THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING MIND MAPPING TECHNIQUE TO

INCREASE SPEAKING ABILITY IN STEP TWO OF DAFFODILE

COURSE 2014
PROPOSAL
By
IVA RIZQIA
1002023002
Semester 5B1
ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF KADIRI
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
2014
1
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION
1.1 Backgroun o! Stu"############## 1
1.$ Statement o! Pro%&em############## '
1.' Pur(ose o! Stu"################ 5
1.) T*e H"(ot*es+s o! Stu"############... 5
1.5 Assum(t+on o! Stu"##############. 5
1., T*e s+gn+!+cant o! Stu"############# ,
1.- Sco(e an .+m+tat+on############## ,
1./ De!+n+t+on o! ke" Term#############. -
CHAPTER II : RE0IE1 AND .ITERATURE
$.1 S(eak+ng################## /
$.$ Teac*+ng S(eak+ng############## /
$.$.1 T*e 2oa& o! Teac*+ng S(eak+ng #####.. 3
$.$.$ Strateg+es !or Teac*+ng S(eak+ng#####.. 14
$.$.' Ste(s o! Teac*+ng S(eak+ng ######..#. 11
$.$.) Presentat+on############...#. 11
$.$.5 Pract+ce################ 11
$.$., Prouct+on###############. 11
$.' T*e Pro%&ems +n Teac*+ng S(eak+ng #####..#. 1$
$.) 5+n 5a((+ng Tec*n+6ue#########..#.. 1$
$.).1 T*e Strateg+es o! 5+n 5a((+ng######. 1'
$.).$ T*e 7a" to Dra7 5+n 5a((+ng###### 1)
$.).' 8+na& t*oug*##############. 1)
$.5 Instruct+ona& 5e+a#############... 1)
$.5.1 9+ns o! Instrumenta& 5e+a##########
15 $.5.$ t*e ro&es o! 5e+a###########.
##. 15
$., T*e Progress S(eak+ng############. 1,
2
$.- Score In+cat+ng Progress########### 1,
$.-.1 T*e +n+cator o! (rogress######## 1,
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH 5ETEDO.O2:
'.1 Researc* Des+gn############## 1/
'.$ Po(u&at+on an sam(&e########### 1/
'.' Instrument Test############## 13
'.'.1 Pre;Test##############.. 13
'.'.$ Post;Test##############. $4
'.) Proceure o! E<(er+menta&#########. $4
'.).1 C*oos+ng t*e C&ass o! Su%=ect#####.. $1
'.).$ 2+>+ng Pre;Test###########.. $1
'.).' Do+ng Treatment########### $1
'.).) 2+>+ng Post Test########### $$
'.).5 #################### $'
3
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
In t*e !+rst c*a(ter? t*e 7r+ter 7ants to (resent t*e su% c*a(ter re&ate to t*e t*es+s. It
cons+sts o! e+g*t c*a(ters. T*ose are t*e %ackgroun o! stu"? t*e statement o! (ro%&em?
(ur(ose o! stu"? *"(ot*es+s? sco(e an &+m+tat+on o! stu"? t*e s+gn+!+cance o! stu" an
e!+n+t+on o! ke" terms.
1!1 B"#$%&'()* '+ S,(*y
.ook at t*e e>e&o(+ng sc+ence an tec*no&og"? &anguage *as an +m(ortant ru&e !or
*uman &+!e? %" us+ng &anguage t*e (eo(&e 7+&& e<(ress t*e+r +eas? emot+on? an es+res? an
+t +s use as me+um to +nteract 7+t* one anot*er? to !u&!+&& t*e+r neee. Eng&+s* *as %een t*e
most +m(ortant &anguage +n +nternat+ona& commun+cat+on. A&& o>er t*e 7or& s(eak t*e
&anguage 7*en t*e" meet anot*er +n e>er" +nternat+ona& meet+ng? 7orks*o( or con!erence.
A&& countr+es +n t*e 7or& *a>e set &anguage as one o! t*e com(u&sor" su%=ect stu+e +n t*e
sc*oo&.
Eng&+s* *as man" !unct+ons? one o! t*em as state +n $44) curr+cu&um t*at Eng&+s*
+s means !or t*e stuent to e>e&o( sc+ence? tec*no&og" cu&ture an art. T*e !+na& o%=ect+>e
o! teac*+ng an &earn+ng +s t*e stuent master o! s(eak+ng? &+sten+ng? rea+ng an 7r+t+ng.
Teac*+ng an &earn+ng 7+&& %e success +! t*e" are su((orte %" some !actors suc* as t*e
met*o t*at +s use +n teac*+ng Eng&+s*? com(&eteness o! teac*+ng !ac+&+tat+on? +nterest+ng
me+a an con+t+on o! en>+ronment.
Inones+an as one o! e>e&o(+ng countr+es *as a&so set eucat+ona& curr+cu&um to
+nc&ue Eng&+s* as a !ore+gn &anguage 7*+c* +s stu+e !rom e&ementar" sc*oo&? to t*e
un+>ers+t" &e>e&? somet+me a!ter grauate !rom un+>ers+t"? t*e" are unsat+s!+e an st+&&
stu" +n some courses. Be+ng success!u& stuents are not eas"@ t*+s !act can %e seen most&" at
t*e secon c&ass o! Da!!o+& Course. A&t*oug* t*e" *a>e %een grauate !rom Un+>ers+t"
an stu" Eng&+s* more t*an s+<teen "ears? t*e" are st+&& +!!+cu&t to use Eng&+s* +n
+nteract+ng +n a+&" act+>+t".
S(eak+ng +s +m(ortant !or t*em to (ract+ce t*e+r ca(a%+&+t" an t*e+r unerstan+ng?
*o7 to %u+& +ea? *o7 to e<(&a+n some +ea an *o7 to e<(&ore 7e&&. In t*+s case t*e stuent
4
mot+>at+on an +nterest are >er" +m(ortant to make t*e (rocess o! t*e+r unerstan+ng more
eas+&".
Because o! t*e mater+a& o! Eng&+s* su%=ect +s >er" >ar+et"? so t*e teac*er +s
o%&+gate to c*oose t*e su+ta%&e a((roac*? strateg" an met*o +n orer to ac*+e>e t*e
teac*+ng (ur(oses eas+&"? an t*e me+a 7+&& make t*e stuent to %e more mot+>ate to stu".
T*e teac*er 7*o +s a%&e to (resent t*e mater+a& eas+&" 7+&& %e stuentAs +o&. T*e teac*er can
use some met*os +n teac*+ng &earn+ng (rocess to *e&( t*e stuentAs unerstan+ng a%out t*e
mater+a& t*at +s e<(&a+ne. In a((&"+ng met*o? t*e teac*ers *a>e to (re(are man" t*+ngs &+ke
teac*+ng mater+a&? c&assroom management? an man" ot*er as(ects %ecause us+ng
+na((ro(r+ate tec*n+6ue can make unerstan+ng t*e teac*erAs e<(&anat+on an +t means t*at
t*e teac*er ma"%e !a+&e +n teac*+ng.
To make t*e stuent *a>e strong +nterest +n teac*+ng an &earn+ng (rocess es(ec+a&&"
+n &earn+ng s(eak+ng? t*e teac*er s*ou& take t*e %est a((roac*? met*o an strateg+es. T*en?
t*e teac*er can use me+a +n teac*+ng o! Eng&+s* &anguage? met*o are use to *e&( t*e
stuents !or s(eak+ng to make +nteract+on %et7een teac*er an stuent. 8urt*ermore? t*e
teac*er *as to (re(are t*e +ntereste a+s %e!ore teac*+ng &earn+ng (rocess one. In t*+s t*e
researc*er use %oar game as met*o +n teac*+ng &earn+ng (rocess.
T*e teac*er can use m+n ma((+ng met*o +n teac*+ng an &earn+ng (rocess.
Accor+ng to B5r. (ututC m+n ma((+ng +s one o! met*o t*at can +ncrease t*e +ea !or t*e
stuent. 5+n ma((+ng can %e e!+ne as somet*+ng or an +nstrument t*at +s use to attract
stuentAs mot+>at+on to !o&&o7 t*e teac*+ng an &earn+ng (rocess %ecause m+n ma((+ng can
make t*e stuent %u+& muc* +ea an t*e+r s(eak+ng more structura&.
5et*o must %e a%&e to +ncrease t*e stuentAs mot+>at+on +n &earn+ng Eng&+s*?
es(ec+a&&" +n s(eak+ng Eng&+s*. An met*o *as to %e a%&e to man+(u&ate? seea%&e? &+stena%&e
an reaa%&e. At &east t*e teac*er *o(es t*at met*o can mot+>ate t*e stuent to s(eak
Eng&+s* to commun+cate t*e+r neee an +n genera&.
Commun+cat+on +s one o! t*e +m(&ementat+on o! &anguage !unct+on soc+et" as o!
carr"+ng out t*e a!!a+rs. Stuents are not eas" to s(eak Eng&+s* !&uent&" +! t*e" on&" stu" +n
t*e sc*oo& !unct+on +n soc+et" as means o! carr"+ng out t*e a!!a+rs. Stuents are not eas" to
s(eak Eng&+s* !&uent&" +! t*e" on&" stu" at sc*oo& genera&&"? t*e" 7+&& get +n rea& &+!e
5
&+sten+ng to t*e nat+>e s(eaker. But? +! t*e sc*oo&s *a>e certa+n ru&e an *a>e goo con+t+on
o! sc*oo& en>+ronment? so t*e stuent can s(eak Eng&+s* 7e&&.
S(eak+ng +s one o! !our &anguage sk+&&s? 7*+c* +s %as+c !unct+on o! &anguage as
commun+cat+on +nstrument. Stuent 7*o stu" +n t*e sc*oo& 7*+c* use a certa+n &anguage
7+&& e a goo s(eaker? +!!erent !rom stuent 7*o stu" at t*e ot*er sc*oo&. T*e" 7+&& get
+!!+cu&t+es +n us+ng Eng&+s* to s(eak eac* ot*er@ +t +s cause %" con+t+on o! sc*oo&
en>+ronment an me+a t*at +s use +n teac*+ng t*em.
1!2 S,",-.-), '+ P&'/0-.
Base on t*e %ackgroun o! stu" a%o>e? t*e researc* (ro%&em are :
1. Ho7 +s t*e stuentsA s(eak+ng sk+&& %e!ore us+ng m+n ma((+ng met*o o! t*e secon
ste( stuents o! Da!!o+& CourseD
$. Ho7 t*e stuentAs s(eak+ng sk+&& a!ter us+ng m+n ma((+ng met*o o! t*e secon
ste( stuents o! Da!!o+& CourseD
'. Is t*ere an" s+gn+!+cant +!!erence %et7een s(eak+ng sk+&& %e!ore an a!ter us+ng m+n
ma((+ng met*o o! secon ste( +n Da!!o+& CourseD
). Is m+n ma((+ng met*o e!!ect+>e to +m(ro>e t*e+r s(eak+ng +n Secon ste( o!
Da!!o+& CourseD
1!3 P(&1'2- '+ S,(*y
Dea&+ng 7+t* t*e statement o! (ro%&em? t*e (ur(oses o! t*+s researc* are:
1. To escr+%e %e!ore t*e stuentAs s(eak+ng sk+&& %e!ore us+ng m+n ma((+ng met*o +n
t*e secon ste( o! Da!!o+& Course.
$. To escr+%e t*e stuentAs s(eak+ng sk+&& a!ter us+ng m+n ma((+ng met*o +n t*e
secon ste( o! Da!!o+& Course.
'. To !+n out 7*et*er t*ere +s s+gn+!+cant +!!erence %et7een s(eak+ng sk+&&s %e!ore an
a!ter us+ng m+n ma((+ng met*o +n t*e secon ste( o! Da!!o+& Course.
). To !+n out 7*et*er s(eak+ng sk+&& %" us+ng m+n ma((+ng met*o +n t*e secon ste(
o! Da!!o+& Corse.
6
1!4 Hy1',3-242
T*+s t*es+s *as t7o *"(ot*eses. T*e" are nu&& *"(ot*es+s an t*e a&ternat+>e
*"(ot*es+s. T*+s +s t*e e<(&anat+on o! *"(ot*es+s.
T*e a&ternat+>e *"(ot*es+s BHoC states t*at s(eak+ng a%+&+t" us+ng m+n ma((+ng
met*o +n t*e secon ste( o! Da!!o+& Course met*o +s not e!!ect+>e.
T*e a&ternat+>e *"(ot*es+s BHoC states t*at s(eak+ng sk+&& us+ng m+n ma((+ng
met*o +n t*e secon ste( o! Da!!o+& Course met*o +s e!!ect+>e.
Base on statements o! (ro%&em an t*e o%=ect t*e o%=ect+>e o! stu"? a&ternat+>e
*"(ot*es+s +s c*osen? 7*+c* +s Es(eak+ng sk+&& %" us+ng m+n ma((+ng met*o +n t*e
secon ste( o! Da!!o+& Course +s e!!ect+>e. T*e reason c*oos+ng *"(ot*es+s +s
su((os+t+on t*at m+n ma((+ng g+>en can +ncrease s(eak+ng sk+&& o! t*e stuent +n
&earn+ng Eng&+s*
1!5 T3- A22(.1,4') '+ S,(*y
T*e 7r+ter *as some assum(t+ons o! t*+s researc* %ecause +t +s +m(oss+%&e !or t*e
7r+ter to o%ser>e a&& !actors 7*+c* +n!&uence stuentAs ac*+e>ement +n s(eak+ng. T*e
assum(t+ons o! t*+s researc* are:
1. T*e stuents o! secon ste( +n Da!!o+& *a>e t*e same %as+c s(eak+ng sk+&&.
$. T*e stuents o! secon ste( +n Da!!o+& *a>e t*e same !&uenc" o! s(eak+ng stu".
'. T*e stuents o! secon ste( +n Da!!o+& *a>e ne>er %een taug*t %" us+ng 5+n
5a((+ng.
). T*e stuents o! secon ste( +n Da!!o+& *a>e t*e same s(+r+t o! s(eak+ng sk+&&.
1!6 S4%)4+4#")#- '+ 2,(*y
T*e researc*er *o(es t*at t*e resu&t o! t*e stu" 7+&& %e >a&ua%&e !or t*eoret+ca&
(ur(ose an (ract+ca& (ur(ose. Some s+gn+!+cances o! t*+s researc* 7*+c* are *o(e to %e
use!u& !or anot*er are:
1!6!1 T3-'&-,4#"0 1(&1'2-
7
8or t*eoret+ca& (ur(ose? t*e researc* +s *o(e to a%&e to contr+%ute t*e e>e&o(ment
o! teac*+ng me+a t*at can +m(ro>e stuentAs ac*+e>ement +n rea+ng. It +s e<(ecte to
*a>e %ene!+t +n a+ng ne7 kno7&ege 7*+c* (resente a 7a" *o7 to +ncrease t*e
stuentAs rea+ng a%+&+t".
1!6!2 P&"#,4#"0 1(&1'2-
T*e (ract+ca& o! t*+s stu" are (resente !or !our e&ements. T*e" are !or t*e teac*ers?
stuents an !or t*e ne<t researc*es. Bes+es? t*e reaers o! t*+s t*es+s are e<(ecte to get
a>antage o! t*+s stu". Be&o7 are t*e %ene!+ts 7*+c* t*e" ma" get.
1. 8or t*e reaers
8or t*e reaers o! t*+s t*es+s? t*ese e<(&anat+ons o! *+s stu" are 7+s*e to g+>e
contr+%ut+on !or t*e+r kno7&ege a%out s(eak+ng sk+&&.
$. 8or t*e teac*er
T*e resu&t o! t*+s researc* 7+&& *e&( t*e teac*er to reno>ate met*o an +t can %e
+ncrease t*e a%+&+t" t*e stuentAs sk+&&.
'. 8or t*e stuent
T*e resu&t o! t*+s researc* 7+&& *e&( t*e stuent to +ncrease t*e+r a%+&+t" to
(ract+ce Eng&+s* eas+&".
). 8or t*e ne<t researc*ers
T*e resu&t o! t*+s researc* +s e<(ecte to %e one o! t*e re!erences t*at are use !or
researc*+ng rea+ng a%+&+t". It can %e use !or e>e&o(+ng kno7&ege an as
com(arator !or t*e researc*ers 7*o 7ant to o researc*+ng teac*+ng me+a
+ct+onar" so t*e ne<t researc*ers 7+&& get +n(ut ur+ng t*e+r researc*.
1!7! S#'1- ")* 04.4,",4')
To make t*+s researc*er c&ear? t*e researc*er 7ants to escr+%e t*e e!!ect+>eness
m+n ma((+ng met*o to +ncrease t*e a%+&+t" o! t*e secon ste( +n Da!!o+& Course. An t*e
researc* 7+&& make t*e %est.
8
Because t*e Su%=ect an o%=ect o! t*e researc* +s st+&& genera&? to a>o+ t*e genera&
+scuss+on? t*e sco(e must %e &+m+te +n orer to !ocus t*e stu" an eas" to unerstan. It
!ocuses on s(eak+ng? %u+& an +ea? e<(&ore? e<(&a+n an (resentat+on.
T*e su%=ect researc* +s a&so &+m+te +nto t*e secon ste( o! Da!!o+&. It +s %ecause
man" ste(s +n a!!o+& an m+n ma((+ng are goo !or t*em.
1!7 D-+4)4,4') '+ $-y ,-&.
To make c&ear !or t*e reaer to com(re*en t*e to(+c +scusse +n t*+s stu" an to
a>o+ t*e (oss+%+&+t+es o! m+s+nter(retat+on? t*e researc* *as tr+e to g+>e e!+n+t+on o! eac*.
T*e" are as !o&&o7:
In t*+s sect+on? +t 7+&& %e (resente some ke" terms o! stu" +n orer t*ere +s no
m+s+nter(retat+on ur+ng rea+ng t*+s stu". T*e" are arrange as !o&&o7:
1./.1 T*e e!!ect+>eness
In t*+s researc*? t*e e!!ect+>eness +s t*e use!u&ness o! m+n ma((+ng met*o !or
s(eak+ng? man" (eo(&e *a>e >oca%u&ar+es? %ut t*e" cannot e<(&ore t*e+r +ea? 7+t* t*+s
met*o make t*e stuent +ncrease t*e a%+&+t" u( to 54F. It can make t*e stuent can s(eak
!&uenc".
1./.$ 5+n ma((+ng 5et*o
In t*+s researc*? m+n ma((+ng met*o +s ac*+e>ement +n s(eak+ng t*at ra+se %" t*e
stuents us+ng a test. T*e stuent 7+&& get Pre;test? a!ter t*e stuent gets t*e test? t*e" 7+&& get
t*e treatment Bus+ng 5+n 5a((+ng met*oC an t*e" 7+&& %e g+>en t*e test ca&&e (osttest.
T*e stuent 7+&& g+>e t*e to(+c an g+>e t+me aroun !+!teen to e<(&ore us+ng m+n ma((+ng.
T*+s met*o 7+&& %e !ocus on (resentat+on to e<(&ore o! t*e s(eak+ng. T*e stuent 7+&& %u+&
t*e +ea an t*e" can s(eak !&uenc".
1./.' S(eak+ng A%+&+t"
S(eak+ng a%+&+t+" +s a matter 7*+c* nees muc* e!!ort. No matter *o7 to get a great
an +ea +s? +! +t +s not comm+n+cate (ro(er&"? +t cannot %e e!!ect+>e. T*oroug* s(eak+ng ?
stuent &earn conse(ts? e>e&o( >oca%u&ar"? an (erce+>e t*e structure o! t*e eng&+s*
&anguage essent+a& com(onent o! &earn+ng.
9
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUR
In t*+s c*a(ter t*e researc*er 7ou& &+ke e&a%orate t*e t*eor" re&ate to t*e researc*
7*+c* +s one %" researc*er. It +s cruc+a& !or t*e researc*er an t*e reaer to recogn+Ge t*e
e!+n+t+on or t*e mean+ng o! t*e t+tt&e o! t*+s researc* +n orer to make eas+er !or t*e
researc*er +n ana&"G+ng an unerstan+ng (ro%&em ee(&". 8o&&o7 are t*eor+es g&o%a&&"
a%out s(eak+ng an m+n ma((+ng.
2!1 21-"$4)%
S(eak+ng +s taug*t +n =un+or *+g* Sc*oo& unt+& +n un+>ers+t". S(eak+ng +s act+>e sk+&&. To
use t*+s sk+&& t*e stuent must *a%+t +n s(eak+ng. E>er" (eo(&e can stu" a%out s(eak+ng?
!rom t*e %as+c unt+& t*e *+g* &e>e&
To stu" s(eak+ng starts to te&& t*e s+m(&e one. 8or e<am(&e ta&k a%out a+&" act+>+t".
Te&& e>er"t*+ng t*at t*e" can? +t 7+&& make t*em us+ng *a%+t !or stu" a%out t*e s(eak+ng an
(ract+c+ng +n t*e+r a+&" act+>+t"
Teac*ers can kee( track o! 7*at an *o7 muc* stuent s(eak an g+>e t*e
o((ortun+t" to g+>e some +ea an act+>e +n t*e c&ass. To (ro>e t*at t*e" *a>e unerstoo?
t*e" can e<(&ore +n t*e+r m+n %" us+ng m+n ma((+ng. T*e teac*er can g+>e man" to(+cs?
an t*e stuent 7+&& c*oose an e>e&o( t*e+r +ea %" us+ng m+n ma((+ng. It makes t*e
stuent more +nterest+ng.
2!2 T-"#34)% S1-"$4)%
In t*+s case? t*e researc* 7+&& +scuss some as(ects su((orte teac*+ng s(eak+ng@
t*e" are t*e goa& o! teac*+ng s(eak+ng? t*e strateg+es !or teac*+ng s(eak+ng an ste(s o!
teac*+ng s(eak+ng.
2!2!1 T3- G'"0 '+ T-"#34)% S1-"$4)%
ETeac*+ng s(eak+ng +s one t*e management o! +nteract+on 7*+c* +n>o&>es suc*
t*+ngs &+ke *o7 to +n>+te someone e&se to s(eak? *o7 to kee( con>ersat+on go+ng? 7*en? *o7
to term+nate con>ersat+onH BB+ntar+"a*+: $44'C. T*e statement +m(&+es a%out t*e goa& o!
teac*+ng s(eak+ng. .earners s*ou& %e a%&e to make t*emse&>es unerstoo? us+ng t*e+r
current (ro!+c+enc" to t*e !u&&est. T*e" s*ou& tr" to a>o+ con!us+on +n t*e message ue to
10
!au&t" (ronunc+at+on? grammar? or >oca%u&ar"? an to o%ser>e soc+a& an cu&tura& ru&es t*at
a((&" +n eac* commun+cat+on s+tuat+on.
T*e o>era&& goa&s o! teac*+ng s(eak+ng sk+&& are commun+cat+>e e!!+c+enc". T*e
s(ec+!+c goa&s are: B1C .earners s*ou& %e a%&e to make t*emse&>es unerstoo? B$C Us+ng
t*e+r current (ro!+c+enc" to t*e !u&&est? B'C T*e" s*ou& tr" to a>o+ con!us+on +n t*e massage
ue to !au&t" (ronunc+at+on? grammar? or >oca%u&ar"? B)C to o%ser>e t*e soc+a& an cu&tura&
ru&es t*at a((&+es +n eac* commun+cat+on s+tuat+on. BB+ntar+"a*+: $44'C
To *e&( stuents e>e&o( commun+cat+>e e!!+c+enc" +n s(eak+ng? +nstructors can use
a %a&ance act+>+t+es a((roac* t*at com%+nes &anguage +n(ut? structure out(ut? an
commun+cat+>e out(ut. .anguage +n(ut comes +n t*e !orm o! teac*er ta&k? &+sten+ng act+>+t+es?
rea+ng (assages? an t*e &anguage *ear an rea outs+e o! c&ass. It g+>es &earners t*e
mater+a& t*e" nee to %eg+n (rouc+ng &anguage t*emse&>es. Structure out(ut !ocuses on
correct !orm. In structure out(ut stuent? stuents ma" *a>e o(t+ons !or res(onses? %ut a&& o!
t*e o(t+on re6u+res t*em to use t*e s(ec+!+c !orm or structure t*at t*e teac*er *as =ust
+ntrouce.
2!2!2 S,&",-%4-2 +'& T-"#34)% S1-"$4)%
5an" &anguage &earners regar s(eak+ng a%+&+t" as t*e measure o! kno7+ng a
&anguage. T*ese &earners e!+ne !&uenc" as t*e a%+&+t" to con>erse 7+t* ot*ers? muc* more
t*an t*e a%+&+t" to rea? 7r+te? or com(re*en ora& &anguage. T*e" regar s(eak+ng as t*e
most +m(ortant sk+&& t*e" can ac6u+re? an t*e" assess t*e+r (rogress +n terms o! t*e+r
accom(&+s*ments +n s(oken commun+cat+on. T*ere!ore? to +ncrease t*+s sk+&& 7e nee
strateg".
2race Sto>a&& Burkart? e.@ 1as*+ngton? DC: Center !or A((&+e .+ngu+st+cs? B133/C
states t*at E!!ect+>e +nstructors teac* stuents s(eak+ng strateg+es are us+ng m+n+ma&
res(onses? recogn+G+ng scr+(ts? an us+ng &anguage to ta&k a%out &anguage t*at t*e" can use to
*e&( t*emse&>es e<(an t*e+r kno7&ege o! t*e &anguage an t*e+r con!+ence +n us+ng +t.
T*ese +nstructorsA *e&( stuents &earn to s(eak so t*at t*e stuents can use s(eak+ng to &earn.
Anot*er e!+n+t+on a%out term strateg" o! teac*+ng s(eak+ng +s state %" Ierem"
Harmer t*at t*e !+t strateg" +n teac*+ng s(eak+ng +s t*e stuents to *a>e a !ree +scuss+on
g+>es t*em a c*ance to re*earse *a>+ng +scuss+on outs+e t*e c&assroom B$443C. B"
encourag+ng stuents to use c&ar+!+cat+on (*rases +n c&ass 7*en m+sunerstan+ng occurs an
%" res(on+ng (os+t+>e&" 7*en t*e" o? +nstructors can create an aut*ent+c (ract+ce
en>+ronment 7+t*+n t*e c&assroom +tse&!. As t*e" e>e&o( contro& o! >ar+ous c&ar+!+cat+on
11
strateg+es? stuents 7+&& ga+n con!+ence +n t*e+r a%+&+t" to manage t*e >ar+ous commun+cat+on
s+tuat+ons t*at t*e" ma" encounter outs+e t*e c&assroom.
DAArc" Anr+an 0a&&ance states ot*er e!+n+t+on an O&+>+a Io*nston t*at strateg" +s
teac*erAs moe& use to kno7 ne7 t*+ng to stuent %" t*e !un +ts gesture. In t*e
commun+cat+>e moe& o! &anguage teac*+ng? +nstructors *e&( t*e+r stuents e>e&o( t*+s %o"
o! kno7&ege %" (ro>++ng aut*ent+c (ract+ce t*at (re(ares stuents !or rea&;&+!e
commun+cat+on s+tuat+ons. T*e" *e&( t*e+r stuents e>e&o( t*e a%+&+t" to (rouce
grammat+ca&&" correct? &og+ca&&" connecte sentences t*at are a((ro(r+ate to s(ec+!+c conte<ts?
an to o so us+ng acce(ta%&e Bt*at +s? com(re*ens+%&eC (ronunc+at+on. T*ere!ore? t*e
(resentat+on tec*n+6ue +s one o! tec*n+6ue t*at !+t 7+t* t*e con+t+on.
Stuents o!ten t*+nk t*at t*e a%+&+t" to s(eak a &anguage +s t*e (rouct o! &anguage
&earn+ng? %ut s(eak+ng +s a&so a cruc+a& (art o! t*e &anguage &earn+ng (rocess. E!!ect+>e
+nstructors teac* stuents s(eak+ng strateg+es us+ng m+n+ma& res(onses? recogn+G+ng scr+(ts?
an us+ng &anguage to ta&k a%out &anguage 7*+c* t*e" can use to *e&( t*emse&>es e<(an
t*e+r kno7&ege o! t*e &anguage an t*e+r con!+ence +n us+ng +t. R. R. Da" BE.C? Ta&k+ng to
&earn B$'- J '$,C. Ro7&e"? 5A: Ne7%ur" House. BOn&+neC >o&. 1.' B*tt(:KKteac*+ng
s(eak+ng.com. u(ate 3 5a" $443C. States t*at +n teac*+ng nees strateg+es t*ere are: B1C
Us+ng m+n+ma& res(onses? &anguage &earners 7*o &ack con!+ence +n t*e+r a%+&+t" to (art+c+(ate
success!u&&" +n ora& +nteract+on o!ten &+sten +n s+&ence 7*+&e ot*ers o t*e ta&k+ng. One 7a" to
encourage suc* &earners to %eg+n to (art+c+(ate +s to *e&( t*em %u+& u( a stock o! m+n+ma&
res(onses t*at t*e" can use +n +!!erent t"(es o! e<c*anges. Suc* res(onses can %e es(ec+a&&"
use!u& !or %eg+nners. 5+n+ma& res(onses are (re+cta%&e? o!ten ++omat+c (*rases t*at
con>ersat+on (art+c+(ants use to +n+cate unerstan+ng? agreement? ou%t? an ot*er
res(onses to 7*at anot*er s(eaker +s sa"+ng. Ha>+ng a stock o! suc* res(onses ena%&es a
&earner to !ocus on 7*at t*e ot*er (art+c+(ant +s sa"+ng? 7+t*out *a>+ng to s+mu&taneous (&an a
res(onse. B$C Recogn+G+ng scr+(ts? some commun+cat+on s+tuat+ons are assoc+ate 7+t*
(re+cta%&e set o! s(oken e<c*anges J a scr+(t. 2reet+ngs? a(o&og+es? com(&+ments?
+n>+tat+ons? an ot*er !unct+ons t*at are +n!&uence %" soc+a& an cu&tura& norms o!ten !o&&o7
(atterns or scr+(ts. So o t*e transact+ona& e<c*anges +n>o&>e +n act+>+t+es suc* as o%ta+n+ng
+n!ormat+on an mak+ng a (urc*ase. In t*ese scr+(ts? t*e re&at+ons*+(s %et7een a s(eakerAs
turn an t*e one t*at !o&&o7s +t can o!ten %e ant+c+(ate. B'C Us+ng &anguage to ta&k a%out
&anguage. .anguage &earners are o!ten too em%arrasse or s*" to sa" an"t*+ng 7*en t*e" o
not unerstan anot*er s(eaker or 7*en t*e" rea&+Ge t*at a con>ersat+on (artner *as not
unerstoo t*em. Instructors can *e&( stuents o>ercome t*+s ret+cence %" assur+ng t*em t*at
12
m+sunerstan+ng an t*e nee !or c&ar+!+cat+on can occur +n an" t"(e o! +nteract+on? 7*ate>er
t*e (art+c+(antsA &anguage sk+&& &e>e&s. B" encourag+ng stuents to use c&ar+!+cat+on (*rases +n
c&ass 7*en m+sunerstan+ng occurs an %" res(on+ng (os+t+>e&" 7*en t*e" o? +nstructors
can create an aut*ent+c (ract+ce en>+ronment 7+t*+n t*e c&assroom +tse&!. As t*e" e>e&o(
contro& o! >ar+ous c&ar+!+cat+on strateg+es? stuents 7+&& ga+n con!+ence +n t*e+r a%+&+t" to
manage t*e >ar+ous commun+cat+on s+tuat+ons t*at t*e" ma" encounter outs+e t*e c&assroom.
Re%ecca B+n Rona& carter an Da>+ Nunan? $441: 1,,C states t*at strateg+es *e&(
&earners manage: B1C t*emse&>es as &earners? B$C t*e genera& &earn+ng (rocess? B'C s(ec+!+c
&earn+ng tasks. Strateg+es !or teac*+ng s(eak+ng *e&( &earners make u( !or m+ss+ng kno7&ege
7*en us+ng Eng&+s* +n ora& commun+cat+on? =ust a strateg" o! guess+ng !rom t*e conte<t 7*+&e
&+sten+ng an rea+ng com(ensates !or a kno7&ege ga(. Arno& B1334: 1,/C states t*at
a!!ect+>e strateg+es +nc&ue +ent+!"+ng oneAs !ee&+ng Be.g. an<+et"? anger an contentmentC
an %ecom+ng a7are o! t*e &earn+ng c+rcumstances or task t*at e>oke t*em.
Satono Bas 6uote +n 8ac*rurraG"? 133': $3C a&so ment+ons some (r+nc+(&es !or
s(eak+ng a%+&+t" so t*at t*e (ur(oses o! teac*+ng s(eak+ng? 7*+c* are to ena%&e t*e stuents to
commun+cate +n a target &anguage can %e ac*+e>e. T*e (r+nc+(&es are as !o&&o7. 8+rst?
teac*ers s*ou& kno7 t*e+r stuents +n+>+ua&&" +n some as(ects suc* as t*e+r &anguage &e>e&?
*o7 t*e" &earn? as 7e&& as t*e+r +nterests. Secon? teac*ers s*ou& +ntrouce >ar+ous conce(ts
!or s(eak+ng as 7e&& as cu&tura& %ackgroun? (ragmat+cs an k+nes+cs use an +a&ect use +n
Eng&+s*. 8ort*? teac*ers s*ou& %e creat+>e to create re&e>ant s+tuat+ons !or (ract+ce an
encourage stuents to %e s(ontaneous +n us+ng Eng&+s*. 8+!t*? t*e teac*ers s*ou& grou( t*e
stuents %ase on t*e+r a%+&+t" an +nterest to ma<+m+Ge stuentsA +n>o&>ement. S+<t*? teac*er
g+>es a sense o! (rogress to t*e stuents an o not cr+t+c+Ge too muc* to7ar t*e stuentsA
&anguage an content. T*e &ast? t*e teac*er use norma& s(ee 7*+&e ta&k+ng to t*e stuents to
make t*e stuents a7are o! t*e s(ee use %" (eo(&e to commun+cate.
Ierem" Harmer B133/: 35C states t*at teac*+ng s(eak+ng +s t*e same %as+c (attern@
Engage;act+>+t+es;stu";t*at +s teac*er gets stuents +ntereste +n t*e to(+c? t*e stuents o
task 7*+&e t*e teac*er 7atc*es an &+stens an t*e" t*en stu" an" &anguage +ssues t*at t*e
teac*er 7atc*es +ent+!+e as %e+ng (ro%&ems. T*ere!ore? +n one sense? t*ese are c&ass+c
%oomerang se6uences.
2!2!3 S,-12 '+ T-"#34)% S1-"$4)%
A!ter kno7+ng t*e 7a" to teac* s(eak+ng? an Eng&+s* teac*er s*ou& kno7 t*e ste(s
o! teac*+ng s(eak+ng %ecause t*e ste(s o! s(eak+ng can *e&( t*e Eng&+s* teac*er to make t*e
13
e!!ect+>e t+me. T*e ste(s are (resentat+on? (ract+ce? an (rouct+on BCaro& rea@ $445? +n
(resentat+on? (ract+ce an (rouct+on at g&anceC.
2!2!4 P&-2-),",4')
In t*+s ste(? t*e teac*er *as !unct+on to %e t*e announcer +n 7*+c* t*e teac*er g+>es
t*e stuent mot+>at+ons an &ea+ng 6uest+ons +n orer t*e" get t*e escr+(t+on a%out t*e
mater+a&? 7*+c* 7+&& %e (resente %" t*e teac*er. Teac*er s*ou& o t*+s ste( %ecause t*+s 7+&&
&ea t*e teac*er to kno7 t*e stuentAs a%+&+t" to +mag+ne an guess a%out an a%stract t*+ng
B&essonC.
Caro& rea B$445C? +n (resentat+on at g&ance e<(&a+ns t*e (ur(ose o! (resentat+on are
to g+>e t*e stuents t*e o((ortun+t" to rea&+Ge t*e use!u&ness an re&e>ance o! a ne7 &anguage
+tem? to (resent t*e mean+ng an !orm? an c*eck unerstan+ng.
2!2!5 P&"#,4#-
Pract+ce +n s(eak+ng act+>+t" +s >er" +m(ortant %ecause %" t*+s 7a" t*e teac*er +s
a%&e to measure t*e a%+&+t" o! t*e stuents. In t*+s ste(? t*e teac*er g+>es e<am(&e to stuents
an stuents re(eat t*e teac*erAs e<am(&e.
In t*e teac*+ng act+>+t"? t*+s ste( can %e one %" !&e<+%&e 7a" !or +nstance +n (a+rs? a
grou( or +n+>+ua&&" %" te&&+ng somet*+ng +n !ront o! t*e au+ences +n 7*+c* stuents st+&& use
t*e teac*erAs e<am(&e.
Accor+ng to caro& rea B$445C? t*e (ur(oses o! (ract+ce are to (ro>+e ma<+mum
(ract+ce 7+t*+n contro&&e? %ut rea&+st+c an conte<tua&+Ge !rame7ork? to %u+& con!+ence +n
us+ng ne7 &anguage.
2!2!6 P&'*(#,4')
In t*+s ste(? t*e stuents are *o(e %e a%&e to (rouce a s(eak+ng act+>+t" %" us+ng
t*e+r 7a" 7+t*out gett+ng +nter>ent+on !rom t*e teac*er? +n t*+s ste( t*e Eng&+s* teac*er =ust
*as &+tt&e ro&e. BCaro& rea@ $445C e<(&a+ns t*e (ur(oses o! (rouct+on are: to (ro>+e t*e
o((ortun+t" !or stuents to use ne7 &anguage +n !ree more creat+>e 7a"s? to c*eck *o7 muc*
*as rea&&" %een &earnt to +ntegrate ne7 &anguage ne7 &anguage 7+t* o&? (ract+ce ea&+ng 7+t*
t*e un(re+cta%&e? to mot+>e stuents can %e use !or re>+s+on or +agnost+c (ur(oses.
2!3 T3- P&'/0-.2 4) T-"#34)% S1-"$4)%
Bro7n B$441: $,3C e<(&a+ns t*e +!!+cu&t+es +n t*e teac*+ng s(eak+ng an t*e !actors
t*at make t*e +!!+cu&t" +n s(eak+ng. T*e !+rst +s e!!ect+>e !actors. One o! t*e ma=or o%stac&es
&earners *a>e to o>ercome +n &earn+ng to s(eak +s t*e an<+et" generate o>er t*e r+sks %ur"+ng
14
t*+ngs out t*at are 7rong? stu(+? or +ncom(re*ens+%&e. .earners are re&uctant to %e =uge %"
&+steners %ecause o! t*e &anguage ego t*at +n!orms (eo(&e L"ou are 7*at "ou s(eakA. T*e &ast
one +s +nteract+on e!!ect. .earners !+n +!!+cu&t" +n attem(ts to s(eak %ecause o! t*e
+nteract+>e nature o! commun+cat+on. 8or t*e &earner? t*e matter o! 7*at to sa" +s o!ten
ec&+(se %" con>ersat+ons o! *o7 to sa" t*+ngs? 7*en to s(eak? an ot*er +scourse
constra+nts.
Ur B133,: 1$1C B+n 8+tr+ana. $44,C states !our (ro%&ems +n t*e s(eak+ng act+>+t+es:
a. In*+%+t+on
.earners are o!ten +n*+%+te a%out tr"+ng to sa" t*+ngs +n a !ore+gn &anguage +n t*e
c&assroom. T*e" are 7orr+e a%out mak+ng m+stakes? !ear!u& o! cr+t+c+sm or &os+ng !ace? or
s+m(&" s*" o! t*e attent+on t*at t*e+r s(eec* attracts.
%. Not*+ng to sa"
E>en +! t*e" are not +n*+%+te? one o!ten *ears &earners com(&a+n t*at t*e" cannot t*+nk o!
an"t*+ng to sa"@ t*e" *a>e no mot+>e to e<(ress t*emse&>es %e"on t*e gu+&t" !ee&+ng t*at
t*e" s*ou& %e s(eak+ng.
c. .o7 or une>en (art+c+(at+on
On&" one (art+c+(ant can ta&k at a t+me +! *e or s*e +s to %e *ear@ an +n a &arge grou(? t*+s
means t*at eac* one 7+&& *a>e on&" >er" &+tt&e ta&k+ng t+me. T*+s (ro%&em +s com(oune
%" t*e tenenc" o! some &earners to om+nate t*e act+>+t"? 7*+&e ot*ers s(eak >er" &+tt&e or
not a&&.
. 5ot*er tongue use
In c&asses 7*ere a&&? or num%er o!? t*e &earners s*are t*e same mot*er tongue? t*e" ma"
ten to use t*e mot*er tongue %ecause +t +s eas+er? %ecause +t !ee&s unnatura& to s(eak to
one anot*er +n a !ore+gn &anguage? an %ecause t*e" !e&& &ess Le<(oseA +! t*e" are
s(eak+ng t*e+r mot*er tongue.

2!4 M4)* M"114)% T-#3)48(-
A m+n ma( +s a gra(*+ca& 7a" to re(resent +eas an conce(ts. It +s a >+sua& t*+nk+ng
too& t*at *e&(s structur+ng +n!ormat+on? *e&(+ng "ou to %etter ana&"Ge? com(re*en?
s"nt*es+Ge? reca&& an generate ne7 +eas. Iust as +n e>er" great +ea? +ts (o7er &+es +n +ts
s+m(&+c+t".
15
In a m+n ma(? as o((ose to tra+t+ona& note tak+ng or a &+near te<t? +n!ormat+on +s
structure +n a 7a" t*at resem%&es muc* more c&ose&" *o7 "our %ra+n actua&&" 7orks. S+nce +t
+s an act+>+t" t*at +s %ot* ana&"t+ca& an art+st+c? +t engages "our %ra+n +n a muc*? muc* r+c*er
7a"? *e&(+ng +n a&& +ts cogn+t+>e !unct+ons. An? %est o! a&&? 4, 42 +().
5+n ma((+ng +s one o! t*e more common t"(es o! +n!ormat+on (rocess+ng. It s*ou&
%e use 7*en a 7r+ter encounters 7r+tersM %&ock or 7*en t*e 7r+ter +s *a>+ng trou%&e
organ+G+ng t*oug*ts or +eas. Pro%&em so&>ers can use m+n ma(s to aress creat+>e
c*a&&enges 7+t*out (re=ugment an to a&&ocate resources e!!ect+>e&".
5+n ma((+ng >+sua&+Gat+on s(a7ns +eas t*at are connecte to a centra& to(+c? %ut t*e
tec*n+6ue can a&so %e use to N!&es* outN +eas t*at *a>e a&rea" %een targete as (otent+a&
so&ut+ons. 5+n ma((+ng +s o!ten use %" 7r+ters to gat*er t*e+r t*oug*ts an +eas %e!ore
t*e" &a" (en to (a(er. A m+n ma( s*ou& %e a 7e%;&+ke structure o! 7ors an +eas t*at are
&oose&" t+e to one anot*er. Here are some gu+e&+nes !or cra!t+ng a use!u& m+n ma(.
T*+s +s a m+n ma( a%out J con>en+ent&" enoug* J .4)* ."114)% 4,! It (resents? +n a
>+sua& 7a"? t*e core e&ements an tec*n+6ues on *o7 to ra7 m+n ma(s. :es? I kno7 t*+s
ma" &ook a &+tt&e too mess" +n+t+a&&"? %ut %ear 7+t* me: once "ou %reak t*e +ngra+ne *a%+t o!
&+near note tak+ng? "ou 7onAt &ook %ack.
16
2!4!1 T3- S,&",-%4-2 '+ U24)% M4)* M"114)%
5+n ma((+ng +s a (ass+on !or me? an +t +s one o! t*e strongest r+>ers %e*+n t*+s
%&og. I (&an to I t*+nk I a&rea" ga>e a7a" t*e %ene!+ts o! m+n ma((+ng an 7*" m+n ma(s
7ork. Bas+ca&&"? m+n ma((+ng a>o+s u&&? &+near t*+nk+ng? =ogg+ng "our creat+>+t" an
mak+ng note tak+ng !un aga+n.
T*e 7a" to use m+n ma((+ng:
Note tak+ng
Bra+nstorm+ng B+n+>+ua&&" or +n grou(sC
Pro%&em so&>+ng
Stu"+ng an memor+Gat+on
Researc*+ng an conso&+at+ng +n!ormat+on !rom mu&t+(&e sources
Present+ng +n!ormat+on
2a+n+ng +ns+g*t on com(&e< su%=ects
Iogg+ng "our creat+>+t"
It +s *ar to make =ust+ce to t*e num%er o! uses m+n ma(s can *a>e J t*e trut* +s t*at
t*e" can *e&( c&ar+!" "our t*+nk+ng +n (rett" muc* an"t*+ng? +n man" +!!erent conte<ts:
(ersona&? !am+&"? eucat+ona& or %us+ness. P&ann+ng "ou a" or (&ann+ng "our &+!e?
summar+G+ng a %ook? &aunc*+ng a (ro=ect? (&ann+ng an creat+ng (resentat+ons? 7r+t+ng %&og
(osts ;7e&&? "ou get t*e +ea J an"t*+ng? rea&&".
2!4!2 T3- 9"y ,' D&"9 .4)* ."114)%
Dra7+ng a m+n ma( +s as s+m(&e as 1;$;':
S,"&, +n t*e m+&e o! a %&ank (age? 7r+t+ng or ra7+ng t*e +ea "ou +nten to
e>e&o(. I 7ou& suggest t*at "ou use t*e (age +n &ansca(e or+entat+on.
D-:-0'1 t*e re&ate su%to(+cs aroun t*+s centra& to(+c? connect+ng eac* o! t*em to
t*e center 7+t* a &+ne.
17
R-1-", t*e same (rocess !or t*e su%to(+cs? generat+ng &o7er;&e>e& su%to(+cs as "ou
see !+t? connect+ng eac* o! t*ose to t*e corres(on+ng su%to(+c.
Some more recommenat+ons:
U2- #'0'&2; *&"94)%2 ")* 2y./'02 #'14'(20y! Be as >+sua& as "ou can? an "our
%ra+n 7+&& t*ank "ou. IA>e met man" (eo(&e 7*o onAt e>en tr"? 7+t* t*e e<cuse
t*e"Are Nnot art+stsN. DonAt &et t*at kee( "ou !rom tr"+ng +t outO.
K--1 ,3- ,'14#2 0"/-02 "2 23'&, "2 1'224/0-? kee(+ng t*em to a s+ng&e 7or J or?
%etter "et? to on&" a (+cture. Es(ec+a&&" +n "our !+rst m+n ma(s? t*e tem(tat+on to
7r+te a com(&ete (*rase +s enormous? %ut a&7a"s &ook !or o((ortun+t+es to s*orten +t to
a s+ng&e 7or or !+gure J "our m+n ma( 7+&& %e muc* more e!!ect+>e t*at 7a".
V"&y ,-<, 24=-; #'0'& ")* "04%).-),. 0ar" t*e t*+ckness an &engt* o! t*e &+nes.
Pro>+e as man" >+sua& cues as "ou can to em(*as+Ge +m(ortant (o+nts. E>er" &+tt&e %+t
*e&(s engag+ng "our %ra+n.
2!4!3 F4)"0 ,3'(%3,
5+n ma((+ng +s an a%so&ute&" !asc+nat+ng an r+c* to(+c J t*+s (ost on&" scratc*es t*e
sur!ace. I! "ou 7ant more re!erence mater+a& no7? 1+k+(e+a +s a&7a"s a goo start+ng (o+nt.
E<(&ore +t +n muc* more e(t* J (u%&+s*+ng m+n ma(s? (ro>++ng t+(s? ta&k+ng a%out
com(uter m+n ma((+ng? an muc* more. Iust make sure to kee( >+s+t+ng Bor %etter "et?
su%scr+%eC.
In t*e meant+me? (&ease g+>e m+n ma((+ng a c*ance J tr" +t out. 8o&&o7 t*ese *an" t+(s an
see t*e resu&ts !or "ourse&!. DonAt 7orr" too muc* a%out o+ng +t t*e Nr+g*tN 7a" J =ust make
+t !un.
To +ns(+re "ou? one more great m+n ma( !rom Creat+>e Inte&&+gence.
2!5 I)2,&(#,4')"0 M-*4"
18
T*e teac*+ng an &earn+ng (rocess sa+ to %e &+>e +! t*e stuents are act+>e&" +n>o&>e
+n *er mot+>ate to take (art +n t*e act+>+t+es. To make t*e teac*+ng &earn+ng (rocess more
&+>e? teac*ers nee to use me+a. 5e+a can %e +nstruct+ona& +! t*e" carr" message 7+t* an
+nstruct+ona& or teac*+ng o%=ect+>e +n ot*er 7ors? t*e use +nstruct+ona& me+a +s >er"
+m(ortant +n t*e &earn+ng an teac*+ng (rocess s+nce +t *e&(s teac*ers to make t*e stuents
eas+&" unerstan t*e &esson.
2!5!1 K4)*2 '+ 4)2,&(.-),"0 .-*4"
Accor+ng to He+n+c* B13/$C +n 8+tr+ana B$44,C? t*ere are t*ree k+ns o! me+a. T*e" are
0+sua& me+a
0+sua& .+terac" +s t*e &earne a%+&+t" to +nter(ret >+sua& message accurate&" an to
create suc* message. E<am(&e: I&&ustrat+on +n a %ook? ne7s(a(er? %+&&%oar an
(oster? u(&+cate? *anouts? (+ctures.
Au+o >+sua&
Au+o me+a +s a means or >ar+ous means o! recor+ng an transm+tt+ng t*e *uman
>o+ce an ot*er souns !or +nstruct+ona& (ur(oses.
E<am(&e : P*onogra(* or recor (&a"er? .CD mon+tor? .a(to(? Cassette ta(e ?
recorer? au+o car reaer.
Au+o;>+sua& me+a
It +s t*e com%+nat+on o! %ot* me+a
E<am(&e : Ra+o? te&e>+s+on? >+eo? soun s&+e com%+nat+on? mu&t+;+mage
s"stem? >ar+a%&e mot+on (rogramm+ng? +nteract+>e >+eo? mu&t+me+a k+t an &earner
center.
In 9em( an Da"ton B13/5:',C B+n 8+tr+ana? $44,C? t*e k+ns o! me+a are (r+nte
me+a? +s(&a" me+a? o>er*ea trans(arenc+es? au+o ta(e recor+ngs? s&+e ser+es an
!+&mstr+(s? mu&t+;+mage (resentat+ons? >+eo recor+ngs an mot+on;(+cture !+&ms? com(uter;
%ase +nstruct+on? an se&ect+ng me+a !or s(ec+!+c nees. S+nce (resentat+on use mater+a&?
7*+c* +s (re(are s&+e ser+es an mu&t+;+mage (resentat+ons (ur(ose? (resentat+on? +s >+sua&
an (r+nte me+a.
19
2!5!2 T3- R'0-2 '+ I)2,&(#,4')"0 M-*4"
Accor+ng to 9as%o&a* B+n 5auratu?$445C sa+ t*at +nstruct+ona& me+a (&a" +m(ortant ro&es
o! attract+ng stuentAs attent+on an e&+>er+ng +n!ormat+on. Accor+ng to 9em( an
Da"tonB13/5:';)C? some !unct+ons o! me+a to t*e &earn+ng (rocess are as !o&&o7s :
a. T*e +nstruct+on can %e more +nterest+ng
%. T*e &engt* o! t+me re6u+re !or +nstruct+on can %e reuce. 5ost o! (resentat+ons re6u+re
a s*ort t+me to transm+t t*e+r message. Ho7e>er? ur+ng t*+s %r+e! (er+o? &arge amount
o! +n!ormat+on can %e commun+cate to an a%sor%e %" t*e &earners.
c. T*e (os+t+>e att+tue o! stuents to7ar 7*at t*e" are &earn+ng an to t*e &earn+ng
(rocess +tse&! can %e en*ance. Stuents !re6uent&" e<(ress (re!erence !or us+ng me+a
as means o! stu"+ng. 5oreo>er? t*e" !+n &earn+ng 7+t* +nstruct+ona& me+a en=o"a%&e
an sat+s!"+ng.
To conc&ue? +n genera& t*e ro&es o! +nstruct+ona& me+a +s to st+mu&ate stuents to use
t*e &anguage.
2!6 T3- P&'%&-22 '+ S1-"$4)% A/404,y
T*e stu" o! !ore+gn &anguage? &+ke most o! ot*er %as+c +sc+(&+nes? +s %ot* a (rogress+>e
e<(er+ence an ac6u+s+t+on o! sk+&&. At no (o+nt can t*e e<(er+ence %e cons+ere com(&ete
or t*e sk+&& (er!ect. 5an" (u(+&s stu" a !ore+gn &anguage on&" t+me? a &onger t+me +s o!
course neee to a((roac* m"ster". At an"? (o+nt *o7e>er? t*e (rogress mae +n &anguage
an goo concentrat+on to +ncrease t*e+r m+n +n !ocus 7+t* a to(+c.
T*e stu" o! !ore+gn &anguage 7+&& ac*+e>e some (rogress a!ter a (er+o. 8+nnocc*+aro
an Bonomo? B13-':'3C t*es+s U5 5a&ang $445 accor+ng to t*em t*e (rogresses t*at are
ac*+e>e %" stuents are as !o&&o7s:
1. T*e ac6u+s+t+on o! set o! sk+&&s? 7*+c* can +n+cate rea& master" !or un&+m+te use +s
7*en (ract+ce &ong enoug*? Suc* as aC. T*e +ncreas+ng a%+&+t" to unerstan a
!ore+gn &anguage 7*en s(oken? %C. T*e +ncreas+ng a%+&+t" to rea t*e !ore+gn
&anguage (rogress+>e&" 7+t* greeter ease an en=o"ment.
20
$. A ne7 unerstan+ng o! &anguage an g+>+ng *+m? a ne7 (ers(ect+>e on *+s nat+>e
&anguage +s as 7e&& as +ncrease >oca%u&ar" an greeter e!!ect+>eness +n se&! J
e<(ress+on.
'. A graua&&" e<(an+ng an ee(en+ng kno7&ege o! !ore+gn o! 7*+c* are
geogra(*"? *+stor"? soc+a& organ+Gat+on? &+terature an cu&ture.T*e" a&so state t*at
(rogress +n an" o! t*ese e<(er+ences +s re&at+>e to em(*as+s g+>en +n t*e struct+ona&
(rogram an +nterest an att+tue o! t*e &earner. .anguage sk+&&s? &+ke a&& (ract+ca&
sk+&&s. 5a" ne>er %e (er!ecte an ma" &ater %e !orgotten? "et t*e en&arg+ng an
enr+c*+ng resu&t o! t*e cu&tura& e<(er+ence t*roug*out &+!e.
2!7 S#'&- I)*4#",4)% P&'%&-22
1e o!ten 7ant to access *o7 muc* a stuent *as &earne rat*er t*an *o7 muc* *e
ma" kno7 +n (art+cu&ar moment an *o7 !ar *e can !ocus *+s m+n to so&>e t*e case 7*en
*e s(eaks Eng&+s*. T*+s 6uest+on regar+ng (rogress +s (art+cu&ar&" re&e>ant +n g+>+ng +ea
7*en *e gets ut" to g+>e comment 7+t* a to(+c o! s(eak+ng.
Score (rogress +s t*e measure to kno7 t*e 6ua&+t" stuents +s t*e resu&t o! stuentAs
s(eak+ng (rogress or not a!ter us+ng Em+n ma((+ng tec*n+6ueH
2!7!1 T3- 4)*4#",'& '+ 1&'%&-22
To get t*e (rogress o! s(eak+ng? t*e Eng&+s* teac*er s*ou& g+>e t*e stuents mot+>at+on to
(ract+ce Eng&+s*. Accor+ng to Penn" Ur B13/- :1$4C B+n Renato $44-C
T*ere are some +n+cator o! s(eak+ng (rogress? t*ere are:
a. .earners ta&k a &ot
As muc* (oss+%&e? t*e stuents (ract+ce s(eak+ng. It +s *o(e to make t*e stuents
*a%+tua& +n s(eak+ng Eng&+s*.
%. .earners (art+c+(at+on
C&assroom +scuss+on +s not om+nate %" a om+nate a mon+tor" o! ta&k act+>e
(art+c+(ate. A&& get c*ance to s(eak an contr+%ut+ons are !a+r&" e>en&" +str+%ute.
c. 5ot+>at+on +s *+g*
21
.earner +s eager to s(eak %ecause t*e" are +ntereste +n t*e to(+c an *a>e somet*+ng
ne7 to sa" a%out +t? %ecause t*e" 7ant to contr+%ute to ac*+e>+ng task o%=ect+>e
. .earners are an acce(ta%&e &e>e&
E>er" &anguage &earners are acce(ta%&e +n e>er" &e>e&? e>en t*oug* t*e" *a>e &+m+te
&anguage source. 8rom t*e (rogress stuentAs a%+&+t" +s not re&ease !rom teac*er ro&e
+n teac*+ng s(eak+ng? not on&" on *+s mot+>at+on %ut a&so on *+s a((ro(r+ate
tec*n+6ue 7*+c* *e use.
2!> P&-:4'(2 R-2-"&#3
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METODOLOGY
22
T*+s c*a(ter? t*e researc*er 7+&& +scuss t*e ste(? 7*+c* +s use +n conc&u+ng t*e
researc*. T*e +scuss+on +s as !o&&o7s: researc* es+gn? (o(u&at+on an su%=ect? +nstruments?
(roceure o! e<(er+ment? an ata ana&"s+s.
3!1 R-2-"&#3 D-24%)
Some met*o o! conc&u+ng t*e researc* +s to gu+e an *e&( t*e researc*er to co&&ect
ana&"s+s t*e ata. Researc* can %e e!+ne as t*e a((&+cat+on o! t*e sc+ent+!+c a((roac* to t*e
stu" o! t*e (ro%&em. It +s (ur(ose to !+n out t*e ans7ers to mean+ng!u& 6uest+on %" us+ng
sc+ent+!+c (roceure.
8rom t*+s? t*e researc*er 7ants to !+n out t*e e!!ect+>eness o! teac*+ng s(eak+ng
us+ng m+n ma((+ng tec*n+6ue +n a!!o+& Course Pare? so t*e researc* es+gn use +n t*e
researc* uses one grou( B(re;test an (ost; testC es+gn +n 7*+c* t*e es+gn +s +&&ustrate as
t*e !o&&o7+ng
Pre;test Treatment Post;test
T
4 P t1
Be!ore treatment +s one? t*e researc*er g+>es t*e (re;test BtoC ear&". It +s one to get
ata o! a%+&+t" o! t*e stuents %e!ore o+ng t*e treatment. A!ter t*e ata co&&ecte an recor.
T*e ne<t ste( +s g+>+ng treatment Ba((&"+ng E(resentat+on tec*n+6ueC. In treatment? t*e
researc*er +>+es stuents %ecome some grou(s +n 7*+c* eac* grou( *as t7o (eo(&e. T*en
t*e to(+c +>+es stuents %ecome some grou(s +n 7*+c* eac* grou( eac* grou( *as t7o
(eo(&e. T*en t*e to(+c +scusse BTaken &otter"C !ee&+ng e<(ress+on an agreement or
+sagreementC gotten must %e es+gne +n s&+es t*e (resente to ot*er stuents +n !ronts o!
c&ass %" us+ng Eng&+s* &anguage use. Here e>er" grou( 7+&& *a>e t+me !or a%out )5 m+nutes
7*en t*e" e<(&a+ne t*e s&+es %" turn. T*e c&ass+!+cat+on o! s&+es +s t*e e<(&anat+on o! t*e
ma+n to(+c +scusse? c&ass +nteract+>e B6u+GC attract+>e game? an +ntermeGGo.
T*en t*e &ast? a!ter researc*er !e&&s sure t*at t*e stuents *a>e a((&+e t*e Em+n
ma((+ng tec*n+6ueH? t*e researc*er oes (ost;test as measure o! treatment 7*+c* *as %een
a((&+e 7*et*er t*e treatment e!!ect+>e +n +m(ro>+ng stuentAs s(eak+ng a%+&+t" +n (ost;test +s
*o(e %etter t*an (re;test? %ecause a!ter g+>en (re;test? t*e stuents are g+>en treatment o!
teac*+ng s(eak+ng us+ng E(resentat+on tec*n+6ueH.
23
3!2 P'1(0",4') ")* 2".10-
Po(u&at+on o! t*+s researc* +s t*e secon grae o! Da!!o+& Course? +n 7*+c* t*e tota& num%er
o! stuents at t*e secon ste( o! Da!!o+& Course are $44 stuents 7+t* !our Ste(? ste((+ng
stone? ste( one? ste( t*ree an (u%&+c s(eak+ng. T*e !o&&o7+ng +s t*e +str+%ut+on o! t*e secon
grae o!
Da!!o+& Course
C0"22 T3- )(./-& '+ 2,(*-),2
Ste((+ng Stone
Ste( One
Ste( T7o
Ste( T*ree
Pu%&+c S(eak+ng
)4
)4
)4
)4
)4
5 C&asses $44
In t*e grou( o! (o(u&at+on a%o>e? +t 7+&& %e (oss+%&e to %e c*osen as t*e sam(&e o!
researc* an +t means t*at a&& (o(u&at+on *as t*e same c*ance !or %e+ng sam(&e. So %ase on
(o(u&at+on a%o>e? t*e researc*er ec+es to take one c&ass %" us+ng ranom sam(&+ng. T*en
t*e researc*er uses some (+eces (a(er 7*+c* +s 7r+tten t*e name o! c&ass t*en (ut +nto t*e
%ott&e Bo &otter" s"stemC? an a!ter *a>+ng t*e resu&t o! &otter"? t*e (a(er s*o7s T*e Secon
ste( 7+t* t*e num%er o! stuents are )4 as sam(&e o! t*e researc*.
3!3 I)2,&(.-),2 '+ T-2,
In t*+s researc* uses t7o +nstruments to measure *o7 !ar t*e stuentAs a%+&+t" %e!ore
an a!ter %e+ng g+>en t*e treatment. T*e" are (re;test an (ost;test. T*e e!+n+t+ons o! t*em
are as t*e !o&&o7+ng:
3!3!1 P&-?T-2,
Pre;test +n t*+s researc* +s use to get t*e ata a%out *o7 !ar t*e stuentsA s(eak+ng
a%+&+t" %e!ore a((&"+ng t*e E5+n 5a((+ng Tec*n+6ueH. T*e com(onent scor+ng use *ere
24
are !&uenc"? (ronunc+at+on? grammat+ca& Eng&+s*? >oca%u&ar" an accurac" +n (resent+ng a
to(+c g+>en.
T*e s"stems o! scor+ng are:
1. 8&uenc" : Ho7 t*e stuents (resent t*e to(+c g+>en us+ng Eng&+s* +n s(ee o! t*e
!&o7 o! s(eec*.
$. Pronunc+at+on : Ho7 t*e stuents s(eak 7e&& 7+t* un!am+&+ar souns or t*e +!!erence
%et7een some souns o! Eng&+s* an *o7 to (ronounce a 7or 7e&&.
'. 2rammat+ca& : Ho7 t*e stuents a((&" t*e correct !orms o! &anguage structure +n t*e+r
s(eak+ng.
). 0oca%u&ar" : Ho7 t*e stuents master >oca%u&ar" as man" as (oss+%&e to an a%&e to
use +n s(eak+ng.
5. Accurac" : Ho7 t*e stuents (resent t*e to(+c g+>en accurate&" +n Eng&+s*.
T*e m+n+mum score use@ 4 an ma<+mum@ 144? a!ter t*e resu&t o! (re;test gotten?
t*en t*e ata +s counte us+ng mean score to kno7 t*e ear&" o! stuentsA s(eak+ng a%+&+t"
%e!ore a((&"+ng t*e treatment. It +s !ormu&ate as t*e !o&&o7+ng:
5ean EtoH BPre;TestC Q
N
to

to
Q tota& score o! (re;test.
N Q t*e num%er o! stuents.
BThe criteria of scoring see in appendix: 2C
3!3!2 P'2,?T-2,
Post;test 7+&& %e g+>en a!ter t*e" get t*e teac*+ng o! s(eak+ng us+ng E5+n 5a((+ng
tec*n+6ueH@ (ost;test +s use to get t*e ata o! t*e resu&ts o! treatment one %" t*e researc*er.
T*e com(onent o! (ost;test same &+kes (re;test an t*e resu&t o! (ost;test can %e !ormu&ate
!o&&o7s:
5ean Et
1
H B(ost;testC Q
N
t
1
1
t
Q tota& score o! (ost;test.
N Q t*e num%er o! stuents.
25
Bot* o! tests? (re;test an (ost;test are conucte %ase on t*e +n+cator o! t*+s
stu". T*e ste( o! gett+ng t*e >a&ue +s a&& com(onent o! s(eak+ng a%+&+t" ae an +>+e
!+>e. 5us&+c* B9TSP? $44-: 1'3C +n Renato ET*e e!!ect+>eness o! teac*+ng s(eak+ng us+ng
.+!e s7a( game? $44-H.
5
Accurac" 0oca%u&ar" & 2rammat+ca +on Pronunc+at 8&uenc" : Score + + + +
T*e e<am(&e o! scor+ng as !o&&o7s:
N' N".-
S#'&-2 T',"0 S#'&-
5
F P G V A
1 5r. P ,5 -5 -' -/ -$ -$.,
$ 5r. : 55 -' ,- 55 -$ ,).)
' 5r. R -5 -3 -- -, -$ -5./
Note: I! 5r. P +n t*e test gets score ,5 +n !&uenc"? -5 +n (ronunc+at+on? -' +n grammat+ca&? -/
+n >oca%u&ar" an -$ +n accurac" t*en t*e sum o! tota& score !rom eac* +tem +>+e 5 +s -$.,.
8urt*ermore? +t can %e counte 7+t* t*e !ormu&a:
Tota& Score Q
8 S P S 2 S 0 S A
Q
,5 S -5 S -' S -/ S -$
Q -$.,
5 5
T*e cr+ter+a o! test resu&t@ (re;test an (ost;test:
S#'&- C",-%'&y
/4 J 144 0er" 2oo
,5 J -3 2oo
55 J ,) Enoug*
26
)5 J 5) Poor
4 J )) 0er" Poor
3!4 P&'#-*(&- '+ E<1-&4.-),
T*ere are some (roceures !or t*e researc*er to o t*e e<(er+ment? t*ose are@ B1C
c*oos+ng t*e c&ass as su%=ect o! researc* B%" &otter"C? B$C g+>+ng (re;test to t*e c&ass c*osen?
B'C g+>+ng treatment? B)C g+>+ng (ost;test to kno7 t*e stuentAs (rogress+ng resu&t o! stuentsA
s(eak+ng a%+&+t".
T*e ste(s o! (roceures o! e<(er+ment are:
3!4!1 C3''24)% ,3- #0"22 "2 2(/@-#,
T*e researc*er ec+es to take one c&ass !rom t*e num%er o! !+>e s(eak+ng c&ass at
Da!!o+& Course %" us+ng ranom sam(&+ng. Here t*e researc*er uses some (+eces (a(er
7*+c* 7r+tten t*e name o! c&ass t*en (ut +nto t*e %ott&e Bo &otter" s"stemC? an a!ter *a>+ng
t*e resu&t o! &otter"? t*e (a(er s*o7s Secon ste( 7+t* t*e num%er o! stuents are )4 as
su%=ect o! t*e researc*.
3!4!2 G4:4)% P&-?,-2,
Pre;test +n t*+s stu" 7+&& %e g+>en to c&ass c*osen at t*e !+rst meet+ng. It +s use to
kno7 t*e+r ear&" s(eak+ng a%+&+t" %e!ore %e+ng g+>en t*e treatment. In t*+s test? t*e researc*er
7+&& +>+e stuents %ecome some grou(s +n 7*+c* e>er" grou( +s cons+st+ng o! t7o stuents.
T*en e>er" grou( must +scuss t*e to(+c +scusse 7*+c* taken %" &otter" ear&" 7+t* t*e+r
cou(&e +n 14 m+nutes t*en t*e" s*ou& con>e" t*e con>ersat+on +n !ront o! c&ass !or a%out 14
m+nutes.
T*e to(+cs use +n t*+s Pre;test are as !o&&o7s:
P&-?T-2,
N' T'14#2 S(/?T'14#
1
$
'
)
5
2+>+ng o(+n+on
8ee&+ng e<(ress+on
Narrat+>e te<t
2+>+ng +rect+on
Agree+ng an +sagree+ng
A%out EB.T +n Inones+aH
E<(ress+ng !ee&+ng o! &o>e
A%out EC+nere&&aH
S*o7 (u%&+c (&ace
1*at o "ou t*+nkD
27
,
-
/
3
14
8ee&+ng e<(ress+on
Hortator" test
Ask+ng +n!ormat+on
S(oo! te<t
Con+t+on sentence
E<(ress+ng saness
A%out remo>+ng &ea to (etro&.
To go *os(+ta&
A%out (r+>ate con>ersat+on
A%out con+t+ona& statement
3!4!3 D'4)% T&-",.-),
T*e treatment 7as one on t*e secon a". In t*+s stu"? teac*+ng s(eak+ng us+ng
E5+n 5a((+ng tec*n+6ueH +s treatment c*osen. T*+s treatment 7+&& o +n !our ste(s? 7*+c*
ste( o! treatment 7+&& %e escr+%e as !o&&o7s:
1. The preparation of Mind mapping technique
T*e !+rst ste( +n a((&"+ng 5+n ma((+ng tec*n+6ue +s (re(arat+on. It +s one %e!ore
a((&"+ng 5+n ma((+ng tec*n+6ue. Bot* o! 7*om Bteac*er an stuentsC gat*er to (re(are t*e
me+a use. T*e ste( eterm+nes t*e success or not t*e (resentat+on a((&"+ng. In t*e
(re(arat+on teac*er an stuents o as !o&&o7s:
T*e teac*er:
1C Pre(are t*e me+a use B.a(to(? .CD an sounC +n teac*+ng an &earn+ng (rocess.
$C 2reete? o(ene an ca&&e t*e stuentAs name.
'C In>+te t*e stuents to s+ng EHere meet+ng *ereH to gat*er.
)C Con>e"e t*e teac*+ng an &earn+ng (&an an stuentsA task.
5C D+>+e stuents %ecome $4 grou(s +n 7*+c* eac* grou( cons+sts o! $ stuents?
%ecause o! t*e tota& num%er o! t*e stuents are e>en.
,C D+>+e t*e to(+c +scusse Bus+ng &otter"C an turn to con>e" Em+n ma((+ng
tec*n+6ueH to t*e stuents.
-C E<(&a+ne ru&es an *o7 to a((&" t*e Em+n ma((+ng tec*n+6ueH 7*+c* starte !rom
o(en+ng? +ntrouc+ng t*e to(+c? e<(&a+n+ng t*e Eng&+s* mater+a& %" (o7er (o+nt me+a?
+nteract+>e act+>+t"? g+>+ng +ntermeGGo? conc&us+on? g&ossar+es? c&os+ng. T*+s act+>+t"
s(ent an a&so scor+ng s"stem.
/C 2a>e stuents e<am(&e t*e Em+n ma((+ng tec*n+6ueH us+ng m+n ma((+ng +n 7*+te
%oar.
3C 2a>e t*em t+me to consu&t a%out t*e (re(arat+on o! m+n ma((+ng tec*n+6ue a((&+e
+n t*e t7+ce meet+ng.
14C 2a>e stuents t+me to +scuss 7+t* t*e+r team.
11C C&ose t*e (rogram.
28
T*e stuents:
1C He&(e to (re(are t*e me+a use.
$C 2a>e res(on to t*e researc*er 7*en *e aske.
'C Sang toget*er 7+t* researc*er.
)C Attene t*e researc*erAs e<(&anat+on.
5C O%ser>e t*e e<am(&e o! m+n ma((+ng me+a 7*+c* (re(are t*e researc*er.
,C 1rote t*e researc*erAs e<(&anat+on a%out (o+nts o! (resentat+on as =ugment +n
mak+ng an con>e"+ng t*e me+a.
-C Sat 7+t* t*e team %ecome.
/C D+scusse t*e to(+c +scusse 7+t* t*e+r team.
5e+a t*e (resentat+on es+gn !+rst +n t*e+r %ook task.
2. Perception (Exploration)
T*e secon ste( +s (erce(t+on Be<(&orat+onC. T*+s ste( +s cont+nu+ng o! (re(arat+on. It
!ocuses on conso&+at+on ste(? *ere teac*er gu+es an *e&(s t*e stuents to get sources an
es+gn (resentat+on (&an? 7*+&e stuents &ook !or some sources neee an ask teac*er +! t*e"
get (ro%&em. T*e (erce(t+on +s !o&&o7s:
T*e teac*er:
1C He&(e stuents to get sources o! to(+c +scusse an +n!ormat+on &earne.
$C He&(e stuents to make c&ear t*e+r conce(t o! t*oug*t an (ur(oses.
'C He&(e stuents to es+gn (resentat+on (&an s(ec+!+ca&&".
)C 5ae t*e =o"!u& &earn+ng s+tuat+on.
5C Con>+nce stuents to %e %ra>e take conc&us+on as t*e+r conce(t o! t*oug* to to(+c
&earne.
,C 2a>e t*e 6uest+on to stuents to e<acer%ate t*e+r com(re*ens+on conce(t
-C In>o&>e stuents to (art+c+(ate act+>e&" +n tak+ng conc&us+on (rocess.
T*e stuents:
1C D+scusse t*e *ea to(+c &earne 7+t* t*e+r team.
$C En&arge t*e source o! (resentat+on.
'C 5ae s&+e me+a B(o7er (o+ntC.
)C S*o7e t*e es+gn resu&t Bt*e conce(t o! to(+c &earne? me+a (o7er (o+nt? an
(resentat+on (&an cont+nua&&".
5C Dee(en t*e+r unerstan+ng %" rea+ng some &+terature an source o! t*e+r to(+c.
29
,C 5ae t*e s+m(&e note %e!ore o+ng (resentat+on.
-C S*o7e t*e &ast resu&t o! (resentat+on es+gn %e!ore o+ng (resentat+on.
3. Exploration (Applying Preentation)
T*e ne<t ste( +s E<(&orat+on BA((&"+ng Presentat+onC. T*+s ste( +s a((&"+ng t*e
es+gn (&anne? *ere teac*er on&" *e&(e to (re(are t*e me+a 7*+&e stuents e&+>er t*e to(+c
&earnt us+ng me+a to ot*er !r+ens +n !ront o! c&ass %" turn. T*+s ste( 7+&& %e a((&+e +n t*e
t*+r meet+ng unt+& t*e tent* meet+ng. Here +t 7+&& ta&k as !o&&o7s:
T*e teac*er:
1C He&(e stuents (re(are me+a to a((&" (resentat+on B.a(to(KCom(uter? .CD?
S(eakerC
$C 2a>e stuents mot+>at+on an st+mu&us.
'C Con>+nce t*e (resenter to %e %ra>e to e<(ress t*e+r +ea an e<(er+ence 7e&&.
)C Presente t*e (resenter Bt7o stuentsC to e<(ress t*e+r +ea an unerstan+ng o! to(+c
&earne 7+t* me+a (re(are.
5C O%ser>e (resenter an au+ences res(onses !or (resentat+on (rocess on.
,C He&(e stuents +! t*e" got (ro%&em !or (resentat+on (rocess on.
Stuents:
1C Pre(are t*e me+a use +n t*e !ourt* meet+ng.
$C Presente t*e to(+c &earne %" t*e me+a (re(are 7*+c* +nc&ue o(en+ng?
+ntrouc+ng t*e to(+c +scusse? e<(&a+n t*e to(+c +scusse %" me+a BPo7er Po+ntC?
+nteract+>e Bg+>e 6uest+on at &east 14 6uest+ons Bes+gne +n game or ora&K 7r+tten
6uest+onsC to au+ences as 7e&& +n+>+ua& or team as e>a&uat+onC.
'C De&+>ere t*e conc&us+on o! to(+c +scusse.
)C 2a>e +ntermeGGo.
5C 2a>e t*e ke" o! >oca%u&ar+es B2&ossar+esC
,C C&ose t*e (resentat+on.
!. Exploration (E"aluation)
T*e !ourt* ste( +n (resentat+on tec*n+6ue +s e>a&uat+on. It +s t*e &ast ste( +n 7*+c*
t*+s ste( teac*er g+>es not on&" e>a&uat+on? comment an suggest+on %ut a&so take score t*en
c&ose t*e (rogram 7*+&e stuents atten to teac*er. In t*e e>a&uat+on teac*er an stuents o
as !o&&o7s:
T*e teac*er:
30
1C O%ser>e t*e (resentat+on (rocess Bo(en+ng to c&os+ngC.
$C E>a&uate stuentsA (resentat+on act+>+t".
'C Rem+ne t*e ne<t (resenter BteamC to (resent %etter an !ocus on to(+c +scusse.
)C 2a>e mot+>at+on or success stor" to st+mu&us t*e+r s(+r+t.
5C C&ose t*e (rogram.
T*e stuents:
1C Attene t*e e>a&uat+on e&+>ere.
$C Rec*eck t*e me+a use.
'C Re>+se t*e 7eakness o! eac* sect+on.
)C Re&earn t*e to(+c +scusse a!ter %e+ng e>a&uate.
5C 1rote t*e conc&us+on o! e<(&anat+on !rom e>a&uat+on e&+>ere.
Note: T*e (rocess o! teac*+ng s(eak+ng us+ng E(resentat+on tec*n+6ueH 7+&& %e g+>en +n ten
meet+ng. It +s a((ro(r+ate 7+t* t*e tota& o! stuents an e>er" team *ere *as )5 m+nutes +n
a((&"+ng t*e+r (resentat+on me+a.
3!4!4 G4:4)% P'2,?T-2,
T*+s c*a(ter 7+&& escr+%e a%out (roceure o! g+>+ng (ost;test to t*e su%=ect stu".
Post;test 7+&& %e g+>en to c&ass secon ste( at Da!!o+& Course a!ter %e+ng g+>en
treatment? to kno7 7*et*er teac*+ng s(eak+ng us+ng E5+n ma((+ng tec*n+6ueH +s e!!ect+>e.
8or t*+s test? t*e stuent are aske to make con>ersat+on %" t*e +!!erent su%;to(+c +scusse
Btaken %" &otter"C 7+t* t*e same (artner B+n (re;testC +n !ront o! t*e c&ass.
An eac* grou( must con>e" t*e+r con>ersat+on +n !ront o! c&ass +n 15 m+nutes. T*e
score o! %ot* test? (re;test an (ost;test %ase on some Eng&+s*;s(eak+ng com(onent? t*ose
are (ronunc+at+on? grammar? >oca%u&ar"? accurac"? an !&uenc".
A!ter a&& stuents got (ost;test teac*er c&ose t*e (rogram an t*anke.
T*e to(+cs use +n t*+s test are as !o&&o7s:
P&-?T-2,
N' T'14#2 S(/?T'14#
1 2+>+ng o(+n+on A%out E2&o%a& 1arm+ngH
31
$
'
)
5
,
-
/
3
14
8ee&+ng e<(ress+on
Narrat+>e te<t
Ask+ng !a>ors to ot*er (eo(&e.
Agree+ng an +sagree+ng
8ee&+ng e<(ress+on
Hortator" test
Ask+ng +n!ormat+on
S(oo! te<t
Con+t+on sentence
E<(ress+ng !ee&+ng o! &o>e
A%out EC+nere&&aH
To take somet*+ng
1*at o "ou t*+nkD
E<(ress+ng saness
A%out remo>+ng &ea to (etro&.
To go t+cket o!!+ce.
A%out (r+>ate con>ersat+on
A%out con+t+ona& statement
3!5 T-#3)48(- '+ *"," ")"0y242
T*e ata +s ana&"Ge %" us+ng t.test 7+t* t*e (roceures are as !o&&o7s@
1. Ca&cu&at+ng t*e a>erage score %ot* (re;test an (ost;test +n teac*+ng s(eak+ng us+ng
(resentat+on 7+t* t*e !ormu&a as !o&&o7s@
5ean EtoH BPre;TestC:
N
to

to
Q tota& score o! (re;test.
1
t
Q tota& score o! (ost;test.
N Q t*e tota& num%er o! t*e stuents +n t*e test
To kno7 t*e a%+&+t" o! stuents uses t*e (ercentage o! stuentsA score.
$. Ca&cu&at+ng t*e +!!erence o! mean score B5C %et7een (ost;test an (re;test +n teac*+ng
s(eak+ng us+ng E(resentat+on tec*n+6ueH. T*e !ormu&a +s as !o&&o7s:
5 Q 5t
1
J 5to
'. Ca&cu&at+ng t.test 7+t* t*e !ormu&a +s as !o&&o7s@
t. BtestC Q
C 1 BN N
P
5
$

Note: 5 Q t*e resu&t o! e>+at+on !rom 5t

1
to 5to
5t
1
Q mean o! (ost;test
5to Q mean o! (re;test
P
$
Q t*e tota& num%er o! P
$
are o%ta+ne !rom resu&t o! ca&cu&at+ng o! EH score
an t*en P +n 7*+c* EH Q t*e resu&t o! e>+at+on !rom Et
1
H B(ost;testC to EtoH B(re;
testC K Bt
1
J toC? an P Q B J 5C
32
(t.test formula is adopted by Arikunto (2002: 299
33
REFERENCES
A%ror? A%urra*man. 133'. !sikologi !endidikan. :og"akarta: PT. T+ara 1acana.
Ar+kunto? Su*ars+m+.$44$. !rosedur !enelitian : "uatu !endekatan !raktek. Iakarta: R+neka
C+(ta.
AGra? AGGumar+. 1331. Pendidikan #slam Tradisi dan $odernitas $enu%u $ilenium
&aru. Iakarta: .ogos 1acana I&mu.
Dec+? E7ar. 1331. $oti'ation and (ducation: The "elf)*etermination !erspecti'e.
Roc*ester: .a7rence Er&%aum Assoc+ates? Inc.
Ec*o&? Io*n 5. an Hassan Sa+&". 133,. An (nglish)#ndonesian *ictionary. Iakarta :
2rame+a.
Horn%"? AS. 133,. +xford *ictionary. O<!or Un+>ers+t" Press.
5un+%? Ac*ma. $443. !engantar #lmu !endidikan. Semarang: Unnes Press
5usta6+m. 1331. !sikologi !endidikan. Iakarta : R+neka C+(ta.
Purwanto, Ngalim. 1985. Pskologi Pendidikan. Bandung : Remada !ar"a.
R+"anto? :at+m. 13/3. $ethodology !enelitian !endidikan. Sura%a"a: SIC.
Stanar Nas+ona& Pen++kan BSNPC an Unang;unang RI. $44'. No. $4 Tentang S+stem
Pen++kan Nas+ona&?
Su+=ono? Anas. $441. !engantar "tatistik !endidikan. Iakarta: Ra=a 2ra!+no Persaa.
Sug+"ono. $41'. $etode !enelitian !endidikan. Banung: A&!a%eta.
Ra*ara? Ir+s. 1335. !endidikan dan ,eluarga. Iakarta: PT. Ra=a 2ra!+no Persaa.
34
35
A11-)*4< 1
A! M':- ,342 14#,(&- 4),' .4)* ."114)%; ")* 1&"#,4#- 4, 4) +&'), '+ y'(& +&4-)*A
1! W",-& F"00 3! C"$-

2! M')-y 4! B''$

36
B! M':- ,342 )-92 /-#'.-2 .4)* ."114)% ")* ,-00 4)+&'), '+ y'(& +&4-)*A
T3- -4%3, 2-#&-,2 '+ " 3"11y &-0",4')2341
LOVE 42 '/:4'(20y " 3', ")* ,&4#$y ,'14#; ")* 9340- 9- #") "00 "%&-- %''* 0':- ,"$-2 ,4.- ")* -++'&,; 4, 2--.2 ,' +"00 "1"&, 8(4#$0y
93-) ,3- /"00 42 *&'11-* ")* 0"=4)-22 #&--12 4)!
Here are e+g*t t*+ngs *a((" cou(&es o to kee( t*at !rom *a((en+ng:
1! T3-y *-"0 94,3 1"2, 1"4)
T*+s one +s a %+gg+e. Once 7e (ass t*e age o! 1,? t*e &+ke&+*oo o! e<(er+enc+ng *urt? +sa((o+ntment? or %etra"e +s 144 (er cent. Ha(("
cou(&es take t*e t+me +n+>+ua&&" to !ee& (ast (a+n? *ea& +t? an &ea>e +t 7*ere +t %e&ongs ... +n t*e (ast. 1e ma" &o>e t*e one 7eAre 7+t*? %ut
7eA&& a&so (ro=ect a&& o>er t*em +! 7e onAt ea& 7+t* our (ast *urts.
1*en 7e *a>e (a+n t*at *asnAt %een (rocesse? 7e carr" +t !or7ar. :ou canAt sk+m o>er or (os+t+>e t*+nk "our 7a" out o! emot+ona& (a+n? an
7*en 7e tr" to stu!! our emot+ons? 7eA&& !+n a 7a" to make our current (artner (a" !or t*e (ast s+ns o! ot*ers %ecause (a+n 7ants to %e
(rocesse. Hea&t*" cou(&es ea& 7+t* t*e+r (ast so t*e+r (resent can %e *a((".
2! T3-y *')B, ':-&?,34)$ -:-&y,34)%
Remem%er t*e (*rase (ara&"s+s %" ana&"s+sD O>er t*+nk+ng an o>er ana&"s+ng someoneAs e>er" 7or? mo>e or +ntent+on k+&&s an" c*ance o!
+nt+mac" or connect+on.
Ha((" cou(&es take one anot*er at !ace >a&ue? >ersus &ook+ng !or a&ternat+>e mean+ngs +n eac* ot*erAs 7ors or act+ons. Emot+ona& (arano+a +s a
s+gn o! emot+ona&&" o(erat+ng !rom t*e (ast +n an e!!ort to sta" sa!e +n t*e (resent. Hea&t*" cou(&es arenAt *"(er >+g+&ant. E>en +! t*e"A>e *urt
one anot*er +n t*e (ast? t*e" onAt e<(ect to %e *urt aga+n.
Remem%er? 7e see 7*at 7e e<(ect to see T *a((" cou(&es sta" +n t*e no7 moment.
37
3! T3-y "&- -.',4')"00y '1-)
9ee(+ng one !oot out emot+ona&&" to (rotect "ourse&! +s &+ke tr"+ng to cons+stent&" r+>e 144kmK* 7*+&e ta((+ng "our %rake e>er" ot*er m+nute.
Hea&t*" cou(&es res(ect t*e+r o7n %ounar+es? %ut are >u&nera%&e an o(en to7ars one anot*er. Too o!ten 7e e<(er+ence *urt an ne>er rea&&"
&et go aga+n. Ha((" cou(&es take t*e+r !eet o!! t*e %rake an trust.
4! T3-y ":'4* ,"$4)% ')- ")',3-& +'& %&"),-*
Ha((" cou(&es onAt take !or grante t*at t*e"A&& %e toget*er !ore>er. T*e" remem%er to turn on t*e c*arm an attent+on t*e" g+>e ot*ers?
to7ars one anot*er. It takes t7o to o t*e *ot (ass+onate ance o! tango T *a((" cou(&es onAt ro( one *an an e<(ect t*e ot*er *a&! to
kee( anc+ng.
5! T3-y $--1 ."$4)% -y- #'),"#,
As 1+&&+am S*akes(eare sa+ so 7e&&: ET*e e"es are t*e 7+no7 to "our sou&.H
.etAs !ace +t? &+!e +s %us"@ o>er t+me +t %ecomes a &+tt&e too eas" to na>+gate gett+ng out o! t*e *ouse +n t*e morn+ng 7+t*out mak+ng e"e contact.
It ma" soun sma&&? %ut e"e contact +s +nt+mate. Ha((" cou(&es remem%er t*at +nt+mac" +n t*e %eroom starts 7+t* +nt+mate contact t*roug*out
t*e a". T*e" &ook at one anot*er.

APPENDIC 2
FRAME WORK
38
T*e t+t&e
T*e E!!ect+>eness O! Us+ng 5+n 5a((+ng Tec*n+6ue To Increase S(eak+ng A%+&+t" In Act+>e S(eak+ng at O<!or $41)
0ar+a%&e
Ine(enent >ar+a%&e : 5+n ma((+ng tec*n+6ue
De(enent >ar+a%&e : S(eak+ng a%+&+t"
Statement O! Pro%&em
1. Ho7 +s t*e stuentsA s(eak+ng sk+&& %e!ore us+ng m+n ma((+ng met*o +n Act+>e S(eak+ng at O<!or CourseD
$. Ho7 t*e stuentAs s(eak+ng sk+&& a!ter us+ng m+n ma((+ng met*o +n Act+>e S(eak+ng at O<!or CourseD
'. Is t*ere an" s+gn+!+cant +!!erence %et7een s(eak+ng sk+&& %e!ore an a!ter us+ng m+n ma((+ng +n Act+>e S(eak+ng at O<!or
CourseD
). Is m+n ma((+ng met*o e!!ect+>e to +m(ro>e t*e+r s(eak+ng +n Act+>e S(eak+ng at O<!or CourseD
H"(ot*es+s
S(eak+ng sk+&& %" us+ng m+n ma((+ng met*o +n Act+>e s(eak+ng at O<!or +s e!!ect+>e.
39
F&".-9'&$
TITLE VARIABLE STANDARD
COMPETENCY
BASIC
COMPETENCY
INDICATOR METODE
PENGUMPU
LAN DATA
INSTRUMENT NO
TEST
THE
EFFECTIVENESS
OF USING MIND
MAPPING
TECHNIQUE TO
INCREASE
SPEAKING
ABILITY IN STEP
TWO OF
DAFFODILE
COURSE
2014
SPEA9IN2
ABI.IT:
5IND
3! SPEAKING
Unerstan
t*e mean+ng o!
transact+ona&
an
+nter(ersona&
con>ersat+on
+n !orma& an
susta+ne +n
conte<t o!
a+&" &+!e.
'.1U.'.$
res(onse t*e
mean+ng o!
transact+ona&
an
+nter(ersona&
Bto get t*+ngs
oneC an
+nter(ersona&
Bsoc+a&+Gat+onC
!orma& an
susta+ne.
Con>e"
accurate&"?
!&uent&" an
a((ro<+mate&"
7*+c* use
; 9no7+ng
t*e 7a" to
make m+n
ma((+ng
; C*ange t*e
(+cture to
m+n
ma((+ng
an
(ract+ce +n
s(eak+ng
; C*ange t*e
stor" to
m+n
ma((+ng
an
TEST PRE;TEST
POST;TEST
;
1?$?'?)
40
5APPIN2
TECHNIVU
E
ora& &anguage
>ar+ous o!
s(eec*
att+tue
:e<(ress+on
*a((+ness
(ract+ce +n
s(eak+ng
41
42
43