COMPLICATED A

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Two Women Equal the Witness of One Man
Among the many commonly misinterpreted evidences taken against women isverse 182 in Surah
Al-Baqara in which Allah says:
And bring to witness two witnesses from among your men. And if there are not two men
[available], then bring a man and two women from those whom you accept as witnesses
if one of the women errs, then the other can remind her. (Quran, 2:182)
Now, upon initial reading, one may interpret this ayah to mean that two women are equal to the
witness of one man. Does this mean that women are inferior to men, so much so that they need
two women to attest to something otherwise their fragility may make them
The answer, of course, is no. There are at least five versus in the Quran that speak about
witnesses without specifying male or female. This ayah does not mean that two women are equal
to one man, but in fact is referring to the very specific cas
states explicitly that when you are involved in a financial transaction in which future obligations
exist, reduce the transaction to writing and take two witnesses from among the men. And if you
cannot find two men then take one man and two women so that if one of the women gets
confused or forgets the other will remind her. This verse only deals with financial aspects.
To further our understanding of this, let us take for example a person who needs a surgical
operation done; he or she will take the advice of two qualified surgeons. If he or she cannot find
two qualified surgeons then he or she may take the advice of one surgeon and two general
practitioners. We understand that a surgeon is more qualified in this field
practitioner and so we would rely on the surgeons opinion more.
In much the same sense, we understand in Islam that the responsibility of the financial aspect is
placed on the man, and therefore he is supposed to be more versed in finance
This is not a matter of who has more knowledge than whom. There are many women who are
indeed much more financially savvy than men. However, it is one of the many blessings of Islam
that women are free from financial responsibility. Where t
and a responsibility upon the man to be well versed in these matters.
Allah even says in Surah Al-Maidah,verse 106, that when writing a will of
dealing with a financial transaction,two male witnesse
Unfortunately there are some jurists who take the ayah in Surah Al
situations. However, Allah is the Most Fair and the Most Just and He further says in Surah An
Nur, verse 6, that if any of you put a charge against
your solitary evidence is sufficient. This verse clearly indicates that one witness of a woman is
equal to one witness of a man.
And Allah knows best.




COMPLICATED A-Z: READINGS
______________________________________________________________________________
1
Two Women Equal the Witness of One Man
Among the many commonly misinterpreted evidences taken against women isverse 182 in Surah
And bring to witness two witnesses from among your men. And if there are not two men
[available], then bring a man and two women from those whom you accept as witnesses
if one of the women errs, then the other can remind her. (Quran, 2:182)
upon initial reading, one may interpret this ayah to mean that two women are equal to the
witness of one man. Does this mean that women are inferior to men, so much so that they need
two women to attest to something otherwise their fragility may make them forget?
The answer, of course, is no. There are at least five versus in the Quran that speak about
witnesses without specifying male or female. This ayah does not mean that two women are equal
to one man, but in fact is referring to the very specific case of financial transactions. The ayah
states explicitly that when you are involved in a financial transaction in which future obligations
exist, reduce the transaction to writing and take two witnesses from among the men. And if you
n take one man and two women so that if one of the women gets
confused or forgets the other will remind her. This verse only deals with financial aspects.
To further our understanding of this, let us take for example a person who needs a surgical
n done; he or she will take the advice of two qualified surgeons. If he or she cannot find
two qualified surgeons then he or she may take the advice of one surgeon and two general
practitioners. We understand that a surgeon is more qualified in this field
practitioner and so we would rely on the surgeons opinion more.
In much the same sense, we understand in Islam that the responsibility of the financial aspect is
placed on the man, and therefore he is supposed to be more versed in finance than the woman.
This is not a matter of who has more knowledge than whom. There are many women who are
indeed much more financially savvy than men. However, it is one of the many blessings of Islam
that women are free from financial responsibility. Where the woman is free, it is an obligation
and a responsibility upon the man to be well versed in these matters.
Maidah,verse 106, that when writing a will of
dealing with a financial transaction,two male witnesses are preferred.
Unfortunately there are some jurists who take the ayah in Surah Al-Baqara to apply to all
situations. However, Allah is the Most Fair and the Most Just and He further says in Surah An
Nur, verse 6, that if any of you put a charge against your spouse and if you have no evidence,
your solitary evidence is sufficient. This verse clearly indicates that one witness of a woman is
___________________________
Two Women Equal the Witness of One Man
Among the many commonly misinterpreted evidences taken against women isverse 182 in Surah
And bring to witness two witnesses from among your men. And if there are not two men
[available], then bring a man and two women from those whom you accept as witnesses-so that
upon initial reading, one may interpret this ayah to mean that two women are equal to the
witness of one man. Does this mean that women are inferior to men, so much so that they need
forget?
The answer, of course, is no. There are at least five versus in the Quran that speak about
witnesses without specifying male or female. This ayah does not mean that two women are equal
e of financial transactions. The ayah
states explicitly that when you are involved in a financial transaction in which future obligations
exist, reduce the transaction to writing and take two witnesses from among the men. And if you
n take one man and two women so that if one of the women gets
confused or forgets the other will remind her. This verse only deals with financial aspects.
To further our understanding of this, let us take for example a person who needs a surgical
n done; he or she will take the advice of two qualified surgeons. If he or she cannot find
two qualified surgeons then he or she may take the advice of one surgeon and two general
practitioners. We understand that a surgeon is more qualified in this field than a general
In much the same sense, we understand in Islam that the responsibility of the financial aspect is
than the woman.
This is not a matter of who has more knowledge than whom. There are many women who are
indeed much more financially savvy than men. However, it is one of the many blessings of Islam
he woman is free, it is an obligation
Maidah,verse 106, that when writing a will of inheritance, i.e.
Baqara to apply to all
situations. However, Allah is the Most Fair and the Most Just and He further says in Surah An-
your spouse and if you have no evidence,
your solitary evidence is sufficient. This verse clearly indicates that one witness of a woman is
COMPLICATED A
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The
Abu Hurayrah, may Allah be pleased with him,
bless him and grant him peace, said, Treat women well. The woman was created from a rib. The
most crooked part of the rib is the top part. If you try to straighten it, you will break it. If you
leave it, it remains bent. So treat women well. [Bukhari, Vol. 4 #3331].
Many people, Muslim and non-Muslim alike, have come across this hadith and unfortunately,
many take it as evidence to further their conclusions that Islam degrades women. They may ask,
Why does it compare the woman to the crooked part of the rib? Does this imply that the woman
is crooked? That this crooked woman cannot be straightened out?
On the contrary, this hadith in fact does well to bridge the great chasm between men and women
(if not, it creates a pretty good base for bungee jumping). It begins by telling the men to Treat
women well. This is meant to elevate the status of women in the eyes of men and instructs man
to be patient with his wife, and to be kind and good to her. How many a
how to keep a woman happy? Whether online or in newsstands,there seems to be a new one out
every week. Funny enough, men may read these articles to try and get a leg
read these articles to see if the authors got it
the three elements of attention, affection, and appreciation if they wish to keep their women
happy. These articles can all be easily summed up in the first sentence of this hadith: treat
women well.
But the hadith then mentions that women are from the crooked part of the rib. For what reason
could this be? Should this be taken negatively to mean that women
that women are devious, dishonest, and disorderly? I think not. Let us
perspective. The ribs are an important part of the human body. They protect the lungs and
heart, i.e. the bodys most vital organs. However, only because of the ribs curvature is this made
possible. The curve, or crooked part,
lungs. The comparison therefore between woman and a crooked rib should be viewed as a noble
thing. She is the protector of things that are most dear and vital to us. As a mother she protects
her children from bullies, ghouls, or the flu;and as a wife she protects her husband from
loneliness and despair.
The hadith continues with the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) informing
men not to try and straighten the rib or it will break, i.e
something you want else you hurt her, break her spirit, or agitate her more. However, like the
rib, a woman is flexible and you must be careful with her. A woman loved will bend over
backwards to make you happy, so t
This is indeed a positive hadith, though many see it as negative. There will always be those who
see nothing but negativity in this hadith, and it is for them that I feel sorry, for they will likely
not come to realize the honor given to wo
our vital organs, it is the woman who protects our ummah.



COMPLICATED A-Z: READINGS
______________________________________________________________________________
2
The Crooked Rib
Abu Hurayrah, may Allah be pleased with him, reported that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah
bless him and grant him peace, said, Treat women well. The woman was created from a rib. The
most crooked part of the rib is the top part. If you try to straighten it, you will break it. If you
remains bent. So treat women well. [Bukhari, Vol. 4 #3331].
Muslim alike, have come across this hadith and unfortunately,
many take it as evidence to further their conclusions that Islam degrades women. They may ask,
it compare the woman to the crooked part of the rib? Does this imply that the woman
is crooked? That this crooked woman cannot be straightened out?
On the contrary, this hadith in fact does well to bridge the great chasm between men and women
it creates a pretty good base for bungee jumping). It begins by telling the men to Treat
women well. This is meant to elevate the status of women in the eyes of men and instructs man
to be patient with his wife, and to be kind and good to her. How many articles have we read on
how to keep a woman happy? Whether online or in newsstands,there seems to be a new one out
every week. Funny enough, men may read these articles to try and get a leg-up, while women
read these articles to see if the authors got it right. One such article instructs men to integrate
the three elements of attention, affection, and appreciation if they wish to keep their women
happy. These articles can all be easily summed up in the first sentence of this hadith: treat
ut the hadith then mentions that women are from the crooked part of the rib. For what reason
could this be? Should this be taken negatively to mean that women are crooked? Does it imply
that women are devious, dishonest, and disorderly? I think not. Let us look at it from a medical
perspective. The ribs are an important part of the human body. They protect the lungs and
heart, i.e. the bodys most vital organs. However, only because of the ribs curvature is this made
possible. The curve, or crooked part, acts like a cage, or armor, and protects the heart and
lungs. The comparison therefore between woman and a crooked rib should be viewed as a noble
thing. She is the protector of things that are most dear and vital to us. As a mother she protects
ren from bullies, ghouls, or the flu;and as a wife she protects her husband from
The hadith continues with the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) informing
men not to try and straighten the rib or it will break, i.e. do not try and fashion the woman into
want else you hurt her, break her spirit, or agitate her more. However, like the
rib, a woman is flexible and you must be careful with her. A woman loved will bend over
backwards to make you happy, so treat her well.
This is indeed a positive hadith, though many see it as negative. There will always be those who
see nothing but negativity in this hadith, and it is for them that I feel sorry, for they will likely
not come to realize the honor given to women in this comparison.While it is the rib that protects
our vital organs, it is the woman who protects our ummah.
___________________________
reported that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah
bless him and grant him peace, said, Treat women well. The woman was created from a rib. The
most crooked part of the rib is the top part. If you try to straighten it, you will break it. If you
Muslim alike, have come across this hadith and unfortunately,
many take it as evidence to further their conclusions that Islam degrades women. They may ask,
it compare the woman to the crooked part of the rib? Does this imply that the woman
On the contrary, this hadith in fact does well to bridge the great chasm between men and women
it creates a pretty good base for bungee jumping). It begins by telling the men to Treat
women well. This is meant to elevate the status of women in the eyes of men and instructs man
rticles have we read on
how to keep a woman happy? Whether online or in newsstands,there seems to be a new one out
up, while women
right. One such article instructs men to integrate
the three elements of attention, affection, and appreciation if they wish to keep their women
happy. These articles can all be easily summed up in the first sentence of this hadith: treat
ut the hadith then mentions that women are from the crooked part of the rib. For what reason
crooked? Does it imply
look at it from a medical
perspective. The ribs are an important part of the human body. They protect the lungs and
heart, i.e. the bodys most vital organs. However, only because of the ribs curvature is this made
acts like a cage, or armor, and protects the heart and
lungs. The comparison therefore between woman and a crooked rib should be viewed as a noble
thing. She is the protector of things that are most dear and vital to us. As a mother she protects
ren from bullies, ghouls, or the flu;and as a wife she protects her husband from
The hadith continues with the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) informing
. do not try and fashion the woman into
want else you hurt her, break her spirit, or agitate her more. However, like the
rib, a woman is flexible and you must be careful with her. A woman loved will bend over
This is indeed a positive hadith, though many see it as negative. There will always be those who
see nothing but negativity in this hadith, and it is for them that I feel sorry, for they will likely
men in this comparison.While it is the rib that protects
COMPLICATED A
___________________________________________________

Women Are A Awrah
I once heard a Muslim brother reveal that if women knew what men were actually thinking,
theyd all want to go out wearing boxes. Such a statement definitely puts this hadith into
perspective.
The hadith, narrated by Abdullah b. Musad, may Allah be please
Women are but a awrah (something private to be covered). A woman might leave her house
without there being any problem with her, but the Shaytan seeks her out and says (to her), You
will not pass by anyone except that you will impress
and is asked where she is going, to which she replies To visit a sick person, or To attend a
funeral, or To pray in the masjid; but a woman never worships Allah in the way she does when
she worships Him in her house.(At
Saheeh At-Targheebwa At-Tarheeb 1/84.).
The first thing that comes mind when I read this hadith is that even Shaytanknows a woman will
be ogled and stared at by the opposite sex. What is unfo
being objectified, and many in fact dress to impress their male counterparts, but whether
women like it or not is not the issue, the issue is its inevitability.
I like to think of myself as a strong and independent w
self worth. That said, I absolutely love the brutal honesty apparent in this hadith. There comes
with it, of course, a common misconception that furthers the idea that Islam in fact oppresses
women, forcing them to cover or stay in their homes. So
have fought for generations for the equality of women and for women to take their place in
society, they fail to see that Islam is about what is fair, not what is equal.
Take the three definitions of fairness: equality, equity, and need. Equality by definition is
treating everyone the same, such as everyone gets a vote. Equity suggests that consequences,
both rewards and punishment are proportionate to product, for example we can al
only the gifted authors get publishing deals. Finally, the definition of fairness in terms of need
requiresproviding accommodations and support, not to everyone (equality) or to only the best
(equity), but to those that need them to be success
For women to be successful in this life it is imperative that they realize this hadith does not
prevent a woman from going out or from worshipping in the masjid. In fact, the hadith narrated
by Abdullah b. Umar reads that the Prophet (may Allah bless
when women ask permission to go to the masjid do not prevent them. (Muslim Book 4 #884). It
simply states that it would be better for her to worship in her house. If anything this should be
seen as a blessing. Women are granted a reprieve from working all day, whether in a Fortune
500 company or at home with the kids. If for whatever reason they cant find the time to pray at
the masjid, Allah is basically saying not to worry! You get more blessing when you pray at home.
Such is the mercy of Allah for providing this accommodation and support to women. Indeed He
is Most Fair.



COMPLICATED A-Z: READINGS
______________________________________________________________________________
3
Women Are A Awrah
I once heard a Muslim brother reveal that if women knew what men were actually thinking,
theyd all want to go out wearing boxes. Such a statement definitely puts this hadith into
The hadith, narrated by Abdullah b. Musad, may Allah be pleased with him, reads:
Women are but a awrah (something private to be covered). A woman might leave her house
without there being any problem with her, but the Shaytan seeks her out and says (to her), You
will not pass by anyone except that you will impress/please him. A woman puts on her clothes
and is asked where she is going, to which she replies To visit a sick person, or To attend a
funeral, or To pray in the masjid; but a woman never worships Allah in the way she does when
er house.(At-Tabaraanee. Graded saheeh by Shaykh Al
Tarheeb 1/84.).
The first thing that comes mind when I read this hadith is that even Shaytanknows a woman will
be ogled and stared at by the opposite sex. What is unfortunate is that some women dont mind
being objectified, and many in fact dress to impress their male counterparts, but whether
women like it or not is not the issue, the issue is its inevitability.
I like to think of myself as a strong and independent woman with a highly developed sense of
self worth. That said, I absolutely love the brutal honesty apparent in this hadith. There comes
with it, of course, a common misconception that furthers the idea that Islam in fact oppresses
er or stay in their homes. So-called feminists cry out; while they may
have fought for generations for the equality of women and for women to take their place in
society, they fail to see that Islam is about what is fair, not what is equal.
ree definitions of fairness: equality, equity, and need. Equality by definition is
treating everyone the same, such as everyone gets a vote. Equity suggests that consequences,
both rewards and punishment are proportionate to product, for example we can al
only the gifted authors get publishing deals. Finally, the definition of fairness in terms of need
requiresproviding accommodations and support, not to everyone (equality) or to only the best
(equity), but to those that need them to be successful.
For women to be successful in this life it is imperative that they realize this hadith does not
prevent a woman from going out or from worshipping in the masjid. In fact, the hadith narrated
by Abdullah b. Umar reads that the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) said that
when women ask permission to go to the masjid do not prevent them. (Muslim Book 4 #884). It
simply states that it would be better for her to worship in her house. If anything this should be
granted a reprieve from working all day, whether in a Fortune
500 company or at home with the kids. If for whatever reason they cant find the time to pray at
the masjid, Allah is basically saying not to worry! You get more blessing when you pray at home.
Such is the mercy of Allah for providing this accommodation and support to women. Indeed He
___________________________
I once heard a Muslim brother reveal that if women knew what men were actually thinking,
theyd all want to go out wearing boxes. Such a statement definitely puts this hadith into
d with him, reads:
Women are but a awrah (something private to be covered). A woman might leave her house
without there being any problem with her, but the Shaytan seeks her out and says (to her), You
/please him. A woman puts on her clothes
and is asked where she is going, to which she replies To visit a sick person, or To attend a
funeral, or To pray in the masjid; but a woman never worships Allah in the way she does when
Tabaraanee. Graded saheeh by Shaykh Al-Albaanee in
The first thing that comes mind when I read this hadith is that even Shaytanknows a woman will
rtunate is that some women dont mind
being objectified, and many in fact dress to impress their male counterparts, but whether
oman with a highly developed sense of
self worth. That said, I absolutely love the brutal honesty apparent in this hadith. There comes
with it, of course, a common misconception that furthers the idea that Islam in fact oppresses
called feminists cry out; while they may
have fought for generations for the equality of women and for women to take their place in
ree definitions of fairness: equality, equity, and need. Equality by definition is
treating everyone the same, such as everyone gets a vote. Equity suggests that consequences,
both rewards and punishment are proportionate to product, for example we can all write, but
only the gifted authors get publishing deals. Finally, the definition of fairness in terms of need
requiresproviding accommodations and support, not to everyone (equality) or to only the best
For women to be successful in this life it is imperative that they realize this hadith does not
prevent a woman from going out or from worshipping in the masjid. In fact, the hadith narrated
him and grant him peace) said that
when women ask permission to go to the masjid do not prevent them. (Muslim Book 4 #884). It
simply states that it would be better for her to worship in her house. If anything this should be
granted a reprieve from working all day, whether in a Fortune
500 company or at home with the kids. If for whatever reason they cant find the time to pray at
the masjid, Allah is basically saying not to worry! You get more blessing when you pray at home.
Such is the mercy of Allah for providing this accommodation and support to women. Indeed He
COMPLICATED A
___________________________________________________

Additional Resources
Its a girl: The three deadliest words in the world
http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2012/01/16/it%E2%80%99s
in-the-world/

al mara'tu awrah:
Syed, Saba. (2011). Muslim Men Traumatized: The Fitnah of Women.
from: http://muslimmatters.org/2011/04/11/muslim
2 women vs 1 being witnesses sources:
Al-Alwani, Taha J. (1999). The Testimony of Women in Islamic Law.
from: http://www.alhewar.com/TahaTestimony.htm
Abdel Azim, Sherif. (n.d.). Women in Islam versus Women in Judeo
Bearing Witness? Retrieved from:
Shafaat, Ahmad. (1988). Islamic Rulings Concerning Financial Dealings.
from: http://www.islamicperspectives.com/FinancialDealings.htm
"writing and witnessing the deal" for opinion on women witnesses.

women less in 'aql and deen
Saleem, Shehzad. (n.d.). Are Women Less Sensible?
mawrid.org/pages/articles_english_detail.php?rid=563&cid=61
Kareem, Kevin. (n.d.). Are
from: http://www.scribd.com/doc/23634217/Are
Intelligence-in-Islam This is a research pa
topics regarding women, it is well sourced. Please read first.











COMPLICATED A-Z: READINGS
______________________________________________________________________________
4
Additional Resources
Its a girl: The three deadliest words in the world
http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2012/01/16/it%E2%80%99s-a-girl-the-three-deadliest
Muslim Men Traumatized: The Fitnah of Women. Retrieved
http://muslimmatters.org/2011/04/11/muslim-men-traumatized-the-fitnah
2 women vs 1 being witnesses sources:
The Testimony of Women in Islamic Law. Retrieved
http://www.alhewar.com/TahaTestimony.htm
Women in Islam versus Women in Judeo-Christian Tradition:
Retrieved from:http://www.islamicity.com/mosque/w_islam/witness.htm
Islamic Rulings Concerning Financial Dealings. Retrieved
http://www.islamicperspectives.com/FinancialDealings.htm See the end of section
"writing and witnessing the deal" for opinion on women witnesses.
Are Women Less Sensible? Retrieved from: http://www.al
mawrid.org/pages/articles_english_detail.php?rid=563&cid=61
Are Women Deficient in Intelligence?
http://www.scribd.com/doc/23634217/Are-Women-Deficient-in
This is a research paper that covers many other controversial
topics regarding women, it is well sourced. Please read first.
___________________________
deadliest-words-
Retrieved
fitnah-of-women/
Christian Tradition:
http://www.islamicity.com/mosque/w_islam/witness.htm
Retrieved
See the end of section
http://www.al-
Women Deficient in Intelligence? Retrieved
in-
per that covers many other controversial
COMPLICATED A
___________________________________________________

Task: 1. Stories about abandoned girls, such as China.
1-2 pages. How females are treated in China, infanticide of girls, abortion.
larger scope and include other regions.
the old days, female babies were buried, but today this is still happening.
Women are vulnerable due to war and violence
1. U.N. Special Representativ
capital of the world Reports record that 48 women are raped every hour.
women face a stark choice between starvation if they stay at home or rape if they go into
the fields to cultivate food. Women rape survivors have formed support groups and
shelter to provide other rape survivors, both men and women.

Source: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/24/world/africa/democratic
rape/index.html

2. An estimated seven million girls have gone miss
25 years due to a strong cultural preference for boys. Despite efforts to outlaw female
infanticide and ultrasounds to determine gender, the gender imbalance continues to
grow not only in India but also in the UK a

Facts from UNICEF:
Female infanticide occurs in 80% of Indian states
Worst-affected states include wealthiest areas
927 girls born for every 1,000 boys
Infant mortality rate: 60/1,000

Source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk/7123753.stm

3. Female Genital Mutilation:

Key facts
Female genital mutilation (FGM) includes procedures that intentionally alter or injure
female genital organs for non
The procedure has no health benefits for girls and women.
Procedures can cause severe bleeding and problems urinating, and later, potential
childbirth complications and newborn deaths.
An estimated 100 to 140 million girls and women worldwide
consequences of FGM.
It is mostly carried out on young girls sometime between infancy and age 15 years.
In Africa an estimated 92 million girls from 10 years of age and above have undergone
FGM.
FGM is internationally recogniz


COMPLICATED A-Z: READINGS
______________________________________________________________________________
5
Task: 1. Stories about abandoned girls, such as China.
How females are treated in China, infanticide of girls, abortion. This
larger scope and include other regions. ShaykhWaleed wants to make the following point:
the old days, female babies were buried, but today this is still happening.
Women are vulnerable due to war and violence
U.N. Special Representative Margot Wallstrom has called Eastern Congo the rape
capital of the world Reports record that 48 women are raped every hour.
women face a stark choice between starvation if they stay at home or rape if they go into
food. Women rape survivors have formed support groups and
shelter to provide other rape survivors, both men and women.
Source: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/24/world/africa/democratic
An estimated seven million girls have gone missing from India's population over the last
25 years due to a strong cultural preference for boys. Despite efforts to outlaw female
infanticide and ultrasounds to determine gender, the gender imbalance continues to
grow not only in India but also in the UK among families of Indian descent.
Female infanticide occurs in 80% of Indian states
affected states include wealthiest areas
927 girls born for every 1,000 boys
Infant mortality rate: 60/1,000
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk/7123753.stm
Female Genital Mutilation:
Female genital mutilation (FGM) includes procedures that intentionally alter or injure
female genital organs for non-medical reasons.
The procedure has no health benefits for girls and women.
Procedures can cause severe bleeding and problems urinating, and later, potential
childbirth complications and newborn deaths.
An estimated 100 to 140 million girls and women worldwide are currently living with the
It is mostly carried out on young girls sometime between infancy and age 15 years.
In Africa an estimated 92 million girls from 10 years of age and above have undergone
FGM is internationally recognized as a violation of the human rights of girls and women.
___________________________
This can also have a
ShaykhWaleed wants to make the following point: in
e Margot Wallstrom has called Eastern Congo the rape
capital of the world Reports record that 48 women are raped every hour. Some of these
women face a stark choice between starvation if they stay at home or rape if they go into
food. Women rape survivors have formed support groups and
Source: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/24/world/africa/democratic-congo-
ing from India's population over the last
25 years due to a strong cultural preference for boys. Despite efforts to outlaw female
infanticide and ultrasounds to determine gender, the gender imbalance continues to
mong families of Indian descent.
Female genital mutilation (FGM) includes procedures that intentionally alter or injure
Procedures can cause severe bleeding and problems urinating, and later, potential
are currently living with the
It is mostly carried out on young girls sometime between infancy and age 15 years.
In Africa an estimated 92 million girls from 10 years of age and above have undergone
ed as a violation of the human rights of girls and women.
COMPLICATED A
___________________________________________________

Source: World Health Organization:
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs241/en/index.html

4. Maternal Health:
Worldwide, 1000 women die every day due to complications during pregnancy and
childbirth - up to 358, 000 women per year. In developing countries, conditions related
to pregnancy and childbirth constitute the second leading causes (after HIV/AIDS) of
death among women of reproductive age.
The state of maternal health mirrors the gap between the rich and the poor. Only 1% of
maternal deaths occur in high
complications in childbirth or pregnancy is an average
countries and compared to one in 44 300 in developed countries. Also, maternal
mortality is higher in rural areas and among poorer and less educated communities. Of
the 1000 women who die every day, 570 live in sub
and five in high-income countries.
About 18 million unsafe abortions are carried out in developing countries every year,
resulting in 46 000 maternal deaths. Many of these deaths could be prevented if
information on family planning and

Source:
http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/maternal_health/maternal_health_facts/en/ind
ex.html

5. Breastfeeding

The World Health Organization (WHO) strongly recommends strongly recommends
exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life. At six months, other foods should
complement breastfeeding for up to two years or more.

Maternity leave: In the US, most women abandon breastfeeding within 2 months and
maternity leave if eligible is only six weeks.

WHO recommends that a new mother should have at least 16 weeks of absence from
work after delivery, to be able to rest and breastfeed her child
back to work abandon exclusive breastfeeding before the recommended six months
because they do not have sufficient time, or an adequate place to breastfeed or express
and store their milk at work. Mothers need access to a safe, clean
near their workplaces to continue the practice.

Source: http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/breastfeeding/facts/en/index.html

6. Womens Health
Girls are far more likely than boys to suffer sexual violence (any sexual abuse: 8.7%
boys; 25.3% girls globally).
Globally, cardiovascular disease, often thought to be a "male" problem, is the leading
killer of women.

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6
Source: World Health Organization:
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs241/en/index.html
ide, 1000 women die every day due to complications during pregnancy and
up to 358, 000 women per year. In developing countries, conditions related
to pregnancy and childbirth constitute the second leading causes (after HIV/AIDS) of
women of reproductive age.
The state of maternal health mirrors the gap between the rich and the poor. Only 1% of
maternal deaths occur in high-income countries. A woman's lifetime risk of dying from
complications in childbirth or pregnancy is an average of one in 120 in developing
countries and compared to one in 44 300 in developed countries. Also, maternal
mortality is higher in rural areas and among poorer and less educated communities. Of
the 1000 women who die every day, 570 live in sub-Saharan Africa, 300 in South Asia
income countries.
About 18 million unsafe abortions are carried out in developing countries every year,
resulting in 46 000 maternal deaths. Many of these deaths could be prevented if
information on family planning and contraceptives were available and put into practice.
http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/maternal_health/maternal_health_facts/en/ind
The World Health Organization (WHO) strongly recommends strongly recommends
exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life. At six months, other foods should
complement breastfeeding for up to two years or more.
In the US, most women abandon breastfeeding within 2 months and
maternity leave if eligible is only six weeks.
WHO recommends that a new mother should have at least 16 weeks of absence from
work after delivery, to be able to rest and breastfeed her child. Many mothers who go
back to work abandon exclusive breastfeeding before the recommended six months
because they do not have sufficient time, or an adequate place to breastfeed or express
and store their milk at work. Mothers need access to a safe, clean and private place in or
near their workplaces to continue the practice.
Source: http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/breastfeeding/facts/en/index.html
Girls are far more likely than boys to suffer sexual violence (any sexual abuse: 8.7%
oys; 25.3% girls globally).
Globally, cardiovascular disease, often thought to be a "male" problem, is the leading
___________________________
ide, 1000 women die every day due to complications during pregnancy and
up to 358, 000 women per year. In developing countries, conditions related
to pregnancy and childbirth constitute the second leading causes (after HIV/AIDS) of
The state of maternal health mirrors the gap between the rich and the poor. Only 1% of
income countries. A woman's lifetime risk of dying from
of one in 120 in developing
countries and compared to one in 44 300 in developed countries. Also, maternal
mortality is higher in rural areas and among poorer and less educated communities. Of
a, 300 in South Asia
About 18 million unsafe abortions are carried out in developing countries every year,
resulting in 46 000 maternal deaths. Many of these deaths could be prevented if
contraceptives were available and put into practice.
http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/maternal_health/maternal_health_facts/en/ind
The World Health Organization (WHO) strongly recommends strongly recommends
exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life. At six months, other foods should
In the US, most women abandon breastfeeding within 2 months and
WHO recommends that a new mother should have at least 16 weeks of absence from
. Many mothers who go
back to work abandon exclusive breastfeeding before the recommended six months
because they do not have sufficient time, or an adequate place to breastfeed or express
and private place in or
Source: http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/breastfeeding/facts/en/index.html
Girls are far more likely than boys to suffer sexual violence (any sexual abuse: 8.7%
Globally, cardiovascular disease, often thought to be a "male" problem, is the leading
COMPLICATED A
___________________________________________________

Globally, girls under five years are more likely to be overweight than boys, which
together with obesity
disorders and some cancers later in life.
For women in their reproductive years (15
death and disease worldwide, while unsafe sex is the main risk factor in developing
countries. Biological factors, lack of access to information and health services,
economic vulnerability and unequal power in sexual relations expose young women
particularly to HIV infection.
For example, in sub-
childbearing does not use any family planning method.
In the WHO South-East Asia Region, burns are a leading cause of death among
women aged 1544. Women suffer significantly more fire
than men. Many fire-
result of intimate partner and family violence.
Violence against women is widespread around the world. Women who have been
physically or sexually abused have higher rates of mental ill
pregnancies, abortions and miscarriages than non
against women is perpetrated by an intimate male partner. Increasingly in many
conflicts sexual violence is also used as a tactic of war.
Women are more susceptible to depression
million adult women worldwide suffer a major depressive episode each year.
Women prepare most of the family food, hence, the burden of COPD caused by
exposure to indoor smoke is over 50% higher among women than among

Source: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs334/en/index.html

7. Violence Against Women

A 2003 study revealed that Australian indigenous women were 28 times more
likely than nonindigenous women to be admitted to hospital with assault injuries
Surveys have shown that over half of women with disabilities have experienced
physical abuse
A study in India estimated that prenatal sex selective abortion and infanticide
have resulted in half a million missing girls per year
According to the National Fertility and Family Health Survey in the Republic of
Korea, among pregnancies that have had
those with male foetuses led to normal births, whereas 30 per cent with female
foetuses were terminated
In South Asia, more than 30 per cent of girls between the ages of 15 and 19 are
married; early marriage can j
autonomy, including through raising the risk of HIV infection

Source: http://www.unescap.org/esid/gad/publication/othe


COMPLICATED A-Z: READINGS
______________________________________________________________________________
7
Globally, girls under five years are more likely to be overweight than boys, which
together with obesity may lead to cardiovascular disease, diabetes, muculoskeletal
disorders and some cancers later in life.
For women in their reproductive years (1544), HIV/AIDS is the leading cause of
death and disease worldwide, while unsafe sex is the main risk factor in developing
tries. Biological factors, lack of access to information and health services,
economic vulnerability and unequal power in sexual relations expose young women
particularly to HIV infection.
-Saharan Africa, one in four women who wish to d
childbearing does not use any family planning method.
East Asia Region, burns are a leading cause of death among
44. Women suffer significantly more fire-related injuries and deaths
-related deaths are related to cooking accidents and many are a
result of intimate partner and family violence.
Violence against women is widespread around the world. Women who have been
physically or sexually abused have higher rates of mental ill-health, unintended
pregnancies, abortions and miscarriages than non-abused women. Most violence
against women is perpetrated by an intimate male partner. Increasingly in many
conflicts sexual violence is also used as a tactic of war.
Women are more susceptible to depression and anxiety than men. An estimated 73
million adult women worldwide suffer a major depressive episode each year.
Women prepare most of the family food, hence, the burden of COPD caused by
exposure to indoor smoke is over 50% higher among women than among
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs334/en/index.html
Violence Against Women
A 2003 study revealed that Australian indigenous women were 28 times more
likely than nonindigenous women to be admitted to hospital with assault injuries
Surveys have shown that over half of women with disabilities have experienced
A study in India estimated that prenatal sex selective abortion and infanticide
have resulted in half a million missing girls per year
According to the National Fertility and Family Health Survey in the Republic of
Korea, among pregnancies that have had sex identification tests, 90 per cent of
those with male foetuses led to normal births, whereas 30 per cent with female
foetuses were terminated
In South Asia, more than 30 per cent of girls between the ages of 15 and 19 are
married; early marriage can jeopardize girls health, education and economic
autonomy, including through raising the risk of HIV infection
http://www.unescap.org/esid/gad/publication/others/publication_egm
___________________________
Globally, girls under five years are more likely to be overweight than boys, which
diovascular disease, diabetes, muculoskeletal
44), HIV/AIDS is the leading cause of
death and disease worldwide, while unsafe sex is the main risk factor in developing
tries. Biological factors, lack of access to information and health services,
economic vulnerability and unequal power in sexual relations expose young women
Saharan Africa, one in four women who wish to delay or stop
East Asia Region, burns are a leading cause of death among
related injuries and deaths
aths are related to cooking accidents and many are a
Violence against women is widespread around the world. Women who have been
health, unintended
abused women. Most violence
against women is perpetrated by an intimate male partner. Increasingly in many
and anxiety than men. An estimated 73
million adult women worldwide suffer a major depressive episode each year.
Women prepare most of the family food, hence, the burden of COPD caused by
exposure to indoor smoke is over 50% higher among women than among men.
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs334/en/index.html
A 2003 study revealed that Australian indigenous women were 28 times more
likely than nonindigenous women to be admitted to hospital with assault injuries
Surveys have shown that over half of women with disabilities have experienced
A study in India estimated that prenatal sex selective abortion and infanticide
According to the National Fertility and Family Health Survey in the Republic of
sex identification tests, 90 per cent of
those with male foetuses led to normal births, whereas 30 per cent with female
In South Asia, more than 30 per cent of girls between the ages of 15 and 19 are
eopardize girls health, education and economic
rs/publication_egm-vaw.pdf
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___________________________________________________


8. Harmful Cultural Practices:

Nepal
Deuki, Badi, Jhuma: girls are offered to temples in return for a vow made and are
sexually exploited (practiced in far western Nepal)

Jari system: in which one can take away another persons
(practiced in far western Nepal)
Isolation during menstruation and child birth (22 days during first menstruation and
11 days after childbirth). This is still practiced in many societies where women and
girls are made to sleep in a s
hard life.
Accusations of being a witch or being possessed by a witch often leading to extreme
mental and physical torture, and even death

Source: http://www.unescap.org/esid/gad/publication/others/publication_egm

Thailand
Research from various sources indicates that the incidence of gender
fact worsening, and that approximately 40 percent of women in Thailand are beaten by
their spouses.

Source: http://www.unescap.org/esid/gad/publication/others/p

India:
Generally, lower-ranking groups allow widow remarriage, particularly if the woman is
relatively young, but the highest
The most strict adherents to the nonremarriage of
The dowry is becoming an increasingly onerous burden for the bride's family. Antidowry
laws exist but are largely ignored, and a bride's treatment in her marital home is often
affected by the value of her dowry. Increasingly frequent
particularly in urban areas, where a groom's family makes excessive demands on the
bride's family--even after marriage
bride, typically by setting her clothes on fire in a cooking "accid
free to remarry and collect another sumptuous dowry. The male and female in
implicated in these murders have seldom been punished

Source: U.S. Library of Congress
Kenya: Wife Inheritance
It was the summer of 1990, and Mildred BwireAuma faced a deadly scenario.

COMPLICATED A-Z: READINGS
______________________________________________________________________________
8
Harmful Cultural Practices:
Deuki, Badi, Jhuma: girls are offered to temples in return for a vow made and are
sexually exploited (practiced in far western Nepal)
Jari system: in which one can take away another persons wife by paying for her
(practiced in far western Nepal)
Isolation during menstruation and child birth (22 days during first menstruation and
11 days after childbirth). This is still practiced in many societies where women and
girls are made to sleep in a shed outside the house during this period and live a very
Accusations of being a witch or being possessed by a witch often leading to extreme
mental and physical torture, and even death
http://www.unescap.org/esid/gad/publication/others/publication_egm
Research from various sources indicates that the incidence of gender-based violence
fact worsening, and that approximately 40 percent of women in Thailand are beaten by
http://www.unescap.org/esid/gad/publication/others/publication_egm
ranking groups allow widow remarriage, particularly if the woman is
relatively young, but the highest-ranking castes discourage or forbid such remarriage.
The most strict adherents to the nonremarriage of widows are Brahmans.
The dowry is becoming an increasingly onerous burden for the bride's family. Antidowry
laws exist but are largely ignored, and a bride's treatment in her marital home is often
affected by the value of her dowry. Increasingly frequent are horrible incidents,
particularly in urban areas, where a groom's family makes excessive demands on the
even after marriage--and when the demands are not met, murder the
bride, typically by setting her clothes on fire in a cooking "accident." The groom is then
free to remarry and collect another sumptuous dowry. The male and female in
implicated in these murders have seldom been punished
Source: U.S. Library of Congress http://countrystudies.us/india/86.htm
It was the summer of 1990, and Mildred BwireAuma faced a deadly scenario.
___________________________
Deuki, Badi, Jhuma: girls are offered to temples in return for a vow made and are
wife by paying for her
Isolation during menstruation and child birth (22 days during first menstruation and
11 days after childbirth). This is still practiced in many societies where women and
hed outside the house during this period and live a very
Accusations of being a witch or being possessed by a witch often leading to extreme
http://www.unescap.org/esid/gad/publication/others/publication_egm-vaw.pdf
based violence is in
fact worsening, and that approximately 40 percent of women in Thailand are beaten by
ublication_egm-vaw.pdf
ranking groups allow widow remarriage, particularly if the woman is
ranking castes discourage or forbid such remarriage.
widows are Brahmans.
The dowry is becoming an increasingly onerous burden for the bride's family. Antidowry
laws exist but are largely ignored, and a bride's treatment in her marital home is often
are horrible incidents,
particularly in urban areas, where a groom's family makes excessive demands on the
and when the demands are not met, murder the
ent." The groom is then
free to remarry and collect another sumptuous dowry. The male and female in-laws
It was the summer of 1990, and Mildred BwireAuma faced a deadly scenario.
COMPLICATED A
___________________________________________________

Her husband had just succumbed to AIDS. She knew he had infected her. Now her in
laws clamored for her to allow one of her husband'
responsibility, as tradition here has long dictated.
Auma, then 28, could scorn tradition, be driven from her community and face starvation
with her three children. Or she could marry a brother
her property and pass on the virus.

Source:
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpsrv/inatl/longterm/africanlives/kenya/kenya_aids.htm

Additional information on practice:
http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,469f2e492,485ba868c,0.html



COMPLICATED A-Z: READINGS
______________________________________________________________________________
9
Her husband had just succumbed to AIDS. She knew he had infected her. Now her in
laws clamored for her to allow one of her husband's brothers to make her his
responsibility, as tradition here has long dictated.
Auma, then 28, could scorn tradition, be driven from her community and face starvation
with her three children. Or she could marry a brother-in-law, feed her offspring, protect
and pass on the virus.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpsrv/inatl/longterm/africanlives/kenya/kenya_aids.htm
on practice:
http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,469f2e492,485ba868c,0.html
___________________________
Her husband had just succumbed to AIDS. She knew he had infected her. Now her in-
s brothers to make her his
Auma, then 28, could scorn tradition, be driven from her community and face starvation
law, feed her offspring, protect
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpsrv/inatl/longterm/africanlives/kenya/kenya_aids.htm
http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,469f2e492,485ba868c,0.html