Moment distribution method

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The moment distribution method (not to be confused with moment redistribution) is a structural analysis method for statically indeterminate beams and frames developed by Hardy
Cross. It was published in 1930 in an ASCE journal.
[1]
The method only accounts for flexural effects and ignores axial and shear effects. From the 1930s until computers began to be
widely used in the design and analysis of structures, the moment distribution method was the most widely practiced method.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Implementation
2.1 Fixed end moments
2.2 Flexural stiffness
2.3 Distribution factors
2.4 Carryover factors
2.4.1 Determination of carryover factors
2.5 Sign convention
2.6 Framed structures
3 Example
3.1 Fixed end moments
3.2 Flexural stiffness and distribution factors
3.3 Carryover factors
3.4 Moment distribution
3.5 Result
3.6 Result via displacements method
4 Notes
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Introduction
In the moment distribution method, every joint of the structure to be analysed is fixed so as to develop the fixed-end moments. Then each fixed joint is sequentially released and the
fixed-end moments (which by the time of release are not in equilibrium) are distributed to adjacent members until equilibrium is achieved. The moment distribution method in
mathematical terms can be demonstrated as the process of solving a set of simultaneous equations by means of iteration.
The moment distribution method falls into the category of displacement method of structural analysis.
Implementation
In order to apply the moment distribution method to analyse a structure, the following things must be considered.
Fixed end moments
Fixed end moments are the moments produced at member ends by external loads when the joints are fixed.
Flexural stiffness
The flexural stiffness (EI/L) of a member is represented as the product of the modulus of elasticity (E) and the second moment of area (I) divided by the length (L) of the member.
What is needed in the moment distribution method is not the exact value but the ratio of flexural stiffness of all members.
Distribution factors
When a joint is released and begins to rotate under the unbalanced moment, resisting forces develop at each member framed together at the joint. Although the total resist ance is equal
to the unbalanced moment, the magnitudes of resisting forces developed at each member differ by the membersflexural stiffness. Distribution factors can be defined as the
proportions of the unbalanced moments carried by each of the members. In mathematical terms, distribution factor of member framed at joint is given as:
where n is the number of members framed at the joint.
Carryover factors
When a joint is released, balancing moment occurs to counterbalance the unbalanced moment which is initially the same as the fixed-end moment. This balancing moment is then
carried over to the members other end. The ratio of the carried-over moment at the other end to the fixed-end moment of the initial end is the carryover factor.
Determination of carryover factors
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Example
Let one end (end A) of a fixed beam be released and applied a moment while the other end (end B) remains fixed. This will cause end A to rotate through an angle . Once the
magnitude of developed at end B is found, the carryover factor of this member is given as the ratio of over :
In case of a beam of length L with constant cross-section whose flexural rigidity is ,
therefore the carryover factor
Sign convention
Once a sign convention has been chosen, it has to be maintained for the whole structure. The traditional engineers sign convention is not used in the calculations of the moment
distribution method although the results can be expressed in the conventional way. In the BMD case, the left side moment is clockwise direction and other is anticlockwise direction
so the bending is positive and is called sagging.
Framed structures
Framed structures with or without sidesway can be analysed using the moment distribution method.
Example
The statically indeterminate beam shown in the figure is to be analysed.
Members AB, BC, CD have the same length .
Flexural rigidities are EI, 2EI, EI respectively.
Concentrated load of magnitude acts at a distance from the support A.
Uniform load of intensity acts on BC.
Member CD is loaded at its midspan with a concentrated load of magnitude .
In the following calculations, counterclockwise moments are positive.
Fixed end moments
Flexural stiffness and distribution factors
The flexural stiffness of members AB, BC and CD are , and , respectively. Therefore, expressing the results in repeating decimal notation:
The distribution factors of joints A and D are and .
Carryover factors
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Shear force diagram
Bending moment diagram
The carryover factors are , except for the carryover factor from D (fixed support) to C which is zero.
Moment distribution
Numbers in greyare balanced moments; arrows ( / ) represent the carry-over of moment from one end to the other end of a member.* Step 1: As joint A is released, balancing
moment of magnitude equal to the fixed end moment develops and is carried-over from joint A to joint B.* Step 2: The unbalanced moment at joint B now
is the summation of the fixed end moments , and the carry-over moment from joint A. This unbalanced moment is distributed to members BA and BC in accordance with
the distribution factors and . Step 2 ends with carry-over of balanced moment to joint C. Joint A is a roller support
which has no rotational restraint, so moment carryover from joint B to joint A is zero.* Step 3: The unbalanced moment at joint C now is the summation of the fixed end moments
, and the carryover moment from joint B. As in the previous step, this unbalanced moment is distributed to each member and then carried over to joint C and back to joint
B. Joint D is a fixed support and carried-over moments to this joint will not be distributed nor be carried over to joint C.* Step 4: Joint B still has balanced moment which was carried
over from joint C in step 3. Joint B is released once again to induce moment distribution and to achieve equilibrium.* Steps 5 - 10: Joints are released and fixed again until every joint
has unbalanced moments of size zero or neglectably small in required precision. Arithmetically summing all moments in each respective columns gives the final moment values.
Result
Moments at joints determined by the moment distribution method
The conventional engineers sign convention is used here, i.e. positive moments cause elongation at the bottom part of a beam member.
For comparison purposes, the following are the results generated using a matrix method. Note that in the analysis above, the iterative process was carried to >0.01 precision. The fact
that the matrix analysis results and the moment distribution analysis results match to 0.001 precision is mere coincidence.
Moments at joints determined by the matrix method
The complete shear and bending moment diagrams are as shown. Note that the moment distribution method only determines the moments at the joints. Developing complete bending
moment diagrams require additional calculations using the determined joint moments and internal section equilibrium.
SFD and BMD
Joint A Joint B Joint C Joint D
Distrib. factors 0 1 0.2727 0.7273 0.6667 0.3333 0 0
Fixed-end moments -14.700 +6.300 -8.333 +8.333 -12.500 +12.500
Step 1 +14.700 +7.350
Step 2 -1.450 -3.867 -1.934
Step 3 +2.034 +4.067 +2.034 +1.017
Step 4 -0.555 -1.479 -0.739
Step 5 +0.246 +0.493 +0.246 +0.123
Step 6 -0.067 -0.179 -0.090
Step 7 +0.030 +0.060 +0.030 +0.015
Step 8 -0.008 -0.022 -0.011
Step 9 +0.004 +0.007 +0.004 +0.002
Step 10 0.001 0.003
Sum of moments 0 +11.569 -11.569 +10.186 -10.186 +13.657
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Result via displacements method
As the Hardy Cross method provides only approximate results, with a margin of error inversely proportionate to the number of iterations, it is important to have an idea of how
accurate this method might be. With this in mind, here is the result obtained by using an exact method: the displacement method
For this, the displacements method equation assumes the following form:
For the structure described in this example, the stiffness matrix is as follows:
The equivalent nodal force vector:
Replacing the values presented above in the equation and solving it for leads to the following result:
Hence, the moments evaluated in node B are as follows:
The moments evaluated in node C are as follows:
Notes
^ Cross, Hardy (1930). "Analysis of Continuous Frames by Distributing Fixed-End Moments". Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). pp. 919928. 1.
See also
Slope deflection method
Finite element method
References
Baszkowiak, Stanisaw; Zbigniew Kczkowski (1966). Iterative Methods in Structural Analysis. Pergamon Press, Pastwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
Norris, Charles Head; John Benson Wilbur, Senol Utku (1976). Elementary Structural Analysis (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 327345. ISBN 0-07-047256-4.
McCormac, Jack C.; James K. Nelson, Jr. (1997). Structural Analysis: A Classical and Matrix Approach (2nd ed.). Addison-Wesley. pp. 488538. ISBN 0-673-99753-7.
Yang, Chang-hyeon (2001-01-10). Structural Analysis (http://www.cmgbook.co.kr/category/sub_detail.html?no=1017) (in Korean) (4th ed.). Seoul: Cheong Moon Gak
Publishers. pp. 391422. ISBN 89-7088-709-1.
Volokh, K.Y. (2002). On foundations of the Hardy Cross method (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VJS-46DM66R-2&_user=32321&
_coverDate=08%2F31%2F2002&_alid=721215136&_rdoc=3&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_cdi=6102&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=7&_acct=C000004038&
_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=32321&md5=aabd85f9f5bb1c02b9e2f906f7f9dd19). International Journal of Solids and Structures,Volume 39, Issue 16, August 2002,
Pages 4197-4200. doi:10.1016/S0020-7683(02)00345-1 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0020-7683%2802%2900345-1).
External links
Online Calculator for Moment Distribution Method (http://civilengineer.webinfolist.com/mdcalc.htm)
Free Moment Distribution Program in Visual Basic (http://www.freesoftware.com.my/Software/Stuctural_Engineering/Structural%20_Analysis/Moment_Distribution
/momentdist.htm)
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