Christoffer Werge (10832) Hand-in 3 13-09-2013

Lasse Srensen (09421)

Hand-in 3
Exercise 1
We are told to disproe the state!ent"
If x {0,1,2,3,4}, then 2
n
+ 3
n
+ n*(n-1)* (n-2) is prime
#he $est %a& to disproe this senten'e is $& giing a 'o(ntere)a!ple in the for! of"
There exists an x {0,1,2,3,4}, such that 2
n
+ 3
n
+ n*(n-1)* (n-2) is not prime
We find o(t* that %hen ) is 4 the e+(ation gies (s"
2
4
+ 3
4
+ 4*(4-1) * (4-2) 1! + "1 + 24 121
11 is a fa'tor of 121* and therefore 121 is not a pri!e, So %e hae fo(nd a 'o(ntere)a!ple to o(r
first state!ent* and th(s disproed it,
Exercise 2
-. is odd if $oth - and . is odd* is een if -* . or .oth is een" 3 og / 0 1/
(- 1 .)22* is odd if - and . is of different parit&* is een if - and . is of sa!e parit&, 3 og /0 34
-224.22 is odd if $oth - and . is odd* is een if -* . or $oth are een, 3 og / 0 22/ 0 odd
- 1 -. 1 .* is odd if -* . or .oth are odd* is een if .oth are een, 3 og / 0 23 0 odd
We are told that - and . is in the do!ain of 5, We are then as6ed to disproe the state!ent"
If #*$ an% (# + $)
2
are of opposite parit&,
then #
2
$
2
an% # + #*$ + $ are of opposite parit&

#o disproe this* %e need to find atleast one - and one . %here this doesn7t hold, 8n anal&sing the
indiid(al stat!ents %e 'an fig(re o(t that"
#*$ is o%% iff' (oth # an% $ are o%%'
(#+$)
2
is o%% iff' # an% $ is of %ifferent parit&'
#
2
*$
2
is o%% iff' $oth # an% $ are o%%'
# + #*$ + $ is o%% iff' #, $ or $oth are o%%'
9ro! this %e 'an see that"
#*$ an% #
2
*$
2
are a)*a&s of the same parit&'
8f %e 'an find an - and a . that !a6es (-1.)
2
a different parit& fro! -4 . and - 1 -4. 1 .* then
%e hae disproed the state!ents, We 'hoose and - and . that $oth are odd, #his %o(ld !a6e -4.
odd and (-1.)
2
een* -
2
4.
2
%o(ld $e odd and -1-4. 1 . is odd, So"
1
Christoffer Werge (10832) Hand-in 3 13-09-2013
Lasse Srensen (09421)
If # an% $ is o%%, then #*$ an% (#*$) is of %ifferent parit&,
an% #
2
*$
2
an% # + #*$ + $ is of the same parit&
Exercise 3
We are told that ) and & is in do!ain of all positie real n(!$ers,
9(rther!ore %e are told to proe $& 'ontradi'tion that if ) : & then s+rt()) : s+rt(&)
#o proe this $& 'ontradi'tion %e ass(!e to the 'ontrar&* that"
there exists x an% & such that if x + & then s,rt(x) - s,rt(&)
We ass(!e that ) 0 a* and & 0 a 11* a $eing a real n(!$er, Whateer n(!$er &o( p(t into a* )
%o(ld al%a&s $e s!aller then &* So"
if a + a + 1, then s,rt(a) - s,rt(a+1)
When (sing real n(!$ers* %e 'an safel& ass(!e that"
if s - t, then s
2
- t
2
So %e 'an ass(!e that"
If a + a+1, then s,rt(a)
2
- s,rt(a+1)
2
.
if a + a+1, then a - a+1
#his is a 'lear 'ontradi'tion* and so it is proed $& 'ontradi'tion that"
x + & then s,rt(x) + s,rt(&)
/'0'1
Exercise 4:
We need to proe that there is no largest negatie rational n(!$er,
#o do this %e ass(!e to the 'ontrar& that there is a largest negatie n(!$er* %hi'h %e %ill 'all s, 8t
!(st follo% that"
/
-
+ s + 0
8f s is rational* negatie n(!$er* then there is a (er&* er& s!all) n(!$er $et%een s and 0, Lets 'all
this differen'e t, #he half of this distan'e* 'an $e 'alled t;2, #his distan'e added to s* %o(ld still $e
negatie* $(t greater than s* so"
/
-
+ s + s + t22 + 0
#herefore s is not the greatest negatie n(!$er* %hi'h %ill 'reate a 'ontradi'tion, So it has $een
proen $& 'ontradi'tion that there is not largest negatie n(!$er
2
Christoffer Werge (10832) Hand-in 3 13-09-2013
Lasse Srensen (09421)
Exercise 5:
We need to proe that there e)ists no positie integer ) s('h that 2) : )
2
: 3),
Sin'e ) is a positie integer* %e 'an safel& ass(!e that
a + ( + c . a2x + (2x + c2x
#his !(st !ean %e 'an sa& that"
2x 2 x + x
2
2 x

+ 3x 2 x .
2 + x + 3
Sin'e there 'an7t e)ist a positie integer $et%een 2 and 3* %e hae proed that there e)ists no
positie integer s('h that 2) : )
2
: 3), <,=,>
Exercise 6:
We need to proe that if n is an odd integer* then ?n @ / is een* $& doing 3 different proofsA >ire't
proof* proof $& 'ontrapositie and proof $& 'ontradi'tion
3art #4 1irect 3roof'
8f n is odd* %e 'an s($tit(te this $& sa&ing that n 0 2) 1 1, 9ro! this %e 'an ded('e that"
5(2x +1) 6 7
14 x + 5 6 7
14x + 2
2(5x + 1)
Sin'e ?) 11 is an integer* ?n @ / is een, <,=,>
3art $4 3roof (& contrapositi8e
#o do a proof $& 'ontrapositie %e sa& that if ?n @ / is odd* then n is een, We start o(t $&
ass(!ing that n is een* and 'an $e s($stit(ted %ith 2), 9ro! this %e 'an ded('e that"
5(2x) 6 7
14x 6 7
14 x 6 4 6 1
3
Christoffer Werge (10832) Hand-in 3 13-09-2013
Lasse Srensen (09421)
2(5x 6 2) 6 1
Sin'e ?) @ 2 is an integer* ?n @ / is odd, Sin'e the state!ent B8f ?n @ / is odd* then n is eenB is
logi'all& e+(ialent to B8f n is odd* then ?n @ / is eenB* %e hae proed the state!ent (sing proof
$& 'ontrapositie, <,=,>
3art 94 3roof (& contra%iction'
We %ill no% ass(!e to the 'ontrar& that there e)ists and een integer n* s('h that ?n-/ is een,
Sin'e n is een* %e 'an s($stit(te n $& 2), 9ro! this %e 'an ded('e that"
5(2x) 6 7
14x 6 7
14 x 6 4 6 1
2(5x 6 2) 6 1
Sin'e ?) @ 2 is an integer* ?n-/ is odd, #his 'ontradi'ts o(r preio(s state!ent* and th(s the reerse*
that if n is een* then ?n -/ is odd* !(st $e tr(e, #herefore it has $een proed $& 'ontradi'tion
<,=,>
Exercise 7:
We hae to sho% that there e)ists t%o different irrational n(!$ers - and . s('h that -
.
is rational,
We %ill no% 'onsider the irrational n(!$ers - 0 s+rt(2) and . 0 2
s+rt(2)
, -
$
%o(ld then $e 4, So t%o
distin't irrational n(!$ers* 'an prod('e a rational n(!$er,
Exercise 8:
We need to disproe the state!ent" #here is an integer n s('h that n
4
1 n
3
1 n
2
1 n is odd, We %ill do
this (sing a proof $& 'ases"
9ase 14 n is e8en
8f n is een it 'an $e s($stit(ted $& 2), 9ro! this %e 'an ded('e that"
(2x)
4
+ (2x)
3
+ (2x)
2
+ (2x)
2(x
4
+ x
3
+ x
2
+ x)
Sin'e x
4
+ x
3
+ x
2
+ x is an integer* it !(st follo% that n
4
1 n
3
1 n
2
1 n is een for the 'ase that n is
een, #h(s no een n* 'an !a6e n
4
1 n
3
1 n
2
1 n odd,
9ase 14 n is o%%
8f n is odd it 'an $e s($stit(ted $& 2) 11 , 9ro! this %e 'an ded('e that"
4
Christoffer Werge (10832) Hand-in 3 13-09-2013
Lasse Srensen (09421)
(2x + 1)
4
+ (2x +1)
3
+ (2x +1)
2
+ (2x +1)
1!x
4
+ 40x
3
+ 40x
2
+ 1"x + 4
2("x
4
+ 20x
3
+ 20x
2
+ :x + 2)
Sin'e "x
4
+ 20x
3
+ 20x
2
+ :x + 2 is an integer it !(st follo% that n
4
1 n
3
1 n
2
1 n is een for the 'ase
that n is odd, #h(s no odd n* 'an !a6e n
4
1 n
3
1 n
2
1 n odd,
Co %e hae tried %ith $oth n $eing een and n $eing odd* and %e 'o(ld prod('e no odd n(!$er, So
it !(st follo% that %e hae disproed the senten'e" #here is an integer n s('h that n
4
1 n
3
1 n
2
1 n is
odd
/