At least 5-13% of schizophrenic patients die by suicide, and it is the higher range. Hopelessness, social, psychological and economic factors are risk factors for suicide. This is the first attempt to present a consensus report as well as the development of a set of guidelines for reducing suicide risk.
At least 5-13% of schizophrenic patients die by suicide, and it is the higher range. Hopelessness, social, psychological and economic factors are risk factors for suicide. This is the first attempt to present a consensus report as well as the development of a set of guidelines for reducing suicide risk.
At least 5-13% of schizophrenic patients die by suicide, and it is the higher range. Hopelessness, social, psychological and economic factors are risk factors for suicide. This is the first attempt to present a consensus report as well as the development of a set of guidelines for reducing suicide risk.
Suicide is a major cause of death among patients with schizophrenia.
Research indicates that at least 513% of schizophrenic patients die by suicide, and it is the higher range. Person, who commits suicide, is young, male, unmarried. Hopelessness, social, psychological and economic factors, recent loss or rejection, limited external support, and family stress are risk factors for suicide. The social factor contains husband wife quarrel, dowry related problem, family conflict etc. Psychological factor contains low self confidence, failure of love, demand not fulfills from any person, biological crisis, physical or mental disorder feeling shame etc. Economic factor contains poverty, low income, unemployment etc. I provided a brief essay on specific aspect of the problem. This is the first attempt to present a consensus report as well as the development of a set of guidelines for reducing suicide risk.
A huge amount of people died through suicide in Jhenidah district. Through this research we can know when, where and how the victim commit suicide and this research will be helpful for the Government to policy implication. Introduction The process of purposely ending one's own life is called suicide. Suicide is an act with a fatal outcome which is deceased, with the knowledge and expectation of a fatal outcome, had himself planned and carried out with the object of bringing about the changes desired by the deceased (WHO). Suicide is an activity which involves act with the aim and result of ones biological death on the basis of social, specific, historical movies (Hammerlin and Enerstvedt, 1988). Suicides accounts for approximately one million deaths annually worldwide. There are from 10 million to 20 million suicide attempts annually. About 30,000 people reportedly kill themselves each year in the United States. Suicide is the eighth leading cause of death in males and the 16th leading cause of death in females. Durkheim (1897) proposed that the societal and cultural context
influenced the risk of suicide in an individual. He described
four types of suicide: egoistic (individuals who had lost
their sense of integration within their social group and so
no longer felt subject to social, family or religious control);
anomic (individuals who lived in a society that lacked collective
order because it was in the midst of social change or political
crisis); altruistic (people who sacrificed their lives
for the good of the community) and fatalistic (when a person is excessively regulated, when their futures are pitilessly blocked and passions violently choked by oppressive discipline). Suicide may occur for a number of reasons, including depression, shame, guilt, desperation, physical pain, pressure, anxiety, financial difficulties, or other undesirable situations. It should be noted however that there are those who lead comparably happy lifestyles and choose to end their own lives for reasons other than the aforementioned negative associations. The World Health Organization noted that someone commits suicide every 40 seconds thus making it one of the leading causes of death in the world. And there are an estimated 10 to 20 million non-fatal attempted suicides every year. World Health Organization (2008) Individual risk factors for suicide are varied, but in many
countries rates are highest in men, those who are divorced
or separated, the unemployed, those in social class 5 and those
who are socially isolated. The rates of suicide are highest
in spring and early summer in both northern and southern hemispheres.
Low risk is associated with religiosity. Alcohol consumption
and easy access to toxic substances or firearms are positively
correlated with suicide rates. The majority of those who kill
themselves have a psychiatric illness, and this and recent
admission to a psychiatric hospital are by far the most important
risk factors at a population level. McKENZIF, MRCPsych and SERFATY, CRAWFORD (2003) The U.S. suicide rate for 10- to 14-year-old girls rose 76 percent from 2003 to 2004, according to a report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Additionally, the CDC reported a 32.3 percent increase among 15- to 19-year-old girls, and a 9 percent increase among 15- to 19-year-old boys. And the overall youth suicide rate rose 8 percent. The dramatic increase sharply contrasts with the 28.5 percent decrease in youth suicide rates since 1990, thus causing alarm in the suicide prevention community. Kevin Caruso September 6, 2007
Suicide has social, economic, psychological, legal ethical and religious aspect. No single cause is responsible for the level of suicide rate in a particular country. Many factors are at work at the same time. The factors associated with suicide may be interpersonal conflicts and disruption such as marital conflict, separation, divorce, frustration in love, failure and self-devaluations associated with occupational aspirations accomplishments, hopelessness, loss of honor, disgrace, personal inadequacies, mental abnormalities, deprivation, sense of guilt, economic hardships, incurable diseases, prolonged illness, alcohol and addictive drug consumption, broken home in childhood, pregnancy through illicit sex relation, marriages ill arranged by parents or guardians etc. Haq (banglapedia[use@]allbd.com) Rahman (June 1986)
Creating difficulties for the ongoing girls to the school is not yet closed by the bad boys. Among those girls some of the girls commit suicide for eve teasing. Now a day, eve teasing is not confined within the bad comment, some additional things add here. All aged women are faced this problem. From 14 daily newspaper of Bangladesh, we can see that, in 2005 the incidents of suicide was 56, in 2006 the suicide incidents was 478, in 2007 the suicide incidents was 337 and in 2008 the suicide incidents was 281. The experts said that. Eve teasing is one of the major causes of suicide. Psychiatrist and Doctor Mohit Kamal said in Ittefaq Girls are affected by eve teasing in various forms. There are so many reasons of eve teasing, they are: lack of norms and values, lack of familial education, not take it as a problem by the local government, no specific law about this matter. The Daily Ittefaq, (Sunday, 22 February, 2009), The main reason of committing suicide is psychological diseases of person. From a research about 90% of the people suicide who suffer psychological illness. But in Bangladesh psychological illness is not only the reason of suicide. There are some reasons of suicide. They may commit suicide because of anger. Another thing is that when a person falls in great danger of problems, they can commit suicide to solve the particular problem. Kamal (2007). From the study Rahman (1986), Jhenidah was mentioned as the most suicide prone area. Every year a few thousand people commit suicide in Bangladesh of whom the numbers of females are highest. From Bureau of Police Research and development, 1980-84, in Bangladesh 9.3 males and 19.6 females are commit suicide among one lakh population during the year 1980-84. From Crime Index Bangladesh 2007, we can know that there are 1320 suicide incidents occurred in Bangladesh. So among the total crime, about 0.8% was crime. Suicide is one of the three leading causes of death among 15-44 years old people globally. Health and demographic surveillance data from 6953 households in Abhoynagar and Keshobpur, rural semi-urban sub districts of Jessore District in southwest Bangladesh, collected by ICDDR, B during 1983- 2002 (Health and Science Bulletin Vol.1 No. 5 December 2003, ICDDR, B). There is no man without problem and problem may arise in every stage of life. So we have to face those problems in good hands. It is very much difficult to find out the main causes of committing suicide.
Objectives of the study are to identify why people are more engage to commit suicide, how social, economic, and psychological factors are related of committing suicide. What types of methods are being used and why as well as to find out the prevention procedure. At first I will discuss the theoretical Framework, Methodology, Data analysis, Findings and then Conclusion.
Theoretical Framework Durkheim (1951) asserted that the reason people kill themselves does not occur through random occurrences. Durkheim (1951) defines suicide as all cases of death resulting directly or indirectly from a positive or negative act of the victim himself, which he knows will produce this result (p. 44). To commit suicide, an individual has to have some idea of what they are doing. According to Durkheim, altruistic suicide occurs when an individual is too highly integrated into the collective. This individual understands himself solely in terms as a member of the group. They are almost completely absorbed in the group and completely discard their individual personalities for the idea that they have become servants (Durkheim 1951). Insufficient individuation, as can be seen with terrorist suicide bombers, can make an individual feel it is their duty to commit suicide for the betterment of the organization of a whole (Ritzer 1992). He believes himself called upon to reform not only religion but also to reform society; perhaps he will also imagine the highest sort of destiny reserved for himself (Durkheim 1951, p. 60-61). When an individual believes strongly enough in the collective, he will do anything to help their cause. The most underdeveloped category of Durkheims suicide typology, fatalistic suicide occurs from excessive regulation. Suicide of this nature can be characterized by situations that result from continuous political and economic oppression (Johnson 1979; Taylor 1982). In the case of suicide terrorism, many individuals are excessively regulated both politically and economically. As will be discussed further, the families of those who are chosen and volunteer for a suicide attack receive money after the act has taken place. Sacrificing oneself for to end the economic oppression for their family, along with the promise of becoming a martyr, is a means to help the family, the terrorist organization, and the oppressed individual. Individuals who endure excessive regulation are blocked from legitimate opportunities for advancement in society. Fatalistic suicides involve an escape from a normative situation from which there is no appeal (Stack 1979, p. 162). The process of over-control where an individual is blocked from political freedom and economic opportunity creates a condition of over-control. Stack (1979) contends, in such a totalitarian environment, marked by relatively low freedom and respect for human dignity, already suicidal persons have an additional reason for viewing life as meaningless and are more apt to commit suicide (p. 162). It can be argued that while many individuals who are recruited and trained for suicide attacks are well educated, these individuals are usually highly integrated into the terrorist organization. Those individuals who are excessively regulated are often religious males, who are often young, unmarried, unemployed, with some high school education (Ganor 2000). This profile has been found to fit the Hamas Shahid, the Black Tigers of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), and the Shiites in Lebanon (Ergil 2001; Gunaratna 2000; Schbley 2000). The socio- economic status of individuals has therefore been found to be similar among many suicide terrorists that fit the fatalistic suicide typology. Egoistic suicide reflects a prolonged sense of not belonging, of not being integrated in a community, an experience, of not having a tether, an absence that can give rise to meaninglessness, apathy, melancholy, and depression. Anomic suicide: reflects an individual's moral confusion and lack of social direction, which is related to dramatic social and economic upheaval.
ROUTINE ACTIVITY THEORY. Developed by Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson 1 during the late 1970s, routine activity theory is a criminological theory frequently used to explain crime and victimization. According to Cohen and Felson, crime and victimization is based upon three criteria: (1) a suitable target, (2) an absence of capable guardians, and (3) a motivated offender. Each of these variables will be explained as they relate to the victims actions and prevention strategies. Robert K. Merton's "Dream Machine" An Explication of Merton's"Social Structure and Anomie" (1938) Mertons theory of social structure and anomie. The other major contribution to the anomie tradition is Robert Mertons theoretical analysis of Social Structure and Anomie (1938; 1957). Durkheims work provided the intellectual foundation for Mertons attempt to develop a macro-level explanation of rates of norm-violating behavior in American society. But, in Mertons hands, the anomie tradition advanced well beyond Durkheims singular concern with suicide to become a truly general sociological approach to deviance.
Freud's Structural and Topographical Models of Personality Id, ego and super-ego are the three parts of the psychic apparatus defined in Sigmund Freud's structural model of the psyche. The id doesn't care about reality, about the needs of anyone else, only its own satisfaction. If you think about it, babies are not real considerate of their parents' wishes. Freud called this part the Ego. The ego is based on the reality principle. The ego understands that other people have needs and desires and that sometimes being impulsive or selfish can hurt us in the long run. By the age of five, or the end of the phallic stage of development, the Superego develops. The Superego is the moral part of us and develops due to the moral and ethical restraints placed on us by our caregivers. Many equate the superego with the conscience as it dictates our belief of right and wrong.
Methodology Methodology is a set of step to perform a particular task. Methodology involves with the selection of the areas & the respondent, variables, & sources of data. It explains how data was collected or generated, how data was analyzed. It also explains the methodological problems and their solutions or effects. In the context of Bangladesh this research is a type of exploratory research. The study took a grounded theory approach where research questions emerged from the initial interview data collected. Incarcerated offenders were simply asked to tell me the story of your life following Wengraf (2001).This study explores the nature and frequency of problems and some objectives. So I use this methodology instead of descriptive methodology. It helps to establish a new knowledge of this field. This study also helps to establish a new policy or update the existing policy of the Government. My research is both qualitative and quantitative. It is qualitative research because I use here case study methods and others so it is also a quantitative research. This method of data collection is depending upon some tolls and techniques. To perform this research I used the interview schedule Techniques. Interview Schedule based on the questionnaire. The questionnaire includes both open ended and close indeed question. Here I use pilot survey, survey method, and key information interview for doing my research more valid, reliable and scientific. I use case study method. I have to do report building with respondent to collect information closely and correctly. From the historical analysis we can know that, Jhenidah District is the most suicidal prone area in Bangladesh. Every year a huge number of men and women are died through suicide. As Jhenidah district is a suicidal prone area and I have a keen interest of this particular subject, so for this research I select Jhenidah District as the study area to collect information from the sample. Sampling is the process of selecting sample. Here I use probability (Simple Random Sampling) sampling to collect the data from respondent. Here the total number of population is 413 in 2009. The sample size is 60. I collect data from all Thana (Harinakundu, Shailkupa, Jhenidah Sadar, Kotchandpur, Kaligang and Mahespur) in Jhenidah district. The method of data collection is depending upon some tolls and techniques. To perform this research I used the interview schedule Techniques. Interview Schedule based on the questionnaire. The questionnaire includes both open ended and close indeed question. Here I use pilot survey, survey method, and key information interview for doing my research more valid, reliable and scientific. I use case study method. I have to do report building with respondent to collect information closely and correctly.
Data Analysis I process the data through field editing, coding, categorization & tabulation. Then I use the Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS), Microsoft Office Word and Microsoft Office Excel for analyzing the survey data. Age Group Number Percent (%) Less than 17 years 11 18.33 18-27 years 26 43.33 28-37 years 12 20 38-47 years 6 10 48-57 years 3 5 Above 58 years 2 3.33 Total 60 100 Male 24 40 Female 36 60 Nuclear 36 60% Extend 24 40% Occupation of the victim Number Percent (%) Farmer 3 5 Service man 2 3.33 Business 3 5 Household work 27 45 Day Labor 10 16.67 Student 15 25 Total 60 100 Fathers Occupation Number Percent (%) Farmer 22 36.67 Service 05 11.67 Labor 6 10 Business 17 28.33 Dead 10 16.67 Methods Number of Methods Percent (%) Poisoning 21 35 Hanging 28 46.67 Giving body in Railway 5 8.33 Others 6 10
There are 60 suicide victims from, I collect data. Here suicide rate of age group 18 to 27 is so high. From Anomie theory we know that when a person cant achieve his goal according to the means he commits crime. Age group 18-27 people build up their career and if they fail they commit suicide. Basically females are more likely to commit suicide than male. Out of total victim 40% of the victims were male, while 60% of the victims were female. Most of the female victims are affected from depression and stress. Married person are more likely to commit suicide. Here 70 % of the married persons are commit crime and the rest are unmarried of 30%. Female suicide percentage is very high. 45% married female committed suicide in a year and the main cause is conflict between husband and wife, dowry problem, torture etc. The people of nuclear family mostly commit suicide because they cant share their problems with others. So these types of victims have isolation, loneliness, and others physical problems. Here we can see that 40% of the victims have primary education and 26.67% of the victims have secondary education. So awareness of the education helps people to make their life beautiful. Among 60 victims 45% were household worker and 25% were student. Here house workers mostly commit suicide because of their dependency on men. Someone commit suicide failing demand in the examination. The fathers occupation has a great role for suicide victim. Here we can see that most of the victims father were farmer, the second highest of the victims father occupation was businessman. Children of farmer commit more suicide because they are in economic problem and daughter of any farmer suffer cant maintain in a new family after marriage. There are so many methods of committing suicide. About 46.67% of victim use hanging method to commit suicide. About 35% victims commit suicide through suicide. Giving body in the railway is another type of suicide. Some others types are being used to commit suicide and those are fire burn, acid burn, sleeping pill, Electric shock etc.
Types of Suicidal Behavior Life is meaningless No hope No benefit to live Take pardon from others Always think about death Total Show Suicidal Behavior Yes 22 57.89% 04 10.53% 3 7.89% 07 18.42% 2 5.26% 38 63.33% No 22 36.67%
Suicidal behavior is the important theme of suicide. A huge number of the victim showed the suicidal behavior i.e. 63.33% and rest of them (36.67%) did not show any suicidal behavior. Those who had show the suicidal behavior, the common way of showing the behavior is life is meaningless that is 57.89%. Then take pardon from others is 18.42%. A few victim showed the behavior of always think about death.
Finding The particular age group (18-27 years) people commit suicide because this age group people are too much aggressive and they have high ambitions, demand etc. When they cant achieve their goals according to their means, they attempt to commit suicide. Another age group is 58 years above where people belong at the eleventh hour of their life and they have no ambition or demand of their life. The female person commit crime most of the cases of being victim before or after marriage. Before marriage they are deprived by eve-teasing, illegal sex relation, conflict with parents, refuses to marry, failure to love, psychological disorder etc. On the other side, after marriage they suffer from torture by husband, loves one victimization, dowry problem etc. This study found female married person are more victim than other type of victims. 46.67% of the total victim are deprived and commit suicide. At least 26.697% male married person commits suicide because of low salary, unemployment, conjugal conflict, demand not fulfill to wife etc. Family type is the most important subject in this type of research. From table, 60% of the total victim commits suicide having in a nuclear family and this rate is lower in extend family because in a nuclear family victim cant share his/her problems with any others. From education status we see that most of the suicidal acts are committed after completing Junior School Certificate and Secondary School Certificate. This period victims suffer from some problems such as anxious about SSC, High aim in life and not fulfill the demand of result. Now come to the point occupation of the victim. Most of the victim commits suicide at the student life. In this stage not fulfill the ambition of their parents and commit suicide. Most of the female students are married off by their parents and suffer from various types of extra marital problems and commit suicide. Children of the farmer commit suicide most of the cases. Study shows that 36.67% farmers children and 17% business mans children commit suicide in Jhenidah Districts. Other side service man and labors children less commit suicide.
Conclusion Suicide commonly understood as the intentional killing of oneself. People commit suicide in Jhenidah District when there is a lack of integrity between the victim and the society. Suicide may occur for a number of reasons here. Through this research I want to find out what are the reasons of suicide in this particular area. Before committing suicide what were the social, psychological and economical factors of the victims I tried to find out. I also tried to find out the behavior which a victim plays before committing suicide and which methods they follow most of the time and why those methods are being followed. As a criminological research it is difficult to find out the exact result because informant tries to hide the main problem of the victims most of the cases. In this research I used both qualitative and quantitative method and used probability sampling because my population is known. To selecting sample I use 12% error. So I think that my research is a valid one.
Recommendation Suicide in Jhenidah can be prevented in many ways. Firstly we have to recognize the risk factors of suicide thats given below. a. By increasing awareness among the people about the bad impact of suicide. b. Provide proper knowledge about the conjugal relation. c. Implementation of law properly. d. Prohibition of early marriage. e. Increase the work availability. f. Practice the religious value. g. Seminar can be held by trained person in this side. h. Increase the education level. i. Provide mental support. j. Give more priority to the women in home and society. k. Provide the basic rights of women. l. Not to give too much pressure to the children. m. Friendly attitude should be made between parents and children. n. Daughter should share her physical problems with her mother. o. Social norms and values have to build based on eve-teasing. p. High ambition may cause suicide, have to reduce in some cases. q. Materials that help to commit suicide should be controlled. Bibliography Durkheim, E. Le Suicide, Paris, 1887 Banglapedia, National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh-2006 Hubert M. Blalock, JR; 1979: Social Statistics MaGRAW-HILL International Editions. Central Bureau of Statistics-1991 Dr. Rajendra K. Sharma; 1998: Criminology & Penology Reasons of Suicide, Wikipedia (11 October, 2008) Paranjape Dr. N. V; 2004; Criminology & Penology; Central Law Publications: Eleventh Edition. Ronald L. Akers, Criminological Theories; Printed in the United States in America. Suicide Prevention; World Health Organization (16.08.2008) Caruso, K (September 06, 2007). Teen Girls Suicide Rate Up 76% Cohen, L and Felson, M. Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activities Approach, American Sociological Review 44 (1979): 588-608. Tewksbury, R and Mustaine, E. Criminal Justice and Behavior 30 (2003): 302-27 Yar, M. The Novelty of Cybercrime: An Assessment in Light of Routine Activity Theory, European Journal of Criminology 2 (2005): 407-27. Omar Faruk, Nurjahan Khatun; Crime Index Bangladesh 2007 First Publish in 2008, by Academic Press & Publishers. Freud, Schlomo S. Theories of Growth and Development Havighurst, James R. Developmental Theorist Erikson, E. Developmental Psychologist Alexander, V. In the Wake of Suicide: Stories of the People Left Behind Scholz, B. Our Forever Angel: Surviving the Loss of a Loved One to Suicide Fine, C. No Time to Say Goodbye: Surviving The Suicide Of A Loved One Bangladesh Health & Injury Survey Report on Children, UNICEF & Government of Bangladesh, 2005