Angular

Measurement
1
PROF. SANKET PATEL
Angular Measurement
Angle is defined as the opening between two lines which
meet at a point.
If a circle is divided into 360 parts, then each part is called a
degree (
o
). Each degree is subdivided into 60 parts called
minutes(), and each minute is further subdivided into 60
parts called seconds().
The unit Radian is defined as the angle subtended by an arc
of a circle of length equal to the radius.
If arc AB = radius OA, then the angle q = 1 radian.



2
Angular Measurement
1 Circle = 360 Degrees ( 360 )

1 Degree ( 1) = 60 Minutes ( 60' )

1 Minute ( 1') = 60 Seconds ( 60" )

3
Angular Measurement

The unit of degree can also be divided into
either decimal or fractional parts and is
referred to as decimal degrees or fractional
degrees respectively.

1 Degree = 1.5 Degree ( 1.5)

87 Degrees = 87.25 Degrees ( 87.25 )
4
Angular Measurement
Most common tools.
Simple Protractor
Angle gauges
Vernier bevel protractor
Optical instruments-autocollimator
Sine bar
Sine centre
5
Simple Protractor
Protractor is an instrument to measure the
angle between two intersecting lines.
6
Vernier bevel protector
Groove
Blade clamp
Adjustable blade
Acute angle
attachment
Base plate
Vernier scale
Clamping knob
SCHEMATIC OF UNIVERSAL BEVEL PROTRACTOR

Vernier bevel protractor
It is a simplest instrument for measuring the angle
between two faces of a component.
it consists of a base plate attached to the main body,
and an adjustable blade, which is attached to a circular
plate containing Vernier scale.
The adjustable blade is capable of sliding freely along
the groove provided on it and can be clamped at any
convenient length. It along with the circular plate
containing the Vernier scale can rotate freely and can
be locked in any position.
An acute angle attachment is provided for the purpose
of measuring acute angles. The base plate is made flat
so that it can be laid flat upon the work and any type of
angle can be measured (i.e., form 0-360 degrees).
9

ACUTE ANGLE MEASUREMENT

OBTUSE ANGLE MEASUREMENT
12
Reading a Vernier Protractor
Note number of whole degrees between zero on
main scale and zero on vernier scale
13
Proceeding in same direction, note which
vernier line coincides with main scale line
50
Fourth
Multiply number by 5' and add to
degrees on protractor dial
4 x 5'= 20'
Reading =
50 20'
Sine bars
100,200 or 300 mm
Setting rollers
Relief holes
End face
End face
SIMPLE FORM OF SINE BAR
Sine bars are made from high carbon, high chromium,
corrosion resistant steel which can be hardened, ground &
stabilized. Two cylinders of equal diameters are attached
at the ends as shown in fig. The distance between the axes
can be 100, 200 & 300 mm.
The Sine bar is designated basically for the precise setting
out of angles and is generally used in conjunction with slip
gauges & surface plate. The principle of operation relies
upon the application of Trigonometry.
Sine bars(cont)
Sine bars(cont)
C
H
L
A
B
Sine bar
Surface plate
Slip gauge stack
In the above fig, the standard length AB (L) can be used &
by varying the slip gauge stack (H), any desired angle q can
be obtained as,
=sin
-1
(H/L). Any work can be located at the desired angle
by above calculation.
17
Sine bars(cont)
Work piece
Angle plate
Dial indicator
Clamp
Clamp
Slip gauges
Sine bar
Work piece
Angle plate
Dial indicator
Clamp
Clamp
Slip gauges
Sine bar
Work piece
Angle plate
Dial indicator
Clamp
Clamp
Slip gauges
Sine bar
Sine bars(cont)
For checking unknown angles of a component, a dial
indicator is moved along the surface of work and any
deviation is noted. The slip gauges are then adjusted such
that the dial reads zero as it moves from one end to the
other.
Limitations of Sine bars
The accuracy of sine bars is limited by measurement of
center distance between the two precision rollers &
hence it can not be used as a primary standard for angle
measurements.
Sine principle is fairly reliable at angles less than 15
o
, but
becomes inaccurate as the angle increases. For angles
exceeding 45
o
, sine bars are not suitable for the
following reasons:
(1) The sine bar is physically clumsy to hold in position.
(2) The body of the sine bar obstructs the gauge block
stack, even if relieved.
Limitations of Sine bars (Contd)
3) Slight errors of the sine bar causes large angular
errors.
4) Long gauge stacks are not nearly as accurate as
shorter gauge blocks.
5) A difference in deformation occurs at the point
of roller contact supporting the surface and to the
gauge blocks, because at higher angles, the load is
shifted more towards the fulcrum roller.

Sine Bars
21
Sine centre
22
Sine centers are used for mounting conical
work pieces which can not be held on a
conventional sine bar.

Sine centre consists of a self contained sine
bar hinged at one roller and mounted on its
own datum surface & the top surface of the bar
is provided with clamps & centers to hold the
work.

For the dial gauge to read zero, the accurate
semi cone angle ==sin
-1
(H/L).
L
H
S
i
n
e

b
a
r
Dial gauge
Clamp
Slip gauge stack
Roller pivot
Conical work piece Centre
Sine centre
Sine centre
Angle gauges
These were developed by Dr. Tomilson in 1939.
The angle gauges are hardened steel blocks of 75
mm length and 16 mm wide which has lapped
surfaces lying at a very precise angle.
The engraved symbol < indicates the direction of
the included angle & available in a 13 piece set.
Deg 1 3 9 27 41
Min 1 3 9 27
sec 3 6 18 30
26
Angle gauges(cont)
Angle gauges(cont)
Degree 27
o
+9
o
+1
o
=37
o

Minutes = 27-9-3+1 = 16
Seconds = 30+ 18 -6
Build an angle of 37
o
16 42
Deg 1 3 9 27 41
Min 1 3 9 27
sec 3 6 18 30
Build an angle of 37
o
16 42
6"
18"
37 16' 42"

30"
1'
3'
9'
27'
1

27
Clinometer
Clinometer
Rotary member
Horizontal
Vernier scale
Spirit level
Clinometer
Clinometer
A Clinometer is a special case of
application of spirit level, in which it is
mounted on a rotary member carried on a
housing.
A semi circular scale is used to measure
the angle of inclination of the rotary
member carrying the spirit level relative to
its base.
Clinometer is mainly used to measure the
included angle between two adjacent faces
of the workpiece.

Clinometer
The Clinometer is first placed on one face of the
workpiece and the rotary member is adjusted till the
bubble is exactly at the center of the spirit level. The
angle is noted on the scale.
A second reading is taken in a similar manner on the
second face of the workpiece. The included angle is
then the difference between the two readings. i.e. from
fig, =180-(+).
Clinometers are used for checking face & relief angles
on large cutting tools & milling cutter inserts.
Also used for setting jig boring machine tables &
angular work on grinding machines.


Autocollimator
Autocollimator
Like in the collimator the image of the illuminated object reticle is projected by
the objective lens to infinity. In some distance, the collimated beam is reflected
back from a mirrored surface. If the mirror surface is tilted by an angle with
respect to the optical axis, the reflected beam will enter the objective lens with an
angle 2.
This leads to a shiftd of the image in the image plane which can be calculated
with the objective focal length f giving d = 2 x f or = d/( 2f ).
First the angle gauge combination is set up to the nearest known angle of the
work piece. Then the auto-collimator is adjusted and the reading is taken for the
given set of angle gauge as shown in Figure (a). Then the angle gauge is removed
and it is replaced by the work piece A B C D on the same base. If the angle from the
angle gauge is same as that of the work piece, then auto-collimator shows the same
reading. If there is a difference in the reading is (1-2) then the error or
difference can be eliminated by me proper selection of angle gauges.












When the collimator shows the same reading then the angle gauges gives
the exact angle of the work piece.
Angle Dekkor
Angle dekkor works on the
same principle as that of
autocollimator.
In this the focal plane of
objective lens is outside the
view of micrometer eyepiece.
The rays from source are
projected on to a optical
square and then on to the
objective lens.
These beams then strike the
reflector or the surface of
work piece are reflected back
by the lens in the field of view
of eyepiece as shown in
Figure.
Taper measuring instrument
(measurement of Taper shaft and Hole)
Instrument required for checking angle of taper are two discs of
different sizes, slip gauges, Dial indicator, stand and surface plate.
Arrange the apparatus as shown in fig.

Tan /2 = O
1
A / AO
2
= [(d
1
-d
2
)/2] / [{(d
1
+d
2
)/2}+L]

Where l is the length of length of the slip gauge and d1 and d2 are the
diameters of the two discs.

In this method, we require two balls of different sizes, depth
gauge, height gauge etc. This method is particularly suitable
for checking the angle of a tapered ring gauge







.
Sin A/2 =O
2
S/O
1
O
2
=R
2
-R
1
/(H
I
+H
2
+R
1
-R
2
)
To Check Angle of Tapered Hole