eries, $e spo*e o' $e &rier &$o
%earns 'ro+ $is predecessors Pno as a creaure $a s&a%%o&s &$a i a*es in, crude, ra&, or undi-esed4
!u $a 'eeds &i$ an appeieP and $a$ a so+ac$ o concoc, di#ide and urn a%% ino nouris$+enP.
.onson 'o%%o&ed precep &i$ pracice, and no one cou%d accuse $i+ o' %ac*in- ori-ina%i).
T$ere are a%so p%eni'u% e(a+p%es o' !ad !orro&in-. T$is &as paricu%ar%) co++on in $e DI
$
c., %ar-e%) as a resu% o' $e in'%uence o' 0i%on. P>ords&or$ in urn &as o e(er a -rea in'%uence 'or a
$undred or +ore )ears, and e#en in $e DE3As Poes &ere si%% &riin- ponderous PP>ords&or$eseP.
Ano$er noa!%e e(a+p%e o' &$o%%) unsuccess'u% !orro&in- &as $e *ind pracised !) DE$ c. #erse
dra+aiss &$o adoped $e s)%es, con#enions and e#en aiudes o' $e E%i?a!e$an p%a)&ri-$s and
ae+ped o &rie dra+aic !%an* #erse %i*e S$a*espeare. 1asica%%), &riers %i*e .a+es S$eridan
/no&%es, S$e%%e), Tenn)son and 1ro&nin- did no undersand $e con#enions.
Se%'2p%a-iaris+ is no unco++on a+on- &riers, and is o'en unconscious. >$en conscious, i
usua%%) in#o%#es $e re2&or*in- o' a poe+, as in Co%%insPs 6o# )lee, the Bra!e, &$ic$ $e P%i'edP and
res$aped 'ro+ Ode on Co%one% Ross. P%ain $ie#in- $as a%&a)s !een 'air%) rare, pro!a!%) !ecause $e
ris*s o' deecion are oo -rea. Ho&e#er, Serne &as o'en unscrupu%ous4 so &as Disrae%i.