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4
G
7/2
(531nm),
4
I
9/2
4
G
5/2
(588nm),
4
I
9/2
4
F
9/2
(684nm),
4
I
9/2
(
4
F
7/2
,
4
S
3/2
) (735nm,
748nm) and
4
I
9/2
(
4
F
5/2
,
2
H
9/2
) (795, 807nm), respectively[15]-[18].
For Nd
3+
:TiO
2
sample, the Absorbance bands in the range of 450850 nm corresponded to the energy level transition of
4
I
9/2
4
G
7/2
(518nm),
4
I
9/2
4
G
5/2
(575nm),
4
I
9/2
4
F
9/2
(678nm),
4
I
9/2
4
F
7/2
(739nm) and
4
I
9/2
4
F
5/2
(793nm)[5]-[6].
By comparison between two absorption spectrum, it could noted that some peaks of titania dopant sample are
mismatching with the peaks of Nd:YAG. Thats main the titania medium effect on the energy level of Nd
3+
and forced the
energy level to divided into a sublevel difference from known sublevel of Nd:YAG. Its clearly seen that the absorption
peaks band width of Nd:TiO
2
are widely while Nd:YAG have a narrow absorption peaks. Thats because of amorphous
structure of prepared TiO
2
samples. Most important result can be concluded from the absorption spectra is that the titania
dopant sample could be optically pumped in similar way of Nd:YAG optical pumping.
An important performance indicator for the sample to be useful for laser applications is its fluorescence properties. To
determine the optical characteristics of the samples, photoluminescence measurements were carried out using the
795nm/1W Laser Diode for excitation. The obtained spectrum is shown in Figure (4) for both of Nd:TiO
2
and Nd:YAG
crystal. From Nd:YAG fluorescence spectrum it could observed a weak and broad peak around 1063nm with band width
of 11nm at full width half maximum (FWHM) [15]-[18].. While the Nd:TiO
2
fluorescence spectrum have a weak and
broad peak at around 1069nm with band width of 18nm at FWHM. These two peaks correspond to the transition between
the levels
4
F
3/2
-
4
I
11/2
of Nd
3+
ion [4]-[7].
Absorption spectra are fundamental to determine the factors governing several optical properties, such as absorption
coefficients (), absorption cross-sections (), and refractive index n(). () can be calculated from the absorption
spectra of Nd
3+
:YAG and ND
3+
:SiO
2
sample using the formula[19]:
() = () / -----(1)
Where represent to ion density (cm
-3
).
Bowen and Wokes [20] gave empirical formula to get a sufficient accurate value of radiative lifetime
rad
(in seconds):
1/
rad
= 2900 n
2
2
()d ------(2)
Where n is the refractive index of the material, is the wavenumber at the peak of absorption band in m-1 and ()d is
the area under the absorption band curve. () is molecular extincation coefficient [20]. The radiative lifetime
rad
calculated by eq. (2) refers to the spontaneous emission of light, and corresponds to the probability A
nm
(=1/
rad
), that a
molecule will undergo a radiative transition from an upper state n, to a lower state m, in the absence of radiation of
frequency [20].
Figure (3): Absorption spectrums for; (a)Nd:TiO
2
, (b)Nd:YAG Crystal.
Peak emission cross-section (
p
) for lasing transition
4
F
3/2
-
4
I
11/2
can be determined from the relation [19], [21]:
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org
Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2014 ISSN 2319 - 4847
Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2014 Page 468
p
=
p
4
/ [8 c
2
eff
.
rad
.] -------- (3)
where
p
is the peak wavelength within the fluorescence band,
eff
is the fluorescence linewidth (effective); which
determined by the full width half maximum (FWHM) of the fluorescence band and is given by [19]:
= [n
2
() +2]
2
/ [ 9 n() ] -------- (4)
where n () is Refractive index that can be expressed as [19]:
n () = [4R / {(R+1)
2
- K
2
() }]
1/2
[(R+1)/(R-1)].-------- (5)
Where R is the reflectance of the absorbing medium (i.e. doped with RE
3+
ions), and K is the extinction coefficient which
given by [19]:
K()= ()/4 ---------------- (6)
Figure (4): fluorescence spectrums for, (a) Nd:TiO
2
; (b) Nd:YAG Crystal.
Table (1) present some results of measured and calculated parameters for Nd:YAG and Nd:TiO
2
samples. The
parameters calculated to absorption band
4
I
9/2
4
F
5/2
and to fluorescence peak correspond to the transition
4
F
3/2
-
4
I
11/2
of
Nd
3+
ion.
Table 1. Optical properties parameters for Nd:YAG and Nd:TiO
2
sample.
Parameters Nd:YAG Nd:TiO
2
Radiative lifetime
rad
,(mS)
447 320
Emission Peak Wavelength (nm)
1063 1069
Linewidth FWHM (nm)
11 18
Emission Cross section (cm
2
) 3.8*10
-18
2.1*10
-18
The measured and calculated parameters to Nd:YAG are close to known parameters of Nd:YAG crystal [15]-[16]. Thats
gives a good indication about the accuracy of parameters measurements to doped titania. From Table (1), it can note that
parameters of Nd:TiO
2
are somewhat close to parameters of Nd:YAG. Thats means the optical properties to prepared
doped sample are close similar to optical properties of Nd:YAG crystal. This result gives further more good indication in
direction of using Sol-Gel technique to prepare of Nd:TiO
2
samples as solid state Laser active medium
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org
Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2014 ISSN 2319 - 4847
Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2014 Page 469
4. CONCLUSION
The sol-gel of Nd
3+
doped Nanotitania is successfully prepared by wet chemical synthesis method. The doped and
undoped prepared Nanotitania samples seem to be transparent and unbroken which due to the suitable sol-gel parameters
used. The optical properties of doped samples are close similar to optical properties of Nd:YAG crystal. This suggests that
it could use Sol-Gel technique to prepare of Nd:TiO
2
as solid state Laser active medium.
References
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cleaning, Indian J. of Fibre Text. Res.. 33:443-450, 2008.
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432 -436, 2013.
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powder for thermal insulation", JOURNAL OF MA-TERIALS SCIENCE, 35 6075 6079, 2000.
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(1999).
[16] Marvin J. Weber, Handbook of Lasers , CRC Press LLC, (2001).
[17] D. K. Sardar, D. M. Dee, K. L. Nash, R. M. Yow, and J. B. Gruber, J. Appl. Phys. 100(12), 123106, (2006).
[18] CHEN Jiao , Preparation and properties of Nd:YAG ultra-fine powders, JOURNAL OF RARE EARTHS, Vol. 29,
No. 1, p. 44,. 2011.
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AUTHOR
Mohammed Alwan Hamzah received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in Physics from Baghdad Uni. (Iraq) in
1986 and 1999, respectively. During 1996-1999, he stayed in college of science to study Optoelectronics, Laser
and Digital Image processing. In 2014 he received the Ph.D. degree from Mosul University, (Iraq). He works
now at the college of science, Baghdad University.