Professional Documents
Culture Documents
review of literature
Dr. Venkatesh G Naikmasur M.D.S.
Email : vnmasur@gmail.com
Email : arpitadoc@gmail.com
Email : manju4744@yahoo.co.in
possibly related genetic disorders that result in malformations of the mouth, teeth, jaw,
facial bones, hands and feet and are therefore categorized under oro-acral disorders. 9
different subtypes of OFD syndromes have been identified. OFD Type V is known as
Thurston syndrome of which only 11 cases have been reported so far. We report a case of
19 year old male with this syndrome. A brief review of previously reported cases and
KEYWORDS
under Oro-acral disorders1. 9 different subtypes of OFD syndromes have been identified2.
Common to all are minor facial anomalies, oral findings and digital anomalies. OFD Type V is
known as Thurston syndrome. Thurston in 1909 was the first to report the presence of postaxial
polydactyly with median cleft of upper lip, in a Hindu family3. Oral manifestations of Thurston
syndrome include enamel hypoplasia, hypodontia, hyperplastic frenula, supernumerary teeth and
highly arched palate4. The relative rarity of this syndrome can be assesed from the fact that only
11 cases of this syndrome have been published so far in world literature. One interesting finding
about the syndrome is that with the exception of 2 cases, all subjects were of Indian descent4. We
report a case of Thurston syndrome in a 19-year-old Indian male who presented with oral
features, median cleft of upper lip and polydactyly of both hands and feet.
CASE REPORT
A 19 year old Indian male, reported to the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology,
for thermal sensitivity of teeth since one month. Patient was one of the three siblings of non
moderately built, well nourished and appeared to have normal intelligence. Routine general
physical examination revealed an extra finger in both hands in the postaxial position (Figure 1).
While the extra digit in left hand was a well formed articulated digit (presenting as Type A of
Temtamy and McKusick classification5), the one in the right hand appeared rudimentary (Type
B5). Postaxial polydactyly was observed in both feet (Figure 1) presenting as sixth ray
duplication (Watanabe et al6). No functional deficit in relation to hands or feet was noticed. On
extra oral examination, midline cleft of the upper lip (Figure 2) was seen which extended till the
vermilion border. Intra – orally multiple missing permanent teeth (41,32,33,34) and a number of
retained deciduous teeth (53,72,73,74,81) were noted. 16,26,37,47 were decayed and 73, 74, 75
had cervical abrasion, which could be attributed to patient’s chief complaint. 31 was rotated
distolingually. All dental findings were confirmed by orthopantomogram (Figure 3). Presence of
double freni in lower labial vestibule was noted (figure 2). No associated tongue or palate
Hand and wrist radiograph showed Type II postaxial polydactyly of right hand (presence of
extra phalanges) and Type IV17(complete metacarpal duplication without carpal duplication) of
left hand (Figure 4). Radiograph of feet (Figure 4) revealed presence of a Y- shaped metatarsal
The diagnosis of OFD V was arrived based on presence of median cleft of upper lip, double
freni, and bilateral post axial polydactyly of both hands and feet. Orthodontic consultation and
opinion regarding surgical correction of upper lip was sought. Patient is currently undergoing
DISCUSSION
congenital condition, clinically presenting as post axial polydactyly, median cleft of upper lip,
duplicated frenulum and other oral manifestations. Since the first case of OFD V was reported by
Thurston in 19093, only a few sporadic cases on this syndrome have been reported. Confusion
exists over the incidence of this syndrome. A thorough survey of the English language literature
encompassing PubMEd and Google Scholar search revealed 10 cases similar to that described by
Thurston (Table1)
Polydactyly is generally classified into three major groups: medial ray (preaxial), central
ray and lateral ray (postaxial). Of the three types, postaxial polydactyly is encountered most
frequently. Several classifications have been proposed in the literature to systematize this
type of ray involvement and level of duplication. Lateral-ray polydactyly was divided into fifth-
ray duplication (medial supernumerary toe) and sixth-ray duplication (lateral supernumerary
toe). In Venn-Watson8 classification of postaxial four metatarsal patterns were noted: soft-tissue
duplication, wide metatarsal head, Y-shaped metatarsal and complete duplication. In the present
case, sixth – ray duplication was evident in both feet, on clinical examination with Y- shaped
Reports of polydactyly of the hand are numerous. According to Temtamy and McKusick 5
postaxial polydactyly is divided into types A and B. In type A the extra digit is well formed,
articulates with the fifth or extra metacarpal and is inherited as a dominant trait with reduced
penetrance. Type B is represented by a poorly differentiated extra digit, usually just a skin tag
attached to the fifth finger. The inheritance of type B is unclear. The classification system
followed by American society for surgery of hand7 is given in Table 2. Our case presented with
type A polydactyly of left hand and type B polydactyly of right hand clinically which was later
confirmed as type IV 1 of left hand & type II of right hand respectively by hand and wrist
radiographs.
One other interesting finding of OFD V is frenulum duplication. Abnormal frena have
been found associated with several genetic and chromosomal conditions, other than OFD
(IHPS), Ellisevan Creveld syndrome (EVCS) and holoprosencephaly18. Munke et al. noted oral
Median cleft of upper lip is the other diagnostic feature of Thurston syndrome. Its
incidence is about 1: 10,00,000 births and may occur as a sporadic event or as a part of an
inherited sequence of anomalies such as DeMyer sequence or median cleft face syndrome.20
Close differential diagnosis for Thurston syndrome is OFD type VI which mimics this
condition except for cerebellar anomalies and absence of oral frenula.21 Other OFD syndromes to
be excluded in the differential diagnosis are OFD IV (Baraitser- Burn syndrome), OFD III
syndrome).22
The diagnosis of Thurston syndrome can be easily made based on clinical and
radiological findings. A brief knowledge of various limb anomalies is essential to diagnose this
treatment methods like orthodontic correction for alignment of teeth supplemented by extraction
of over retained teeth. Surgical intervention for esthetic correction of median cleft of lip should
be sought.
FIGURE 1
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 4
LEGENDS FOR FIGURES
5. FIGURE 5a – Hand and wrist radiograph showing Type II postaxial polydactyly of right
both feet.
TABLE 1- SUMMARY OF DATA OF REPORTED CASES OF THURSTON SYNDROME
Postaxial Polydactyly7
I Soft tissue
II Extra phalanges
III Two fingers on single metacarpal head
IV Y shaped metacarpal
IV1 Without carpal duplication
IV Complete metacarpal duplication
IV2 With associated carpal duplication
REFERENCES
1. Brachial arch and Oral- Acral Disorders. In: Gorlin RG, Cohen MM, Hennekan RCM
(eds). Syndromes of the head and neck, ed 4.New York:Oxford University Press,
2001:790 -849.
3. Thurston EO. A case of median harelip associated with other malformations. Lancet II
1909;2 :996-7.
Kapaettu Satyamoorthy. Thurston syndrome: Report of a new case. Oral Surg Oral Med
6. Watanabe H., Fujita S., Oka I. Polydactyly of the foot: An analysis of 265 cases and a
909-927.
9. Rischbieth H. Harelip and cleft palate. In: Pearson K, editor. Treasury of human
inheritance part IV. London: Cambridge University Press; 1910: 79-123. [cited in:
reference 4].
10. Burian F. 1962 personal communication. In: Orodigito facial syndrome. Gorlin RJ,
Pindborg JJ (eds). Syndromes of the Head and Neck, ed 2. New York: McGraw-Hill;
11. Chaurasia BD, Goswami HK. A contribution to the genetics of oral – facial – digital
12. Chowdhary J. A study of five siblings with median cleft lips and polydactyly. Trans 6th
Int Cong Plast Reconstr Surg (Paris) 1975: 208 – 211. [cited in reference 1]
13. Khoo CTK and Saad MN. Median cleft of the upper lip in association with bilateral
hexadactyly and accessory toes. British Journal of Plastic Surgery 1980;33 (4): 407 –
409.
14. Sidhu SS, Grewal MS. Cleft lip, notched alveolus, postaxial polydactyly. Case 64.
15. Gopalakrishna A, Thatte RL. Median cleft lip associated with bimanual hexadactyly and
bilateral accessory toes: Another case. Brit J Plast Surg 1982; 35: 354-5.
16. Christophorou MN, Nicolaidou P. Median cleft lip, polydactyly, syndactyly and toe
17. Pramod Kumar, Sudhir Kumar Bhatnagar, Guru Dayal Singh Kalra, Arun Kumar Singh.
Median Cleft Lip with Bimanual Hexadactyly and Bilateral Accessory Toes. J. Cranio –
18. Sheldon MM, Michael AS, Paul JS. An overview of oral frena and their association with
multiple syndromic and nonsyndromic conditions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral
20. Sanjay Saraf. Median cleft of the Lip: A rare facial anomaly. The Internet Journal Of
21. Chung WY, Chung LP. A case of oral-facial-digital syndrome with overlapping
manifestations of type V and type VI: A possible new OFD syndrome. Pediatr Radiol