y LSsVVRV

NRPsxqssW, NRPxmsxmspLRi, xmsRWxtsQ

NUPee ZaP[ee saRP*yR xqsyyLSRV
1978

xmsRsV sVVRsVV 1000 xmsRVV.

xqsLRi*ry*sV xqsLiNRPRsVV
s LRiW. 5c00 V

xmsNSaRPNRPVV :
$ y. sVVNTP sWRFy gRiVLRiVyRLSso
$ xmssVTxmnsVLiLi N][RLiRLSsVRV

xmsRVV LiRV][V :
saRP*yR Fyss aSzqsQ
H.No.

5c1c896/12

DrysRW sVTNRP NRPaS ZNPRVLRiVgS

xmso
\|RLSRV c 500 001

31

40

50

56

64

74

81

AsLiRsVRVVRV
gki. RgRi LRixqsLiLij RWsLijRVgRiV sVLiRV
ssLRixqssVVsV LSsWRVLiV y|qs
sVVsV sVNRPs ydNTP sVVssLRiVLiRV
sVLjiRVV LSsVVLiRV ysLiRsVRVVcRV gSs. 1
"LRir\sxqsM LRixqsg`i}yRVLi *7sLik s.' @s s[RsVV. LRixqssVscgS x. A LRixqssVVsV
F~Lij sVcRV AsLij @gRiVRVyRV. AsLiRsVV NRPy ysLij. LRixqssVV AsLiRsW?
@LiVVs][ x sVgRiVsV? xsLRiVVcRV. xqs` ` AsLiRsVV C sVWcRVsVgRiVsVVV.
xNRPV DxmsORPQNRPsVVV. @sgSxsV xqsWLiRVss. LRir\sxqsM @sgS LRixqss[V ycRV.
ycRscgS xRVs @LRisVV. LRixqssVVsV F~Lij AsLij RVgRiVRV yRscgS AsLiRsVV
NRPycRV c xRVgRiVRVyRs RVLRisVV. sVVR "RgRis' @ssW RVVsj. RgjisVgS
@s RVLRisVV. AsLij RVgRiVNRPV RgjisVgS LRixqssVVsV F~LijRVs RVLRisVV. sVssVV F~LiRV
xmsjRVV AsLiRsVV NSRV. ydNTP LSsWRVsVVsV y|qssV. FsLiRVNRPV y|qssV? LRixqssVVsV
xmsoLiRVNRPV y|qssV. LRixqssWsLiRsVV NRPy. LRixqssVVsV F~LijsycRV AsLiRsVVsV
F~LijsycRgRiVRVyRV NRPy! AsLiRsVsgS xxmsyLRisVV sLi[NRPy! @LiRV[R
LSsWRVsVVsV yzqsycRV. FssLjis gRiWLji yzqsycRV? LSsVVsgRiWLji yzqsycRV.
LSsVVscRV? AsLiRsVRVVcRV. AsLiRsVRVVs gRiWLji @sgS LRixqssVRVVs gRiWLji
sVNSssVV yzqss][ LRixqssVV sxqs=LiaRPRVsVVgS xmsoVsV. @LiRV [Rs[ sVVR "RgRiLRixqsLis'
yRVV. RgjisVgS @sgS LRixqssVV xmsoVNRPV WgRiQ\sVsVgS yzqsycRV @s @LRisVV.
LRixqssVVc LiRVNRPV sVVR WgRiR DRsVyRVNRPVcRVLiRV. Bj NSsORPQsVV.
LSsVVsNRPs sVRsVyRVNRPVc sRVLiRVsV? Fss*cRVsV [cRV.
1

aS. @LiRsWgRiVZNP[ RVryRsVgRiV sLiR sVVLiy

sLiRqsLSsj xqsLRi*sWsso NS! sWsVuysLiRs[V
sLiRVs xqsVxtsvLRixqsc\s VRc gSyxqsLiRsWryLiVV[
sLiRgRis ]NRP[ sVLjiRVV sLiR ryRXaRPQ\sV.
WgRiVNRPVcgRiWR sLiRsVV ryRsVVNSRV. @j RVVLi xqsLRi* sWssoNRPV
sWsVuysLiRs[V F~LiRLSsj. NSs LRixqsc\s][ NSysLiR sVVsV F~LiRsRVsV.
NSysLiR sW ryLiVV[sj. A ryLiVVs F~LiR gRisj NSysLiR sVVNRP[V. @j
sLiRsVV sLij gRisVNRP. sWsVuysLiRsVscgS sWssocRV F~LiT RWsLiRsVV. xms
sWssocRVsV sWsVuysLiRsVVsV F~LiR[cRV. yss F~LiRVNRPV sVsVxtsvZNP[ N]s
ORPQsVVV NSsRVVsV. @RRV RWNRPVRV. AbPxtsvRV, xtsvRV, suysVVRV NSsRVVsV.
sVLjiRVV xqsLRi*yNTP RNRPsLji NSsRVVsV. ys \|msRVjNSLji Vs*LRiV sVLiRNRPWRRV.
xmsyssVVgS ycRV @NSsVxRVcRV NSsRVVsV. BycRV RVVjztsQLRiRNRPsLjiRVs
gRisyRVy\lLis aRPLiNRPLSyLRiVy LRiyLRiV sWsVuysRsVscgSsj. CsWsVuysLiRsVV
sVVR N]R sVsVxtsvcRV, sVsVxtsQgRiLiRLRiV*V, [sgRiLiRLRiV*V, zmsRLRiVV, @s
[sRV, [sRV, BLiRVcRV, Xxxqs, xmsxms, LiVW sVVRVgS INRPL]NRPLji
RWsLiRsVVNRPLi \|ms\|ms yLji RWsLiRsVV sLiRsLiR lLiVgS sVLiRVsV. @j xmsxms
RWsLiRsVV. @sgS sLiRsVV. @LiRV[R sWsVuysLiRsVV F~LiRV[V NRPxtsQsVVgRiy!
sLiRsVVc LiRV WgRiV\ZNPs sryRsVsV. NSs, RNRPs LRixqsc\sycRV
NSysLiRsVVsV F~LiRVsV. A NSysLiRsVV LRixqsxqsxyLji. sLiR xqsRXaRP#\sVsj. C
NSysLi RsVV F~LiRVNRPWR NRPxtsQs[V. xmssWssocRV F~LiRVsj sWsVuyxmssLiRsVV NSs[
xms rysWsVcRLiVVs FyhRiNRPVcRV F~LiRVsj NSysLiRsVV NSRV. LRirysLiRsVV NSRV.
RLi][ssVV, x xmspLRi*NSs xsL<RiNRPXyxqssVV, xmsLRis[VaRP*LSsVgRixsVV c Bs
NSsRVVsV.
2

aS. ARWsLiRsVRVVLi xRVs RVxqsLiV[ sbPRLi

\[VLSVgRi s[RxmsLi NRPVsV xtsQFNRPQ\sV VVxmscgS
yRWsLiRsVRVVLiRV LSsVVcRs ysLi ydNTPys
ARWsLiRsVVVs LRixmnsVWRsVVcRVsVWc\ VVNRPQ\sVgS
xsVV, AsLiRsVV, LSsVVcRV c C sVVso*LRiV NRP[V. ydNTP LSsWRVsVVsV
yzqsycRV. NRPyyRVNRPVcRV LSsVVcRV. NSysLiRsVs RVVsj yss LRixqssVsVRVyLRiV. C
LSsWRV NSsgRiRLRixqssVV LSsVVs zqsjLiRVRVsj. yRVNRPVcRVRsVVc\s][ LRixqszqsj
NRPVsV. NRPsVNRP LSsVVcysLiRsVRVVcRV, LRixqssVWLji. A LRixqssVVsV F~Lij[V sVV AsLiRsVV
F~LijsyLRi gRiVRVyLRiV. x RWsLiRsVRVVcRs zmssV NRPy! AsLiRsVRV aRPsVV[
sLRi "sVRV' @s aRPsVVsj. BjVVNRP xmsRRVsVV xmspLjixmsRRVsVV "sVRV'. Bj
r~LiRsVVgS aRPsVVNSRV. C xmsRRVsVVsNRPV sNSLRisVs RVLRisVV. DLigRiLRisVV }sVsVRVsVV.
ys LRiWxmssVV DLigRiLRisVVVVNRP LRiWxmssVVgSs @LiRV[ sVsRLiRRVV LigSLRis[V. @LiVVs][
gRisLiRVc ysLiRsVV NSs. AsLiRsVVNScRV. AsLiRsVV gRiVsVV NRPsVNRP C xmsRRVsVVsNRPV
FyRVLRisVs RVLRisVVsj. @xmsVRV gRisLiRVs[ sNRPVxmsgRisVV AsLiRsVgRiVsV. @jRVV
NRPVRVLRiRV. AsLiR FyRVVcRV @s][ AsLiR xqsRXaRPVcRs @LRisVV LSsRVsV. N]LiR NRPVRVLRi
sRVsV. AsLiRxmnsVsVRV @s NRPWR sssRVsV. FsLiRV[R A aRPsVVsV xmsVN]s
s[RVRVyso @ssRVsV. s[RsVV[ C AsLiRsVRV aRPsVV xxmsLSRVsVVgS
yryLRiV yRcTsj NRPsVNRP. @xqssVsgS y ryLRiV @s @LRisVV. @LiRV[R AsLiRsVRV
aRPsVVsNRPV s[RsVVsLiRV xRVs RVLRisVVsj gRisVNRP s[VsVV $LSsVRLiRVs
AsLiRsVRVVcRsgS xqsLjiFsosV gRisVNRP $LSsVVcRV xsVgRiVsV. LSsVNRPVV
sxtsv[NRPsVVsNRPVc [sRVVsV, LSsV[NRPsVVs s[lLi[ [so. LSsVVc[ xQ\sVs][ ARVs[V
RWsLiRsVRVVc\ s][ [NRPgS sVLiRVsV. xsVV xqsLRi*yzms LSsVVcRV xqsLRi*yzms.
3

AsLiRsVV xqsLRi*yzms. AsLiRsVV sORPQssVV. sWssos xqsXztsQLi RWsLiRsVRVVcRV ys[

sos[ xmss[bPLiycRV, @s s[RsVV[ sVsj.
gki. @RVsVWRV NRPlLiLi\s ssVRV
ds sVkRV sRsVVs sLiRV s[sV
@sRVV ssLiRV s[yR[sV
xtsQ[ ysc xmsVaRPV [so.
aS. ARWsLiRsVVc Lijs xqssVRVLis[ ys[ sLi
][RW }RVso [RsLi]RVsgS sVsVVss zms[
yVs xmsNRPaRPNTP yNRPVc jsWlL^isLiR[VFyLRiVcgS
y, RWsLiRsVV dLRiVcxmsVNRPVc gS\|qsss sXyRVRQQ\sV.
D. A RVsVW RsVVgRi\s VVNRPVsj[VLiRV sRLi
\VVNRP NUPLjigS sVsNTP\V RVsVWRVV lLiLiRVsVWRV ry
lLi[ RVj sRQ\sV RssVs*L] WgRiVV yLjic xmss[
LiVVcNRP LSsVRLiRVNRPXxms RVj LSsVVcRVyRV sRVc\
C RVsLiysVW yNRPV sRsVV[ lLiLiRVsVWRVcryLRiV gjiLjisV xmsNRPsVV. @xmsVRV
Ljigjisj @xmsVRV Ljigjisj, A}RVso[R Ljigjisj @s xqsLigRiNRPWR xmsNRPsVV [RV. BRLRi
sxtsQRVsVVRVLiRV yNRPsLiR\sVs xmsNRP aRPNTP NRPRV. Bj xmsVNRPVc xmsRVRsVV
[zqsyRsV. xmsRVRsVV sXy\Vsj gSs xmsV ryRsVV NS[RV. y ZNPsVj[VLiRV
ycss N]LiRNUPLjiNRPycRsV NRPy! C sLji L][[ @[RNRP sVVNRPV [V [Rs
xmssRVsV. RVN][xqs sVLij xmsRVs[V, @[ RNRPsVV NTPLijxmsRVs[V. y
4

gRiLiRsVVRV s[LiVVLiRVNRPV s[N]cj RssVV NSsRVVsV. yNRPV [ sxqsVLRiV NRPRV.

@LiRV[Ry RgRi RssVVLiRRV. sVVRsVVdsVcR y LiVW sLji sRsVV xqsVsVVgS
[RsVNRPV dsV[RV. FsscRV Rs, AL][gRisLiRVcRV, NSsVsVV[R xRVcRV NSsycRV
1. yNRPV xmsNRP sVVsQQ\ssV ssss
a][RVVc][ ycRV sWsVuysLiRsVVsV F~LiRVss xmscTsjNRPy. NSsVxRVcRsV NSs
N]sgRiTRVV ysRsVV[ NRPso. INRPxmsVRV FsLiR NSsVxRVcR[ INRPxmsVRV s[sLiR
NSsVxRVcRsV NSsV. A RWsLiRsVV xmsyssVVgS NSysLiRsVV. FssVj [VLiR
sRsVV[ s[sV lLiLiRVrylLi[ F~LiRV [VsV? Bj yNSaRPLRisVV. A RWsLiRsVVsVgRiWLji
VNRPVsgS zmssgSs LiVW sW NRPLRisVV RVRV.
D. yRVgRi xqssgS sVxmssxtsQRVV xtsQsVV V|ms[
A RVsVW AxmsLiVVs sV sVs RVWx[ sxqs
Lki LiVVjRW RVLiRV sszmsLisV yNRPVsV LSsVRLiRV \sV
yRVRVV, gRisV, sWxRVVsV ys][Vs yzmsLiys
A RVsVs sVVsRsgS DxmssxtsQRV[ xtsQsVV[ Rjss[ RVVsj. FsV
Rjss? sWsVuysLiR sVVsj. AbPxtsvcRV, RTxtsvcRV xtsvcRV, xmsXjs RVLiR
xqsLRi*sRsVV xqsLixmspLRisVVgRi NRPycRVc a][ RVVcRV, @NSsVxRVcRV, Bysj
sWsVuysLiRsVs xmscTsj. C sWsVuysLiR sVRs sRzqsRW, @xmsVRxmsVRV
F~LiTjRW? [NRP sVV[ INRP sV RssLiRVcRVycRV, INRP sV xmsLiTRVcRVycRV. INRP
sV gSRVNRPVcRV NRP sVNRPs RVVyLRiV. A xmsysNTPs s[sV sLi ycRss RVWx
sRsVV sRgRiNRPVLiR sVLiRVsV. RNTPs xmsLjizqsRVV T sWLRiVV s[V, C Rs
5

syjNSLRisVV [RcgRilgiT VVNRPRXzms s[V. C RXzms sRsVVgS sVLiRVsV. @jVVNRP

RWsLiRORPQsVs xms sRVVsV. @[ RWsLiRsVsVNRPV dsV[RVgRiy! Bj AsLiR[aRPsVV
NSsRVsV. kss @xLiNSLRisVLiRVsVV. Fs][ }msLRiV][ yss xmsVRVsVV. ycRV
ANSsVxRVc\s][ ""ycRV ryRVso. ysLiR ycRss @RsNTP @xLiNSLRisVV[RV''
@LiRVsVV. @NSsVxRVs ORPQ sVVLiRVsV. xqsLixmspLRisVLiVVs sWsVuysLiRsVV F~LiRVNRPV
WgRiQ\sVs \|mss zmss ORPQsVV sRVV sVLiT LiVW NSsVsVV [s ORPQsVVs][
sxmsVRVycRV sWsVuysLiRsVV xqsLixmspLRisVVgS NRPycRV. "@xqsLki' @s VVNRP
xqsLi[RssVVsj. Jzqs NRPRsyy! @s RVLRisVV. ARVsVssVVsV gRiWLji RW[LiRgS
ysRVLiRV NRPRT xqs*ssVV [RszmsLisj. @j NRPRRV zqsLRisVVgS sVLiRVsV.
FsNRPRVsj? yss RWRVNRPV NRPsV yRV. Ex yRV. sWzLixmsc[RVV $LSsV
RLiRVs aRPLkiLRiyRV yRV. C sVWcTLi NRPdR\sVs VVNRP][ y RVsVssVV
yzmsLisVsj. A ][VRVRV. yss gRiVLi INRP [V gRigS RVVsV. @j
saRPsVVgS sVsj. A sWsVuysLiRsVV sVVR\ss RVVLiRVs[sW RVszmsLisj.
@szmsLiRV[V NSs RNTPs [sVRVV RVRV.
aS. ARWsLiRsVVLiRV LiRV sTgS\s ryzd[NRPNRPV
RVWuyNRPXc sV "NRPsy RVRzqsLS[sNTPsV'
FyRVMryLRiNRP }RV\s sgRi y\|ms sVsy [ss[c
][ RW LSsVVcRV xqs*xqs*LRiWxmsxmnsVyRVLi RV[ ycss
RVWxtsQsVV xmsxmsVNRPV @s RVLRisVV. xmsRsVV N]NRPV xmsxmsV][ NRPVV [RVVRVLRiV. dsFzqs
sVRgS VgS [RVVRVLRiV DTNTPLiRVLRiV. ryzd[NRP NRPV RVWuyNRPX @sgS ryzR
xmsxmsLiRsVVsLiR INRP RVWxNSVsRVVsj. @j xmsxmsVNRPVs sVsj. NRPcgS[RV
xmsVRgS [RV. }qssLis][ yL][gRisVV ys[ N]jgS ssVV s[RVVRVLRiV NSsos NRP LRiV
6

NRPgjiRVVLiRVsV. "NRPsy RVRzqs LS[sNTPsV?' NRPsR*sVVs][ LSsVV][ s[sV xmss? RVs

LRiQXxLji zmsycRV. C NRPsR*sVV B RWsLiRyRVNRPsVV. A ssVNRP zmss VVNRP
sLiRVRssVV, INRP RWsLiRxmso xqsLRi+ RssLiRVV sVVR\s yLjiNRPVsQ[ INRPLSs NRPVLiRVsV.
NRPsR*sVVs][ LSsVLiRVNRPV? @sgS INRP sVNRPs A LSF~LiT RWsLiRORPQsVVsV
F~LiRVss RVLRisVV. "NRPsy RVRzqs LS[sNTPsV' @sVsj INRP aRPsVVgSc kzqsN]s yss
xqsLjiLixms[|qsRV NSLRi\sV A RVsVssVVLiss RVLRisVV.
sVVR sVWcRV RLRisVV[ NRPs RVsVsLis NSysLiRsVV xmscTsj. sLjij
NSysLiRsVV NSRV. gRisLiRVs RRVss NRPgjis VVNRP RVsVW sZaP[xtsQsVV. NSysLiR
sxtsQRVsVVs sVs gRiVLRiV lLiLiRsys sxtsQRVsVV[ [RV. $LSsVRLiRVcRV FsxmsV][
VLiRVN][ RRVNRPgji A RVsVWs NRPgjiLiycRV. sVVR RVNSRV INRP NSssVV RRVso
RVLiRgS yss sVssVV [RVVRV [RVVRV Rs VVRV RsNRPVcRVs VVNRPzqs[sNTP
ysV sss RVLRisVV. @NRPR BLijRV ssLRisVV [RV. A[Rs[RV. sVsxqsV=[RV. A
zqs[ sLiR}qsxmsoyc][ RVRV. N]LiR}qsxmsNTP sVLRi sLijRVssVV NRPgjisj.
BLijRVssVV NRPgjis RLRiVyR Jx[! C NRPRs ss[VxtsQsW VLi][ A RVsVWs
F~Lij sszmsLisj. sRFLiVV [ sRFLiVVssV N]s][ syxqssVRVsVVsLiRV
RVRV. @[ @sVW xqssVRVsVVsLiRV RVRV. A RVsVW xqssVRVsVV
sRNSRsNRPWR RVVsVgRiy?
D. F~LiRgRiLSs VVNRPVRc Lijs s] s[LRi*LSsy
sLiR sVssWsV sLiNRP [NRP gSgRi yRVRV
sLiRVZNP yNRPV sRVsV sVLRiFyRsLiRV sNRPsW
sLiRsVVc gSLiRVs LRixmnsVVyRVs NRPsV][RcRV[

[NRPsVV[ sVssVV [s[ F~LiRVRVsVV. @j rysWssVVgRic LiR LSsj. A

RVsVssVVsNRPV ssVV AsLiRsVs yRVRVLRiV. INRPNRPWLRiW xmsRTW y LRiVgS
sVLiRVsV. INRP zmsRV\sVs sW sLiRVsVV. sLiR sVsVsLiy sVLiRVsVV. Bj
yZNPxmsVRV yaRPLRisVVgS sVLiRVsV. s[ysLiRsVVsV F~LijssgS $LSsVRLiRVs NRPsV][
RWssLRiRVLRisVV sLiRsVV F~LijssgS ysNRPsj[RV. [NRP dsV sWsV
@LiR[NRPgS yRVRVyLRiV.
D. sLiRV [RV ssVsLiVV ss LRiQ\sVs yg`i
XLiRsVV NRPLisVVLiRV NRPszmsLiRV VVVNRPV LSsVVcy
sLiRsVV lLiLiRVlLiLiRV ssyzqs [cRVgRi sWx}qsRV, y
RVLiRVs ry*sVLiVVLiR RRWLSbP VVLigRi _NRPVs
Fss[ [RV\s ssVVV xms[xms[ Rso*N][gS Rso*N][gS N]s sW xqssVWxsVV
NRPLisVVLiRV NRPszmsLiRVy? AsWsLiRsVV NSRV. sWV [sLi sRV][Rs[
RWsLiys W TFLiVVsj. ExNRPV sWNRPV ysLiysVW][ xqsLiLiRsVV [RV.
INRP RWsLiRsVV, lLiLiRV $LSsVRLiRVcRV. lLiLiRV NRP[, A lLiLiNTP ssyzqs. LSsVVcRscgS
ysLiRsVV. AsLiRsVscgS LSsVVcRV. FsLi][ [RVgRi sWx}qsRVgS $LSsVRLiRVs
RRVRVVs][ yRVsVW NRPVgRiVsV. @xmsV[ LSsVVs sV LSsVVcRV NRPszmsLiRVRVV
sj[V. sVsxqsV=sNRPV sWNRPV xqsLiLiRsVV [s VVNRP RVsVW RVs RVLRisVV.
aS. AsLiRLi NRPcRVLi LSsVVcRj[V RVsVgS sVLiTs
rysLiyNRPX LSsVVcgRisVsV gSLiRLi gRiVLi RVsy
NSsLigRiVRV lLis*Q\lLis sR [VNSgRiLiVgS sy
k\sbPRsVVcgRi bdPsVVs rykRWLixqsVc\ F~ss.
8

AsLiRsVVsj. y sVsxqsV=[ LSsVVc[ @j @sVgS sVsj. @sgS LSsVVcRV s[lLi[ [cRV.

ARWsLiRsVV ssVsLiRV[V LSsVVs RLji+LiRV RVs RVLRisVV. LSsVVcRV NRPszmsLiyc
RscgS NRP RsVxqsV=sV Vs \sN]s {qsy[s xmsNRPsLiRgS INRPsVs NRPszmsLisj A
RVsVW ysRVLiR sj g]xmsj[V. @j s\sVs RWsLiRsVVNSRV. C RLRi
RORPVxqsV=][[ sV[s[RsVV ][R[ ALSsVVs RWRVRVysVV. s[RsVV sVs
LiVVLijRVsVV[ NRP. A RWsLiysVW NSs $LSsV RLiRVs RRVgSs RW
LiVVLijRVsVV NRPdR\sVsj. @NRPR RWRVsj [RV, xmsVsj[RV. @j VV NRPVsV?
[\s ss NSsRVVsV. FsLi][ [VNSgRiR NSsRVVsV. ss[R k\sbPRsVV c Vj
xmsRVsNTP RVVLiRsRVVsV. A xmsoLRiVxtsvcRV Rs xmssLRis[R rykRWLixqsVcRV. sVNTP ryRV\s
RVVLiRsRVVsV. RVLRixLiNSLRisVV, [NTP ss sWRV, yRVV, BRLRiV
NRPxmsNSLRisVV [RVV, sVsxtsQRVsVVsV RWyRV sVVR\ss RVLRis ORPQsVVV. @yLji
VjNTP \sbPRsVV c (sbPR*sVV c xmsRVsV) NRPVgRis[ NRPVgRiRV. yLji ZNP[NSgRiR zqsjLiRRV. C
RVLRiORPQsVVV [syLjiNTP s[NSgRiR zqsjLiRsRVsV. A[VNSgRiR sVNTPRVV xmsLSNSxtsQsV
F~Lijs][ sxmsVRV AsLiysVW NRPVgRisRVsV. @j RVyLRiQ\sVs $LSsVRLiRVs
ryOSQyLSsVV. @xmsVRV LSsVRLiRVcRV NRPszmsLisV RNTPs sWsRVV hSh][d
sWV. RVLRisVNRPV RVxtsQsVV\s yRV yRVVyLjiNTP ds RWsLiRsVVsNRPV xqsLiLiRsVV [RV.
@sgS LSsVVsNTP yLjiNTP xqsLiLiRsVV [Rs RVLRisVV. NRPsVNRPVc gRiszmsLiT LSsVVcRV sVssVV
RLjiLiT LSsVVcRV, F~gRiRcRV LSsVVcRV, cRV LSsVVcRV @xqsV LSsVVcRVcNSRV. ds
sV[ ORPQsVV NRPsVNRPW\sVs LSsVVcRV dsso xqsyss [zqs A LSsVV sR szms
LiVVLijRWdR\sVs VVNRP RVsVWs F~Lij s][ @j LSsVVcRV. @j[V gRisLiRVcRV
NRPszmsLiRV RVsgS. yNRPV gRisLiRVs RWzmsLiRVsVV. Ds][ yNRPV NRPszmsLiR[sV? @ssWV
@LRisVV [s sWV, dsRryRVso. BRLRiV NRPxmsNSLRisVV [RVVRVLiRVsV. WRVV
yRVVRVLiRVsV. WRVV sWRVRVLiRVsV. BLijRV yFyLRisVV [s][ ycRV[RV ry*sV
9

BLijRWdRVRV. dscRV BLijRVsVV sRVsV NRPWLRiVLiT y NTPLijRWdRVcRV NRPszmsLiR[sV

RVsVsW RVssW. yRV sRVyR[ NRPWLRiVyRV. NRPRRV; NRPRVNRPV aRPNTP[RV.
yNRPV sWRWLRiV NRPszmsLiR[sV? yNRPV LiRsV NRPszmsLiR[sV? sVVR dsRgRi RV[RV
lLiLiRsj dsso xmsORPQyRsVV][ xmsTRVVyso. FsVNRPszmsLiRVsV? yNRPV gRisLiRVcRV
NRPszmsLiR[sV RVsVsj LiVVVsLi xmsaRP.
aS. A RWsLiRsV ry*sV ORPQsVVgS\s RWR kzmsLixmsgS
A RWsLiRsV yxXRgRisVVs sRLiQ\ sRLiLiss
y LiVW ssV yLjiyLRiQ xmns\sVy NRPsXORPQLiVs[
yRVLigS sLiVVs jsxmns\sV yLiLiRV yVVNRPc[
A RWsLiRsVV ry*sV ORPQsVV NSsRVVsV. AsLiRsVVsNRPV ry*sVNTP [RsVV [NRPVLiR
sVLiRsRVVsV. AsLiRsVV VVNRP [aRPsVV xqsVsVV sVVR\s yss NRP RVQ\sVs
RVsVWgRi xqsLRi*sV xXRRVsVVsLiRVsj. gRisLiRVcRV xqsXztsQ [RVVRVs[ xqsLRi*so
xXRLiR LSsVVsLiRV y\ss sLiRsVV[s VVNRP xmsLRisWVsoNRPLi xmsLRisWV\ss
gRisVVgS xqsLRi*sVRVLiRVLiycRV. kss sVssVV ryRs [zqs RRVsoN]s xqsRQsLRis[R
[\s ss[R sXj F~LijLiRVN]s ]VR sWsVuy sLiRsVV sLi RWsLiRsVV\ss F~Lij
sLjiNTP s sVsVWs F~LiRsRVVsV. @j sVVNRP yLjiyLRiQsVV, NSysLiRsVV
F~LiRgRigjis][ sjVVNRP sVLi ryRs. ryRy sWLRisVV[ NSysLiRsVVNRP g]xmssVV.
sWsso VjRVV sWxRVV sxmsVRVsV [NRPsVV ssVxqsLjiLi RVVLiRVsV. [NRPsVVsV
sR|ms RVWzLiRVVVNRP. @j WgRiVV [RVVRVLRiV. [NRPsVV ssVxqsLjiLi ds\sVs
xqsyss [RVV lLiLiRsj. @xmsVRV LSsWRVsVV xmssNTP sRVsV. A sss[ sWgS
sWgS NRP xmsLjiFyNRPsVV zqsjLiRVsV. yssVLiT NSysLiRsVV xmsoVsV. ds xqsLiryLRisVV
N]cj y RWsLiRsVV ysNTP WgRiQ\sVsLiR }qs}ms RVVLiRVsV. @j sRsVVgS sVLiRsRVV
10

ss][ sLiRxmsRVRsVV [RVsRVVsV? FsLiR ryRs[RVsRVVsV! @xmsVRV

sRLjiyLRisVgRiVsV. s[sV NRPsXORPQsVVsV yzqss. C gRiLiRsVLiRRVV aRPsVVV,
xqssWxqssVVV, VcgRiV xmsVNRPVRVV, yssVVV, RRQ*[RssVVV, NSsORPQsVVV c
dss ssLis $LSsVRLiyRgS ss [zqs [zqs LiVW gRiLiRsVVs yzqss. s[sV xmsTs LiVW
aRPsVRVLiRRVV y ryRs. [NRPsVVs NRPjVVNRP NSssVV. yLRiV sVRVRVLRiV sVRLRiV. yNRPV
ys][ ssxqsLRisVV[RV. C LSsWRV NRPsXORPQ xmnssVVgS s[sV yLiLiRVsj ARWsLiRsVV
yRVLiRV sRQ\sV RVVLiRsRVVss. BLiN]NRP N][LjiNRP [RV.

AsLiRsVWLji
sV. @sVWRV sVLji ssVV gRiVRRVLi NSLRixqsLiys sVW
ssk xqsXztsQRVss sLRiLiRLRisVVgS sLS*Qxqsy sVW
ssLRiWxmsLiV \ ssWssocRVgS sLiyLRiV dsy ry
gRiVsV xqsLixmnsVL<Ri\ xmsLRixqsLRisVV FgRiVsR NSLRiLiV\
BLiRNRPVsVVLiRV AsLiRsVRVVcRs bdPL<jiNRP][ ry*sVsRWsLiRsVV. @RQ\sVs RWsLiRsVV
@s xmscTsj. @jRVsVW, ysNTP LRiWxmssVV [RV. @LSsVVcRV LSsVVcRVgS RaRPLRiRVs
NRPVsWLRiVc\ VV xmsossj xmsaRP. xqsXztsQRVsgS s[. INRP xmsLRis[VaRP*LRiVc[NSRV. [sRVsV
sVsVxtsvV NRPWR sLiRVsV N]s RVsVssVVV N]s ssVVV N]s gRiVsVVV
yNSLRisVVcLiRVsV. @s sLRiLiRLRisVVgS F~LiRVRVLiRVsV. @LiRV[R xqsXztsQ rygRiVRVsj.
\ssVVV sWssoV LRiWxmssVVV xmspsVRVLRiV. N]LiRV sLS*Q sVVgS xmspsVRVLRiV. @sgS
NSLRisVV[NRPVLiR xmspsVRVLRiV. N]LiRV xqsysVVgRi xmspsVRVLRiV. @sgS NRP NSLRisVVsV
|msVN]s aRPLkiLRisVVV RLjiLiRVLRis RVLRisVV. BNRPR sLS*Q xqsyaRPsVVNRPV suysVsVVgS
xqsNSsVsVVgS ssRVLRisVV. @syLRisVVV sLS*QsVVgS sVLiRVsV. @sgS yLjiNTP N][LjiNRP[RV.
yLRiVNSsVxRVVNSLRiV. sWssoNRPV N][LjiNRPVLiRVsV. dsLRiVNSsVxRVV. Bj [RsVV LSsVVcRV
LSsVs sjLiRVNRPV sLisVNRPy! NRPXxtsvcRVNRPWR LRiR RVVRsVV N]NRPV xmsosV NRPy!
11

yLji RVsyLRisVVV sLS*QsVVsVVV? A N][LjiNRP [R ds sVsxqsV= dssocRV yTR\sV

xqsVRVMsVV sVsLis][ sj xqsysVV. sVssVV N]s xmssVV [RVVRVsVV.
xmsWssVV [RV G][ [zqsysV. sso*RV [zqsysV. BLiRVsVV. BjsLS*QsVV.
dsNRPVsT xmsWssVV[RV. ysss dsNRPV sVV[RV. sxtsQsVV[RV. @syLRisVVVVNRP
sLS*QORPQsVj. Fs][ ycRV NSsRVV ssVN]sycRV. [zqs|msysV. ys xmnsRsVV
s[sVN][LRi[RV. Bj sLS*QsVV. @syLRisVVV xmsyssVVgS ss. BLiNRP ds xqsysVVgS
xmsoT sWssoNRPV NRPLji N][LjiNRP sVLjiVVNRPLjiNTP sxtsQsVV. @xmsVRV xqsLixmnsVL<Ri yssVLiT NSLRisVV
xmsoVsV. @NSLRisVV xqssVWxs[V LiVW xqsXztsQ.
D. DRsV ssVV sVsV VRsVV\ sLiVVLiRVRVLiRgS
RT ssVV sVLjiRVV RT LRiWxmssVVs szLixmsgS
T gRi lLiLiNTPs sVLji*s sWss sWLRigS
N]RT bdPsVc Rc][zqs RLjiLiT {qsQgRiRVgS.
C RVsVssVVV gRiVsVVV ssVVV LRiWxmssVVsV F~LiRVsV. A F~LiRV VVLiRVsV?
DRsV ssVVNRPycRV DRsV\sVs LRiWxmssVVsV F~LiRVsV. RssVV NRPyLRiV
RLRiWxmssVVsV F~LiRVRVLRiV. C ssVV VLiRVsV? so RVLiRV xqsLiryLRiLRiWxmssVVgS
sVLiRVsV. INRP xmsoLRiVxtsvcRV xqsyLRisVVsV [|qssV. ycRV RsFVsV. INRPcRV
RVuyLRisVVsV [|qssV. ycRVsV RsFVsV. RsFso RxmsRVNRPy! ys][sLiVVFLiVV
sy! xqsyLRisVVV [zqssysNTP dsso sLRiLiRVV [RVVRVso. ryLRiNRP xsVVV |msVRVso.
@xqsyLRisVVV [zqss yLjiNTP NRPWR N]LiRLjiNTP bPxmssVV s[RVVRVso. sVLi RNSLRisVV
NTPLi[xmnssW? @LiVVs][, [NRPsVV sVsNRPV NRPszmsLiRV ysNRPs gRiWR |mnsWLRisVLiVVsj.
xqsXztsQVLi][ sxtsQQWssVVgS LRiVgRiVRVsj. xmsWssVV [NRPVLiR xqsXztsQLRiVgRiV
xqsLisLiRRV. xqsLisLiRNRPWRRV. @j RxmsV. C sLRiLiRVV sVVRLiVVss xmsWssVVV
NSso INRPcRV [zqss xmssNTP xmnsRsVV sLiN]NRPcRV F~LiRsRVsV. [zqss ys sxtsQRVs[VsV?
ysZNP[sVRVV xmsWssVV[y? ycRV RELRiNRPVLiRV [Vy? ysNTP xmsWssVVLiT
dLRisRVVsV. ycRVLiRsRVVsV. sWss LRiWxmssVV][sVsxmsVRV ycRVLisV. C LRiWxmssVV
12

[sxmsVRV ycRV [RV. A LRiWxmssVV ycRV NSRV. A LRiWxmssVV sWLRiVRVLiRVsV. ycRV

sWLRiVRVLiy? s[sV sxmsVU xmss [zqss. ycRV |msRyc\yRV. A sxmsVRV
|msRxmsVRV ycRV ysVysVgSs[ xmsVN]sVRVyRVNRPyM s[sV xmsoysV. C sWV ycRV
xmsoNRP xmspLRi*sVVyRs RVLRisVV xmsoVRVsj. ycRV RsFLiVVycRV. ycRV s[lLi[
RVVycRs @LRisVV xmsoVRVsj. @LiRV[R ycRV @sVyc]NRPRVyRV. yscRV?
By s[sV s[ssVN]s ssxLjiLiTycRV. yRV ycRs LiVVRLRiV[R
ssxLjiLixmscTsycRV. ycRV socRV. ycRVRs gRiVsVVNRPV ssVVNRPV Rs
RVsVWRVNRPV ssVNRPW sVVgRi ysV[zqss FyxmsxmsosVVLiNRPV xmnssVVgRi dss VyRV.
socRVyRs RVLRisVV. socRV [RsV |msLiZNPsVRssVV. xmsWssVV[ssW. NSLRiNSLRi
ssVV [ssW. xmsLRisWRsVVc\s socRsT sW.
xmnssVV NSLRisVV ssVxqsLijLi xmsoV [NRPsVVsLiRVsj. ys zmsN]s dLRisRVVsV. INRP
NSLRisVVsN]NRP xmnssVV NRPszmsLi dLRiVRVsj. A LkigS socRV ycRV [zqss FyxmsxmsosVVNRPV
xmnssVsVsLi dLRiVsV. INRP NSLRisVV ysNTP xmnssVV NRPVgRiV [NRPsVVsLiRV NRPszmsLiRVRVsj
NRPy! Bj VNRPRsVLiT ssj? xqsXztsQ[ sVsRssW. xqsXztsQVVNRP sVW LRixxqssVj
RVssW. C LRixxqssVV ssVxqsLijLi xqsXztsQ FyLRiLiLisj xqsXztsQ LRiVgRiVRVsj.
sWssoxmsV RVLiRVLRiV, lLi[xmso FRVLRiV. A xqsXztsQ RLRisVV rygRiVRVs[RVVLiRVsV. dsso NSs][
sVLjiN]LiRV xmsoVRVLRiV. RVVgRi RVVgRisVVVgRi ds s xmsLRiLixmsLRi dsVcR yRLRisVV rygRiVRVs[
RVVsj. A RLRisVV soRVLiRVLiT RVVLiRsRVVsV. A socRV ysV [zqss NRPLRi
VVNRP xqsLixmso\V RVVLiRsRVVsV. ds sVsxqsV= dsNRPV NRPszmsLiRV[RV. ds Vj dsNRPV
RVRV. ds }mssVVVNRP xqs*LRiWxmssVV dsNRPV RVRV. dsN][xmssVV VVNRP ORPQsVV dsNRPV
RVRV. Bs RVsRVV dsso [NRPsVVsLiRV xmssLjiLiRVRVsxmsVRV ds sW[R ds NTPRV
[R RVcRVRVss. NSs NRPLiNTP NRPscRso. @[ socRVsV. ycRV NRPszmsLiRRV. A
socRV DRsV ssVV xqsLixmso \Vs][ DRsVV\s {qsQxmsoLRiVxtsvVgS, R ssVV
xqsLixmso\Vs][ RVLRisV\s {qsQ xmsoLRiVxtsvVgS sLiRVsV. C DRsV ssVVNRPV RT
ssVVNRPV sR xqsLixmnsVL<Ri. Bj[V sWss xqsXztsQ Bj [s][ sWssoV [LRiV. [aRPsVVV [so.
13

LSsVVV[so. ssVLRi+V[so. C ssVV ][T soV sWsso\ xmsoVRVyLRiV.

sWssosgS {qsQVNRPWR xqsLiRV[ sVyLRiV. BLi[NSRV. xqsLRi*LiRVso LiRV[ sVss. INRP
xmsLRisV NRPWLRi ssVVNRP socRV |msRxmsoRVV zqsLixsVV\s xmsoVRVycRV. INRP RV
sWLji\Vs socRV sNRPQ\V xmsoVRVyRV. xmsLRisV dsR ssVVV xmsLRisV dsR NSLRisVVV
[zqss socRV NRPVNRP xmsLij sVVR\s LiRVsoVgRi xmsoVRVyLRiV. BLiRV[ NRP
LRixxqssVVsj. INRP sos xqsLixmso[ ss[NRP xqsLiryLRisVV VLiRVsV. INRP yxmnsVsVVsV
dzqsN]LiRsVV. ysNTP xmnsVs sVVsj. sVVsj N][Vss. A RWNSLRisVVsj. B
gRiVsVV xqssVWxsVV NRPy A LiRVso! C xqsLRi*ORPQsVVV NRPgjis LiRVsogRi xmsoVNRPV y
sos[ xqsLiryLRisVV Vsss RVLRisVV. |msRxmsoRVV xmsoV [VsV? [T LiVVV
xmsoV[VsV? @s LiRVsosV RWRVN]s sRVsV. sVsV\ xmsosxmsVRV sZaP[xtsQsVVsj.
dssNTP sVs xqsV=sj. dscRV N]s NSLRisVVV [RVgRicRV. xmsoFyxmssVVNRPV dscRV NRPLRi.
LiRVsoVgS xmso sxmsVRV NRPLRissVsLiRVRVyRV. {qsQgS xmsosxmsVRV NRPLRi
ssVsLiRVRVyRV. sVLRi NRPLRi [RVVRVyRV. Bj s RVsVN]sV RVyRV. Rs NRPs
g]xmsycRV [RsVN]sVRVyRV. Bj [RsVV. NRPsVNRP s[sVgRiVRVsj? socRV ys
ssVVsV ysgRiVsVVsV ys RVsVWRVsV sLRiWxmssVVV F~LiRVRVyRV.
ssVV\s sRVRVyRV. ryRVORPQsVVs][ [T. NRPWLRiORPQsVVs][ xmso. BLiRV[
sVLRi [RsVVV. sWssosV dzqsN]s][ ryRVORPQsVV NRP sWssos RWNRPX s[LRiV.
@ryRVORPQssVVV gRi sWssos RWNRPXs[LRiV. C xqsXztsQ \sRQ sVV ysLiR
sRVVsV.
{qs. xmsLRisWRsVLi\s sLi ]NRP
xmsLRisWRsVLi\s ssVVNRP
@s LRiWxmssVV ysxmsNTPs g]
ssRVV NRPsRV sVVgSs
Ljigji jysVW VVNRPLiRV LRiWxmsLiV
ys, sjRVj ysVysV
gScgRi NRPsRVRVLiRVc gSNRPFsoR
14

RLSxmsLjiuyLRi xqsLRi[NRP
gki. @ RWsLiRs[V LSsVVc\ sRVV
@ LSsVVc[ RWsLiR\sVs RVV
RW RWRVVc zqsN][[RVN][s
sVs yV RLiRjsVxqsV.
xmsLRisWRsWRsV yVNRP soV sVs][ yLjis RWs RVLiRs[ dscRVRsVVcRV
dscRV RVLRisVcRV @sV sW xqsxtsQsVVgS RVVsV. N]LiR[sVRsWRsV ssVVV R
R\sVs Fy[ NRPzqsRVVLiRVsV. INRP RVLSLRiVs gRiWLji [NRP sVsVsV. ys
ORPQsVLiRRVV ys NRPsV [ss[ NRPszmsLiRVRVsj. ys sRNRP[s[ RVVsj. C LkigS
saRPR\sVs ssVV][ sLis yLji LRiWxmssVVV xqsxtsQsVVgS RVso. yLji RVLRisR*sVV
INRP NRPsV[[, INRP |msRs[[. INRP sRNRP[[ NRPsLiRVRVLiRVsV. Bj LiVVVLiR jsQ\sVs
RVsVW NRPsocRV sVRVsV. @Rs RVsVW sLis[ zqsFsosV. @jRVj ysV
ysVgS NRPsLiRVRVs[ RVVLiRVsV. NRPszmsLiRNRP FsoRVVsj @j RWT ys ][xtsQsVV. C
RWT ys[ gRiVsVVV sVaRPsV sVV\ RVVss. ysNTP s[RV. RLSxmsLjiuyLRisVV
[RV[cRV. AsLiR sVVsNRPV LSsVVsNRPV s[R xmsxms. lLiLiRVNRP[. RW RW ARVssV
gRiWLji Rjs Rjs N]LiRV zqsN][[LRiV. FsLiRV[R? yLji ssVVV RLiRjsVxqsV. RLiRNRP
@s RVVsjNRPy. [NRPV, sVj, RLiRNRPV. jsVxqsV @sgS xmsyLRisVV. yLji ssVVV
RLiRjsVxqssgS yLji sVsxqsV=V, yLji soV, yLji ssVVV y RLiRN]RV sLiss
RVLRisVV. yss N][zqs [, xqsLi[, y*LRi LiRsVV[, {ms[ [zqsN]ssRVVsV. A sV
s @Li[ LSsVRLiRVs gRizLiR[RV, xms[NRPsVVgS $LSsVVcRV AsLiRsVRVVcRV. INRP
sxtsvsVWLji \sNRPVLihRisVVsVLiT jgji ssycRV NSRV. G RWsLiRsVV sVWRVgS sLixmscT
xsxtsv sV}aRP*LRiV\s][ ARW sLiRs[V LSsVVcRV. sVs[ sVssVV
RWRVN]scRgjisycRV.

15

aS. ARWsLiRsVVLigRic]LiRLRiV[ yLSsVVssR gS

[RVVLiRVs sVVsV}ms VVLigRiVgRiR \[RWLji yyLji[
LS\VRVVLiTs_ sxRVVsV yLSsVVLigRiss xms[
s[RWsLiRsVV LSsVVcRLi lgi [c[ ORPQ VLiRRs.
gS[RVVcRV @sgS saS*sVRVcRV. RaRPLRiRVs RsN]RVNRPVsV xmsLixmsosVsRVTgjiycRV.
saS*sVRVsNRPV LSsVVs RsRVVss ]LiRLRi[V [RV. FsLiRV[R?
saS*sVRVcysLiRsVV sVcgRiVsV. ARWsLiysVW NRPgjis][ LSsVVs s[. Bj
LRixxqssVV. @LiRV FsoRVLiTLji. LSsVVs FyRsVV Rgji @x {qsQQ\Vsj. ysV {qsQ
VLiVVsj? Rs aSxmsssWRs sVVsj gRisVNRP. @NRPR sVsyLji[ LSsVVcscRV?
LSsVVs sV gRiVLRiV xmssj? ORPQ Vs FyRxqsLRi+[c ysV {qsQ NSNRPWRy? sLis[ LSsVVsV
gRiVLRiVxmssj? ARVx xXRRVsVV[ NRP RWsLiRsVVsj. LSsVVc]NRPc[. A
LSsVVcRV sVWLji NRPsVycRV. @LiRV[R ysVNRPV sLis[ zqssj. BLiN]NRP sRsVVgS
RVV NRPxtsQsVV. LSsVVycsLiRsVWLji RVsV NTPj xmsysryORPQ sVV.
RLi. FsVcgRiVNRPVs VLSsVs sVLiRRVVcgSs ssLi
cgjisRV_ sVNRP LiVVLiR[xmsgRiVLRiV xmsV y
xmsNRPsVV NRPs[xmsj sxqsVso VgRicRso*N][ss
sVs sxqsVQ\ss NRPsWRsVVgRiVLRiVNRPVLSRV Rss
xmspLRi*ssVVRVLiRV ssWRVsVsVV Vs][ yRWsLiRsVV sLis[
gRiVLRiVNRPVsRVsV. ALSsVVs sLis[ gRiVLjiLiRVso szqsxtsQsaS*sVRVV @x sNRPsVLS
sVVR\syLRiV N]LiRsxqsVso scgRiVRVLRiV A sxqsVsosV yRVN]LiRVLRiV. RVNRPV LSdsRVLRiV.
@xmsVRV N]LiR [RV Rso* N]ssgSs RVRV. INRP gRiVxcRV. INRP sWLkiRVcRV, INRP
NSNSxqsVLRiVcRV yLji yLji xqsLiryLRisVV N]cj Rso*N]s zqsN]sLji. N]LiRsxqsVsosV
sV[V FsoRVLRiV. RsV[ socRVycRs sVFRVLRiV. AsLiRsVVsRs
sVFRVLRiV. A RWsLiRsVV, AsocRV, [s[[RLiRVLRiV. yLjiNTP RssV RVRV.
16

sRVRVs[ RVLiRVLRiV. @j [V sW VsLjiNTP RVVsV? N]LiRV ss[ ssVLRiV.

sVLkisRVsVV!
sV. sVjNTPs gRisRV N]NRPxmsNTP LSsVry*sV yNRPVs V
xqsRN][RLiRsVV xmsNRPssVRVVc yRLiVss xsy
VRNRPVs ssNRPVs s[RssVVLi [FyV kxmsLiVgSc
RxmsRLiV xsy VR xmsLkiFyNRPsVVRyRsW!
s[sV dssVVgS ysLisxmsVRV $LSsVRLiRVcRV VsVVs g][RLiRsVV, xmsNRP {qsRsVRV,
FyRsVVsR xsVsVLiRVcRVsV yNRPV yryLRiV NRPszmsLiRVLRiV. xsVsVLiRVRV xqsLRi*y
NRPszmsLiRVsV. s xsVsVLiRVcRV NScRV. LSsVRLRi xqssyssLjiQ\Vs xsVsVLiRVcRV.
ARVs kxmssVVgS NRPszmsLiRVsV. xmsyssVVgS ssRVLRisVV xmsVRVsV. y xXRRVsVVs N]NRP
xmsLkiFyNRP sVVsj. A xmsLjiFyNRPsVV sRsVVgS xsVsVLiRVs RWT sWRsVV[sW RVRV.
aS. N][RLiRLiV |ms RNRPsVVsV xqsLiNRPVsWs s[=RVs
FyRW[aRPsV sW \|msxmsLiVVs NRPsVs sVs sVVss
WRLiRLic gSszmsLiRV sVLjiRWxmspRLiR sVRWQRs
WRLiRLi. xqssNSLi RVscgS VsxqsdsVzmsLiRVRVs
C RVsVssVV yZNP[NSgRiR zqsjLisxmsVRV NRPVRVLiRVsV. ry*sV LSsVVssNSNRP
yVgRiV[RVV aRPLiRNRPsVV][ NRPsLiRVsV. FyRsVVV NRPsLiRso. A xmspRLiR RWRVs
sVVs sVLiRVsV. NRPsVsVVgS sVWLji NRPscRRV. A xmspRLiR ss yNRPsVsVsVVT
RVLiRV sVRVsV.
sV. bPsLigRisVVsV FysssVV xmsLiVVs ZaP[uyz F~LRiVy
bPsLigRisVVsc WRLiRRVj W{qssVs gRiVLiRV sW
Rsoc ]xmsVs sVLiVVLiR[xms sWyLScsVV[ [FyLRiVc
17

RsRLiVV xmspLRi*ssVV yLSLRiWxms xqsLiryLRisVV

BjRVVsV yRVsVW[s sxtsQRVs[V. xmspRLiR NRPszmsLiRVsV. @j bPsLigRisVV \|mss
s[zqssVLiRVsV. sVRVV \sNRPVLihRisVVsLiR sxtsvsVWLji NRPszmsLiRVsV. sVLjiRVV N][RLiRsVVsV
Vss[zqsN]s $LSsVRLiRVLiRV NRPszmsLiRVsV. sVLjiRVV bPsLigRisVV FysssVV, \|mss ZaP[uyz
A bPsLigRisVV RVVsV xmspRLiR. C xmspRLiRRVsj sRsVVgS sVLiRVsV. sxtsvsVWLji
sVR[sVLiRVsV. LSsVRLiRVs sVR[ sVLiRVsV bPsLigRisVVsV RV RVVLiRVsV. xmspLRi*
s xqsLiryLRisVVV. RRsVVV s[s\Q*s. yNRPV bPsZNP[aRPsoNRPV [RsVV[RV. sxtsvsosNRPV
LSsVVsNRPV [RsVV[RV. s[sV yzqssj LSsWRVsVV. @LiNTPRsVsj sW sZaP[*aRP*LRiry*sVNTP,
NRPsXORPQsVVVVNRP LiyLiR xmsRsVVsRVV gSR\sVs bPsNTP xmsLRisVVV. }msLRiVbPsocRV.
ARVs[V LSsVVcRV. yLRiV xxmsyLRisVV. xxmsyLRisVVsV ysLiRVRVs xmsoRV
sosORPQssVVgS NRPszmsLiRV VVNRP RVVLiRVs. gRisVNRP @jxmsp RLiR. sLRiNTPj
RWsLiysVW. @sVxmsV][ NRPVgRiVsV. RNTPsxmsVTs NRPVgRiVsV.
D. LSsVVs ss RsxmsoLSs xqsLixqsQX RVRVsLiRVc [
LSsVVs LSsVLiRV xqssVLRiLiVs sWRsVV RWRVRVLic[
LSsVVs RVVRsVLi RLRisVgRiV N][xmssVV, NRPORPQ, kORPQRVVs
{, sV sLiRRVVs RVdsRVso LSsVVs, gRiVLi sLiRVRVs.
Bj VVNRP sZaP[xtsQsVV. LSsVVs sVssVV RWRNRPWRRV. LSsVVs s][ gRiVLi sLiTFsosV.
sLis[ NRPVcR\s FsoRVso. A rLiRLRisVV sNRPV saRPLisRVcR\s FsoRVso. C LRixxqssVV
LSsVsNRPVc RVVsV. @RcRV xmspLRi*sVV \sNRPVLihRi y*LRiFyNRPV[ NRPcRV NRPy!
$sVyLSRVV sVcgRiVsV. BxmsVRV LSsVVs RVsV. BRNRPV s[RsVV. LSsVVs
RWsLiRs[ LSsVVsNRPV NRPVcRLiVV FsosV. LSsVRV sL][RsVV[R gRisLiRVs ryjLiRVNRPV
sLiycRV gRiR; LSsVVs RWs][ sL][RsVV sVsRV. NRPsVNRP LSsVVs RWRgRiWRRV.
LSsVcRV LSsVVs RVVRsVV[ sWRs[V RWyRV. NSs A RVVRsVV[ N][xmssVV, NRPORPQ,
LSsVVs RLixmss ss kORPQ. LSsVVs[Rc LSsLixmscTs zqsgRiV c ({RVsgS zqsgRiV) sVVR\s
18

ssVVV zqs LSsVVs RWssV LSsVVs zqsN]sdsRVso. Bj LSsVs RVVRsVV,

\sLRisVV. yRLRis[V sVsgS N][xmssVV, yxmssVV, NRPORPQ sVVR\s gRiVsVVV zqssxmsVRV
gRisLiRVcRV NRPszmsLiRRV; NRPszmsLissV ycRV gRisLiRVRs zqsN]sdsRVso. gRiVLi[
gRisLiRVcRV sLiTRVVLisV. A gRisLiRVs ryssVVsLiRV dsso N][xmssVV, NRPORPQ, ds
RVxLiNSLRisVVsV sLixmsRVso. @R gRisLiRVcRVLiRRV. DssV dss[R NRPxmscT
RVVLiRVsV.
sV. @RcysLiR sVVLigRiV[ VVcgRi][ A LSsVRLiyNRPXs
sV ysLiRsVRVLiVgS sVcgRi LSsVry*sV rLiRLRis[V
sV sWzLis RVV NRPsRRV RyR=LRi sLiV[c
gRiVLiFyV xmnsV yRsNTP c yNRPVs ysNUP [R\sV.
C LSsVcRV \sNRPVLihRisVVsLiRV sRsVV ry*sV RLRi+ssVV [RVVRVLiT ycRV ys
RWsLiRsVV sRsVV. ry*sV VVNRPsVWLjis RLji+LiRV [R gRis AsLiRsVV sLi
sVRXzms ORPQsVV sVWLjis sR |ms RWsLiRsVVsV ysRVLiR yss
ycRsVsLiRV[ [][ RVRV. Aj WgRiVV[RVVRVLRiV. sR xmsLRis[VaRP*LRi
xqssyssLRiVQ\s NRPVNRPV y RWsLiRsVV NRPVgRiRV. A RWsLiRsVVsNRPV xmsLRis[VaRP*LRi
sRxqssyssVLiRVLiRV sVRXzmsNTP [RsVVsj. bPs[NRPsVLiRV sxtsv [NRPsVLiRV sR
NRPVVyLRiV. yLRiV sRsoV. yLji NTPRLRi so RV [so. A gRisLiRVs }qssLiRV
RVLiRV[V yLji sRsX. yLjiNTPs sV[so. sVXRVsoV [so. sVxmsRWLiR sV[
RVVLiRVLRiV. sVxmsRWLiR sVLiRV xsxtsv sV}aRP*LRiVV [LRiV. sRQ\sVs xxmsyLRi
sVVNRP[V RVVsj. @xmsVRV bPsZNP[aRPs sR xqssyss \s soV xsVV[ NRPzqs
FsoRVLRiV. @LiRsLRi NS[NRPsVV[ sVLiRVLRiV. FsVLiRVLRiV? FyLiR NRPsVV\ss gSs
\xqssVV\ss gSs NRPLRiRLRiRsRVssVV VLiRVy? [NRP FsRVsV. yLji xqsLiNRPsVV[
sVLiRVsV. @sgS [RVV[so. [RV][ xmsp [RVVRVysVs RVWzLiRVLRiV. C xqsXzts
QRVLiRRVV xqsLiNRPsVV VVNRP sNSxqss[V NRPy! LSsVcRV LSsVRLiRVs aRPLkiLRi rLiRLRisVVsV
gRiWR sWzLisV NRPszmsLiRRV. ys sWR=LRisVV[ ys xmsVR[ ys NSsVxmssX[
19

ys xmsLRis yxqsR*sVV[ ys RWxmsR sLiTRVVsj. @LiRV[R ysNUP NRPVLiFyV

xmnsVsj. RVMsVV xqsLisLisj. yNRPVsV LSsVsNRPV s[ [RsVV. BNRPR LSsVcRs][
LSsVcRV NSRV. s[ ss][ s[sV NSsV. LSsVs sLi yLRiV y sLi yLRiV ss @LRisVV. A
LSsVs sLi yLjiNTP ysLi yLji RVsVssVVV NRPVgRiso. yLjiNTP N][xmssVV, sWR=LRisVV,
RVLRixLiNSLRisVV' @ss[NRPsVV, s NSsj s RVsVN]sV, yNRPsVyLRisVV FyLiTR
sVsVN]sV c dss][ yLjiNTP ry*sV xqsLiLiRsVV [NRP FsoRVsj.

@syLRisVWLji
sV. sVjWgjiLis xqsXztsQLiVVj VVNRP xmsRspx sV][ s
j LiVV][j LiVVRLiRVsV xmsLkiztsQs [RVcgS\ss ds
Rss LSsj VLkiRVVgRi sLi][sVLij[c xmsc
Rj LiVW ksNTP sVWWR bPzmssxtsQR*LiV saS*xqsQ\sV
C xqsXztsQ LiVVRs xmsVNRPV dsV[RV. BR sVLiRV ssVNRPV dsV[R. C xqsXztsQVVNRP
sVVRVsV gRiWLji s[LiVVsVLij s[LiVV sRsVVVgS zmsLji. ksNTP @xqsV NSLRisVV RVRV
bPzmssxtsQ aRPsVVsNRPV aRPsVVsNRPV bPsocRV. sxtsvsoss lLiLiRLRisVVV NRPso. @LiRV[R
bPzmssxtsQR*LiV bPsocy sxtsvy? @s ssVV saS*xqsQ\sVcsaRP*zqsLixmsc Rgjis\ RVVsj s
sVRxqsVV ssVVgSc xmssRVsV. sWss Vj[ ksNTP sLRiRVsVV[RV. s[s sVR
s[VjW ycRV yss saRP*zqsLiRVsV.
aS. C [NRPsVVV LRiORPQ}qsRVVNRPV\s [VLSV NSR yc
y[LixmscgRi sxtsvsVWLji VVNRPc[ @][ sNRPVLihRisVVss
}sVWLjigRi sVLiRV xqsLRi*sVVsc ys][c LjiuyLRixmsos
dsVWLjigRi [NRPxqsLiLRi ZNP[d[Vc\ F~RVs.
20

xqsXztsQ LRiVgRiVRVsj, Ljigjisj, xqsXztsQ RWLRiLiLis sLis[ xqsXztsQ [RVV, LiVW xqsXztsQs
LRiOTPQLiRV, LiVW xqsXztsQs xqsLixLjiLiRV @ssVWcRV NSLRisVV [LRiTss. xqsXztsQ [RVVRVV
LRiOTPQLiRVRVV xqslLi[. xqsLixLjiLiRV VLiRVNRPV? FsxmsNRPxmsVRV xqsLixLjiLixmss][ dsxqsXztsQNTP
xqssVVyRV. sWsso xqsLi xmsVNRPV dsV[NRPVLiR FsosV. WgRisVV xmsVNRPV dsV
[NRPVLiR FsosV. dsLRiLiRV sV NRPVLiRRV. LiT[NRPVLiR yso[NRPVLiR sVs][ ssVV
xmsoVRVLiRVLRiV. C WsV [VsVNSsRVV[ RVRV. @xqsV xqsXztsQVLiRVNRPV; N]RgS
sVsVxtsvV xmsoV VLiRVNRPV? C {qsQ xmsoLRiVxtsv LiRVNRPV? @LiRV[R xqsXztsQ LRiVgRiVRVsj.
@LiRV[R RVsVV Ljigji dLRissV. [s][ WsV xmsRV. C sTsVNSsVV LRiORPQ
[RVsRVVsV. LRiORPQ VLiRVNRPV? xmsos LiRVsoV RT sNRPV ys LiVVxtsQsVV ssV
xmssLjiLiRVsV. @xqsV xqsXztsQ VLiRVNRPV [RVR][ sVsNRPVc RVRV. [zqssycRV, [RVcR
sVV jNTPRVVs NSsVVs yRVsVVgS sRVs sRVVsV. @LiRV[R LRiORPQNRPVcRV.
sxtsvsVWLji LRiORPQNRPVcRV gRiy! C RVsyLRisVVV sVVR\ss sxtsvsVWLji VRVsV. xqsXztsQ
NRPLRiQ\Vs xNRPVgSs RV NRPLRiQ\Vs bPsosNRPVgSs ks][ xmsRV. Bj sVLRisVV. NSs,
D. sVVso*LRiV NRP[ sVRVV sVVso*LRiV sVVso*lLi aRPNTPRVVgS
gRiVs*s[sV [sVRc g][LjiNRP gRisV aRPNTP RVVLiTss
gRiso*sV N][Lji aRPNTP RVsVLRiVs sVVs*s RVLi]yLRiVs
sVVso*LRiV, aRPNTP sVVso*LRiLiVV F~sVy xqssVxqsFyss.
x sxtsv sV}aRP*LRiVV sVVso*LRiV NRP[V. INRP RVgRiV x xmsyLRisVV sVLiT[V
sVVso*LRiV xmsoLji. C sVWLRiVV dzqss[zqss][ ds sVVso*LRiVsV x xmsyLRis[V. C sVVso*LRiVsV
}sVWLRiVV. @scgS yLjiNTP ssVVgS sj [VsVRVVc RV. NSs LiVW xqsXztsQ N][xqssVj
[RVVRVLiRVLRiV. @LiRNRPs[V ssVNRP xmsRsVVs ""sxtsvsVWLji VVNRP[ @][sNRPVLihRisVVss
21

}sVWLjigRi sVLiRV xqsLRi*sVVs'' @s yRVcTsj. C sVVso*LRiNRPV sVWcRV aRPNRPVV NRPso.

xqsXztsQ zqs RVNSLRi aRPNRPVV. aRPNTPRVVsj gRisVNRP A xmss [RVVRVLRiV, aRPNTP [LiVVLiRVsV, NRPsVNRP aRPNTP
sVVQ\sVsj. aRPNTP [s][ ss*cRV s[sVRVVc [RV[RV. aRPNTP[s][ x, sxtsv sV}aRP*LRiV d
xmsss [RV[LRiV. @LiRV[R aRPNTP xmsys\sVsjgRi NRPszmsLiRV RVsj. A aRPNTP VLRiV? AsVRVV
x xmsyLRis[V. aRPNTPgS sVVsVVR ][csj. AsV LiVWsVVso*LRiVgS sWLjisj. C sVVso*Lji
RVLiRV RsVysV xmsLiRVN]sj. @LiRVNRPs[V rLiRLRi xLji[ ""bPsaRP+QQNSQ RVVN][
RVjs aRPNRPM xmssRVsV'' @s xmscRj. y xqssVxqsFys sVscgS xqsXztsQ zqsRVsVV
s RVLRisVV.
D. aRPNTPRVxmsVRVs ssVNRPyVgRi sVLiRVsV sVVLiRV][cRVs
aRPNTPgRiRV, aRPNTPRVVsVNRP RWRRV [s[cR RW
aRPNTPRVV LRiWxmsyLji VxqsLigRiV, \ssVV LRiV*L_RV y
aRPNTPRVV ssQ\V sVRVV aRPNTPNRPRV sVVLiR\lLiRss.
Bj LRixxqssVV. aRPNTP NRPszmsLiRRV. aRPNTPNRPyRV NRPszmsLiRVsV. aRPNTP [syRV [s[[RV. @sgS
sLiRVNRPV xmssNTPLSRV. ys xmsxqsNTP[RV. aRPNTP NRPs x sxtsv sV}aRP*LRiVNRPV LRiWxmssVV Vss.
aRPNTPNTP LRiWxmssVV[y ? aRPNTPNTPs NRPRV. C LRiWxmssVV s? sWssoRV xqsXztsQs xmsLS[LiRVRV
xmsLRisWLRisVVsV syLjiLiRVRV ds \ssVVsV NRPLiRVN]s A \ssVVNRPV sWsso sLi
LRiWxmssVVs[ B A \ssVV ssLiR aRPNTPsVLiRVsVgRi [zqs yLji yLSjLiRV RVyRV. Bj
xqsXztsQ ORPQsVV. C RWLSRs ss sVVsVVR ysV \ssVV sLiy\ RLRiVyR
ysVNRPWR x xmsyLRisVV[ NRPzqs FsRVVss VVNRP gSR\sVs N][LjiNRPyRV. C
sWLRisVLiRRVV VVxtsvV RWLji. VVxtsvV sRNTPLji, VVxtsvV sLRiLiVVLiLji. C xqsXztsQNTP s[lLi[gRi
[RV gRisVNRP ksNTP gRi NSsRVV ssgS sj VVNRP[V sWLRisVV. C\ssVVNRPV
LRiWxmsNRPs [zqssyLRiV aRPNTPNTPNRPWR [zqsLji. NRPsVNRPs[ aRPNTP LRiWxmsyLji\Vsj. BLiRV[ NRP
22

RsVyLRi sVVsj. x sxtsv sV}aRP*LRiVV sVVso*LRiV. dsLjiNTP ssVNRP x xmsyLRisVVsj.

@sxqsLRisVV ss][ y x xmsyLRisVVsNRPV dsLjiNTP s[R xmsxms. @[ aRPNTP FyLRi*d OUPQ
xqsLRixqs*RV\sj. yLji sVVso*Lji ssVNRP aRPNTPRVVsj. x xmsyLRisVV [y RVs xmsaRP. A
aRPNTP[V x xmsyLRisVV. @R aRPNTPNTP x xmsyLRisVVsNRPV ssys xqsLiLiRsVV. NSs NTPRW
gRiRVsLiRV aRPNTPNRP yRV sVVLiRLRi, aRPNTPssVNRP. BLiRV[ sLiNRPsV LRixxqssVVV NRPso.
D. @LiRV NRP[ s, RVLiRV NRP aRPNTP, LRiWxmssVVs
LiRV s[Vs[VgRisV, [|qsT[RV s[Vs[VgS
Lijs aRPNTP s[gRiVRV Lijs aRPNTPRVVs[LRiV_RV y
sLiRsVRVVLiRV LRiORPQ xqsyRR VVNRPlLiLiRV\s RsVs.
NRPszmsLiRVs yLRiVgRiVLRiV. xmsLRisWLRi sVVNRP[V. aRPNRPVV s[Vs[VgS sVLiRVsV. [zqss NSLRisVV
aRPNTPs RVVLiRVsV. C xmsRNRPsVV[ sxtsvso LRiORPQ xqsyRVRV. LRiOTPQLiRV][ NRPWRVN]s
RVVsyRV. zqsNSLRiVRV ARVs NTPR "AsLiRsVRVVRV' @s yRTsj. xms[NRPsVVgS
sxtsvs[ AsLiRsVRVVRs NRPs xmsVRVyRV. syLjiLis][ ryLRiWxmssVV ry[NRPsVV
sVVR\s sVLi sWORPQsVVsNRPV sRsV sWLRiRLji+ xmsRsWFyxqsy xmsLRiVRV xmsRsV [RVVRV
sxtsvsVWLjigS NRPszmsLiRVsV. @LiRVNRPs[V gRiskyRVV sxtsvsosV gRiWLji[V xmsVsV.
sWssosNRPVcNRPdsxqs sVjNRP xqsLiNRPV\s yLjiNTP LRidRVV[ ss RVLRisVV. sxtsvsoFyxqs
\ssVVcA sxtsvssLRiV? C NSssVVsLiRV AsLiRsVRVVRV. sWssoRV F~LiT sWORPQsVV
VVNRP xqs*LRiWxmssVV A RWsLiRsVRVR*sVV Bj VVNRP NSssVV. NSssVV ry*jLiRV
yLRiV F~LiTj LRixqssVV. A LRixqssVVsV F~LijsyRV AsLijRVgRiVRVyRV. y[ EzmsLji
dzqsN]sVRVyRV. y[ RVNRPVRVyRV. NSs LRiryry*Rs RRLRiVsNRPV AsLiRsVRVV[
RVVyRV. yss F~LiRV[V sWORPQsVV. @LiRV[Rs[ LiVVR ysLiRsVRV aRPsVV yRV.
C AsLiRsVRVVRV sVsNRPV LSsVVRV. ARVs sxtsvsVWLji RVsyLRisVV NRPR ? @sgS
23

sxtsvsoVVNRP RVLiaRPsV zqsNSLRiNRPR*sVVsV zqss R*LixqssVV [RVVRVs LSsVs xqsLiLRisVV

N]NRPV sxtsvsoVVNRP RVLiaRPsVVsV RVN]syRV. @LiRV[R ssyLRisVV. xmsyssVVgS
AsLiRsVRVVRV. NRPszmsLiRVNRPV LSsVVRV. Bj[V RLRiVy xmsRsVV.
sV. @\sNRPVLihRisVVsLiRV sVWLjig]sy\s \xqsLisj
LiVV saRP*LiLRiRVLiRV sVWLjig]s RV[xmsLiRWyRNRPLi
xmnsVVLi gRi[NRP LRiORPQNRPVRV\s RWsLiR LRiWxmsoLiRVs
sRVVs LSsVVRV ysV xsVRVy sxtsQ*x[sVWLjiV.
C LSsVVRV \s NRPVLihRisVVsLiRV \xqs\sVs sVWLjig]yRV. @sgS sVsxtsv \syRV.
saRP*LiLRiNRPV s xmsLiR WyRNRP\sVs aRPLkiLRisVVsV {qs*NRPLjiLiyRV CRVsNRPV lLiLiRV
ORPQsVVV NRPso. sVVRj AsLiRsVRVR*sVV. lLiLiRsj gRiRORPQR*sVV.
AsLiRsVRVR*sVV sxtsvsogS sVLiRVsxmsV RVLiRVsVgSNRP [NRPFsosVgSNRP. LSsVVRVgS
sVsxmsVRV sxqs=Li[xsVVgS sVsj. Bj sxtsvLRiWxmssVV sLiRVNRPLi $LSsVRLiR LRiWxmssVV
sLiRV sjNRPsVVgS sVsy RVszmsLiRV ORPQsVV. "xsVRVy sxtsQ*x[sVWLji' x
xmsyLRis[V\Vs xqsLRi*R yzmsLis sVxxqsV=VVNRPLRiWxmssVV. sVxxqsV=c[xqsV=. BR sVLRi
"sVRV' xmsRRVsVVsj "AsLiRsVRV' [ xqsLijgRisVV NSsRVsV. BNRPR NSRV. $LSsV
RLiRVRV xVVNRP sNSLRisVV. @sgS xs[V ysV. ys[ xsVV.
RLi. zmsj sNRPVLihRisVLi RsRLjiLisV WRsVLiRV ss][
zmsjss \ xqsLigRiV aRPLkiLRisVV gSgRisV LiRNRPLi
jVVNRP LRiWxmssVVs sV szLisV s[VgRi sssWRV
RVj LiVVj lLiLiRV lLiLiRgRiVRV \sNRPsVV\sxtsQsaRPNTPRVLiRVgSs
24

@sRLjiLiRVRVsgSs[sV? ry*sV \sNRPVLihRisVVsLiRVyRV. @NRPT RWRVssVWLji \xqssVV

@sgS [[sVRVsVV. BNRPTNTP jgjiyRV. BNRPT sVWLji FyLiRNRPsVV. @s lLiLiRVsV
lLiLiRLiVVssV \sxtsQsaRPNTP RVLi]NRP[V FyLiRNRP\sVs [xsVV sVsNRPV gRiszmsLiRVRVsj.
\xqs\sVsj NRPszmsLiRV[RV. NRPsVzmsLiRVRVsgS s[sV? sVsVxtsvNRPV RLRiRORPVxqsV=V NRPso.
C NRPsVNRPVs aRPNTP xqs*sVV. C NRPsVV FyLiRNRPsVV\s yss[ RWRgRiso.
\xqssVV\syss RWR[so. NRPLiNTP N]LiR s[VLRi[V NRPszmsLiRVsV. RWLSV NRPszmsLiRso.
NRPszmsLiRss sWssoRV NRPszmsLisV sLiRVsV. RWRVRVsgS sNRPVsgRisVV
sLiRV. RWRVsxmsVRV NRPWR ssNRPV sLiRV[V. A NRPLissVNRP s\sVs NRPsVsj. A
NRPsV sy sVRVsVV. A ss N]s xmsLjiRV[ sVLiRVsV. sLiRVsVV. NRPLiRVsVV.
LRiVRWRVsVV. xqsQXbPLiRVsVV. C sVVR\ss aRPLkiLRisVV VVNRP RVsRV[sVLiT ysNTP
zqssLiRsNRPV sLiRV. FyLiRNRP\sVs aRPLkiLRisVV xqsWsVV. @LiRV[R ds RVsVssVVV
xqsWsVVV. INRP LiRVso s[LiVV\sV RWLSs sVyRV yss RWRVRVysVs zmsLiR
sRVsV. @sgS ys aRPLkiLRi ORPQsVVV sygRiR\sVRVVLiRVsV ks}msLRiV xqsQX. N]LiRV
kss RWRVgS sLiRVLRiV. B xqsQX RsFLiVVsyLjiRVLiRV NRPWR sVLiRVsV. [Rs[VsVsgS
sVVRj NTPRVVsys LRiWxmssVVVVNRP xqsQX, lLiLiRsj RsFLiVVs ysVVNRP
LRiWxmssVVxqsQX RWRV[RV. xqsQXs RWRVgS sLiRVLRiV. RWRVRVsgS
FyLiRNRP\sVs sxqsVsosNRPV sVs RLRiRORPVxqsV=NRPV xqsLiLiRsVV NRPgjiRVVLiRV. xqsxsVVgS
sWssoV RLRiRORPVxqsV=[Rs[ RWRVLRiV. RWLRisxqsVsosV RWRV RVsgS sjsNRPV
zqsN]s RVVLiRV NRPsNRPs[sVgRiVRVsj? RWRVRVV xqsLjiLiRVRVV xmspLRi*sVgji
RVVLiRV RVs RVLRisVV. lLiLiRVsVNRPzqs zqsN]sV @s sxtsQRVsVV [VRVsj. NRPsVNRP
aRPLkiLRisVVsNRPV FyyssVV [RV. sVsxqsV=sNRPV FyyssVV. BxmsVRVsVsj FyLiRNRP\sVs
aRPLkiLRisVV. [sRs \xqs\sVsaRPLkiLRisVVNSRV. \xqs\sVs aRPLkiLRisVVsV RWRVNRPV@sgS
zqsN]sVNRPV s NSsRVVsV. NSs RLRiRORPVxqsV=V xmssNTPLSso. C RLRiRORPVxqsV=V
ssVVgS RWRgRi RWLRis[V xqs*sVV. RWsys N]NRPxmsVRV sVLRiFRVsVV. @sgS
25

s sVLRiVgRiVxmsRVsV. xmsyssVV s. C RLRiRORPVxqsV=][ RWRVRVLi[ aRPRszLiss[

xqsLjigS NRPszmsLiRVsV. aRPR[s][ NRPszmsLiRRV. dsy yLjis[ ss NRPy? "yRV
dsNRPVNRPszmsLiy?' RVsRVRVgRiVsV. dsRVRsNRPV NRPszmsLiR[RsVsV yyyLji[s[ RVVyRV.
FsLiRVNRPV NRPszmsLiR[RV. dsRV sV[s[ sLiRVRV yss RWR[y ? RWyRV. aRPR
LiVVRLRiR RVVLiRV[R yRV NRPszmsLiR[RV. NRPsVNRP NRPszmsLiRVNRPV NSszqssj aRPRRVV
sRVV, @xmsVRV N]sLi sxtsQRVsVV[ RLRiRORPVxqsV=V xmss[RVso. ys xmsLjij RNRPVs.
\xqssVV\s aRPLkiLRisVVVss. yss RWRW NUPNRPsVV yso. yss RWRVNRPV INRP aRPR,
INRP sVsxqsV=sVNRPR. INRP yssVV, INRP[VNSgRiR, INRP saS*xqssVV NSsRVVsV.
"gRisLiRVRV \sNRPVLihRisVVsLiRVyRV' @s RVysVV. ARVsj \xqs\sVs aRPLkiLRisVV. ARVs
A aRPLkiLRisVVsV sR FyLiRNRP\sVs $LSsVRLiRVs aRPLkiLRisVVsV yyRV. Bj VV
xqsLissVV? @xqsV sVVR \xqs\sVs aRPLkiLRisVV xqsLis\sVsj? dssRVsLiNTP NSLRisVV
[sR sxtsQRVsVV[ xqsLiNRPsVV. sWsso sxtsQRVsVV[ NRPLRiRVV xqsLiNRPsVV lLiLiRVsV.
s[sV [NRPLRiORPQ [RVsRVVsV. s[sV sxtsvsVWLjis. s[sV xsxtsv sV}aRP*LRiV[ NRPRsV.
C xqsXztsQs LRiOTPQLiRVRVLiRV y sj, yRLRisVV. @sT INRPgSR\sVs xqsLiNRPsVV sxtsvsosNRPV
NRPRV. ARVs xxmsyLRiQ\sV @LiRV[ sRLRi gRisVVV N]s xqsXztsQs sLi xqsXztsQs
[zqsssRVxmsoRVLiRgS ds sxtsv\ss xqsLiNRPgRisVV LRiOTPQLiRVNRPV sxtsv\ssj. G gRisVV,
GxqsLiNRPsVV][ INRP sVWLjis {qs*NRPLjiLiRV[ A xqsLiNRPsVV ssVNRPsVs sssVVsNRPV y
aRPNTPRVVs][ ysVWLji yss sLRi*zLiRVNRPV xqssVLRisVgRiVRVsj. ysNTP Rgjis aRPNTP
ysxqsLiNRPsVV[ sVsj @[ soRV RsNRPLRi ssVsLiRVNRPV yNRP sWsVxtsQ
sVRVRVyRV ys NRPLRiVj? A [aRPsVV[ A FyLRiLiRsVV[ ARV[RNRPsVVV
NRPgjis LiVVLi[[ [sLiVVLi[[ ys NRPLRisVVN]j xmsoVRVyRV. BjRVLiRRVV NRPR
sVLiRsVV. xqsLRi*sWssoNRP[V RVLiRsVV. INRP[V RVssV A FyLiRsVV[ NRPRV
LS, INRPRV \|qssNRPVRV, INRPRjNSLji, INRPRV sLRiNRPVRV, INRPRV F~sVV RVsTyRV. C
26

[RsVVV sWss RXztsQNTP xqsxsVVVgRi NRPszmsLiRsRVsV. NSs @sVssVV[ [RLiR

[RsVVLiRVsV. FyNRPV\s soRV ssWssVVdsVR LRiVgRiVsV. F~sVV RVsTyRV
LRiVgRi[RV. \|qssNRPVRV xhSRVgS yssRVsV. F~sVV RVsTyRV kLRiNSsVV RVNRPVsV.
BLiRV[ yRVVss. FsssNTP sRV[ FsLiRVNRPV sRV[ RVRV. INRPRV
NTPy=RVsVVsNRPV xqsdsVxmssVVs sVLiRVsV sVLjiVVNRPRV RWLRisVVgS sVLiRVsV. Bs RVsLiR
[RsVVV. @LiRV sVsVxtsvNRP[V RVs sVssVLiR |mnsWztsQLissV xmspLRi*s
NRPLRiRVsVsj sLiRVRVs[ RVVsj. s[V ss RLRiVyR dsso sWssoRso.
RRWLRi*sVV dsssRso? sxmsV[ RsFLiVVs][ dss[sVgRiVRVso? xmsoVNRP[s[
@LigRi\sNRPsVV][ xmsos s[sVgRiVRVso? NRPsVNRP NRPLRiRVVsj. NRPLRiRVVsj gRisVNRPs[ VVNRPRV
xqsVsVVgS RVNRPgRi [aRPsVV[ xmsoVRVyRV. sVLjiVVNRPRV RVxtsvV xmsLjiFyLiRV[aRPsVV[
xmsoVRVyRV. @sRVVgRizqs ARW[aRPsVVLiRV xmso NRPLRisaRPsVVsyRV
NRPWyRgRiVRVyRV. @LiRLRiV xqssWssVsV A[RNRPsVVNRPV xqssWssVsV[ RxmsV[RV.
@sgS soRVyRV. soRV [RsVyLRiV NRPLRiV. yRVLiRVV [NRP FsoRVV dss
s[dsVR yyLRixmsT[RV. INRP |msR NRPsWxmsosj. @LiRV[ NRPNRPsWxmso[
NTPLiRsVsj. Rs zqs RWRXNRP sVs][ NSRV. sWxmsoNRPsyRV ysV sWRVVNRPV dsVgS
yNRPNRPsV. soRV [RV. C aRPLkiLRisV |msLjigjis RLRiVyR dss [VLSgRiVRVsj.
IzmsN]LiRsVV. xmsoV VV? |msLRiVgRiV VV? @NRPRs[ xmsoV [VsV? NSLRiNSLRissVV
sLigkiNRPLjiLiRNRPFLiVVs][ xqsXztsQ[ [sNTP xqssWyssVV [RV. @sRVV sxqssW[RVsVV\s
sxtsQRVsVV\s][ sjVVNRP NRPgRiWLRigRiLixms. RVNSgjiRsVV FgRiV. NSs LiVVLiRV [NRPsRNRP. INRP
xmsR, INRP ds, INRP xmsRsVV sVVR\ss. NRPsVzmsLiRVRVss. Bs RVsRVV ssVNRPsVs VVNRP
ss xqsWLiRVRVss. Bs s xmsLjizqsRVRVLiRV s s RNRPVLiRsVsj. @j s,
@j ss[NRPsVV, ysNTP gSLRisVV soRV AR. dss sLigkiNRPLjiLiRV sWssosVVNRP
sWssR*sVV. BxmsVRV sxtsvsoyRV. ARVsj \xqssVWLji. LSsVV\ sLiyRV. Bj
FyLiRNRP\sVs sVWLji. lLiLiRVsV lLiLiRV sVWLRiVLiVVssV [sVs aRPNTPRVV ss[NRPsVV
27

NRP[V. Bj RVsyLRisVV. A sVWLjiVV sR|msyRV. C sVWLjisV

{qs*NRPLjiLiyRV? xmsoLRiVxtsvs lLi[RxqsV= {qsQ gRiLRisVVsLiRV szR\sV LRiWxmssVV NRPVV?
|msLRiVgRiV VV? sVs aSxqsQsVVV dssNTP }RVsosV xms[so. aSxqsQs[VsV [RVVssgS
Ds yss Bj LiVVjRVs sR RWzmsLiRVsV.Bj RV[RLiRVso.@jRVVsV
RV[RV. RVNRPFsoRVsgS ds s[s N]LRiR. C xmsLiRWRsVVsV dsso
xqsXztsQLiR[RV. C FyLiRNRP\sVs aRPLkiLRisVVsV dss[LSV [RV[RV. sV [sVsV dsso
xqsXLiR[RV. |msLiR[RV. dssoxqsXLisj ssWssVV. @WsWLRisVV. ANSaRPys dsso
xqsXLi ss][ dsso xqsXLisj RVLiRsVVsV, sR|msV {qs*NRPLjiLiRV RVs lLiLiRV
RVLiRsVVsV NRPs|mss. A R*s gS[ xmsxqsLjiLiRV dsso xqsXztsQLiR[RV. FyLiRNRP\sVs
aRPLkiLRisVVsV LSsVVRV {qs*NRPLjiLissgS sRRV {qs*NRPLjiLixmsgRiRV. sWssoV NRPLSksV\
{qs*NRPLjiLiRVRVyLRiV. Bk[RsVV. xmsLiRWRsVVsV xqsXztsQLis[ ARVs. @s ysNRP
LRiWxmssVVgRi s[LSV [zqss[ ARVs. ds so RsR. ARVs soRV xqsLRi* sR.
xqsLRi*sR. soRV NSRV. xmsLRis[VaRP*LRiVRgRiVRVyRV. xqsLRi*aRPNTPsVLiRVRgRiVRVyRV.
sWsso[s[ ss[NRP yLRiRsVsVVsjgRiy. INRP RjNRP ss[NTP RVVyRVgRiy? yRV
xmsLRisVss[NTP. xqsXztsQ[sV xqsXztsQNTP ssVNRPsV sVVLiRVsV sRVsVsV xqsLRi*ss[NRPsVV NRPzqsRVVs
VVNRP aRPNTPs xmsLRisVss[NTP[s ss[NRPsVVsV sLis[ sLis][ A ss[NRP dsVaRP*LRiVRgRiVsV.
yRV LSsVVRV. @RLiRV NRPsRLjiLiR[RV?
RLi. INRP RVsyLRi sVLiRss sVsj [xsVV sj FyLiR
NRPsVj [xsVsVR [xsV \VssV [s[NRPLRi
ORPQNRPsVgRiV [[ sVgRiV NSsT NRPLisVV[ xmsVr~Li
xmsoNTPLRiNSLi sWxmnsVsRsVV sVV\ LiVVVNRPsVgRis.
@syLRisVssgS [xsVVsV yss RVLRisVV [xsVV[xs[V. [xsVsgS RgRiV
28

RVsj. aRPLkiLRisVsgS Fsosj. sbPLiFsosj. @LiRVNRPs[V \sNRPVLihRisVVsLiR

ry*sVs sVWLjiRVs }msL]sV. LSsVVsj [xsVsV. C [xsVVsLiRV [NRPsVVsV
LRiOTPQLiT \sxtsQs\sVs [NRPRV. [xqsV= xqsLixqsQXRsVV, [ RRssVV. @sgS VgRiV. C
[xsVj? sWxmnsVsRsVVV sVxmnsVsoRsgS sLiRVRV. ysdsVj RjRLRiWxmssVV
sWxmnsVsRsVV. BLiRVRV ssyRV. sWxmnsVsRsVV sVVsgS sLiRdssVVV. A
sVV][ sVNRPs][ dsLSsVVs aRPLkiLRisVV sTsVxqsLisVVs sVsR. A NRPLisVV dsVRs[
gRiXxsVLiRRVV sRVVsj. ARVs xqsLRi*gRiRORPQNRPVRs RVLRisVV.
sV. sLRis RRVVRLiTRVVs LRiVgRiV LiVsVs LiTRVV
LRi*LRi dssWssV @V[ \sLRiLiVVs VVs
Lji dsy sVVR\s [RsVVVsVs LRiV\s ss ss
xqsVLRiLi VsV NTPZNP[RLRi sVa][xqsyRLiVgRis.
@syLRisVs sLis[ sWsso\ xmsosV gRiy? @LiRV sWssoV xmsos[ xmsos xmsoV,
|msLRiVgRiV, |msLiT,sL][RsVVV, }qsxsVVV dsso s[sV sVVR\s ssVVV ssRVV
sVLiRVsV. NSs INRP N]RgS xqsVLjiLiRVRVLiRVsV. INRP [V][ NTPZNP[RLRi\sVsj. [NRPsVVsNRPV
xqsLiLijLiRsj INRP a][][ NRPWTN]s RVVsV xqsVLjiLiRVsV. INRP sVWgjiNTP INRP
sVss[NTPNTP sVsss[ aRPLkiLRisVVVssV ysWgRiaRPNTPRVV ys sVss[NRPsVVsV ys
aRPLkiLRisVVsV sVLiN]ssVLiRVsV gRiy? @[ $LSsVRLiRVsNRPV [xsVVssV
[xsVVsVsVLi LiVVRRs yLRisVWLji LiVVRRV sVsxtsvso. BRysLiRsVRVVRV @sj
gRizLiRgRiyLjiNTP RVRVLiRVsV. @RRV WgjiRVs sVss[NTPRVs gRizLiRgRiyLjiZNP[NRPy
|qsTj. @[!

29

D. LRiWxmssVV[s sgRiVRV LRiWxmssVV ysVsVxtsvLis

LRiWxmssVV[NRPsWxssVV LRiWxmssVV sV Fso N][xmssVVs
yxmssVVsRVVs sVs sRLiVs sVsVVLiRV R\sV
[xms Rs*RWRs [Rs RVVgRisVV [soTss
ARVs INRP [xqsV= [xqs=sVNRPLi sVgRiV. sVgRisgS ssVV. @j LRiWxmssVV ysj
xqsyssVVV NRPys LRiWxmssVV RLRi+dsRVsVVgRi sVLiRVsVgRiR. BNRP sVlgi[ LRiWxmssVV ys][
sVLiRVsV. gRi[xssVVgSsVLiRVsV. LSsVVRV gRi[xsVRVgRiy? sVgRiVsV
FxmsoFzqs sVLiRVsV. N][xmssVVV yxmssVVV sVsss[ RVVLiRVsV. ARVs sVgRis
zqsN]sVNRPV [xms Rs* RWRsRVVsV. ysNTP ARVs[V @sgS gRisLiRV[
[RsRVVgRidsVRVsRVVsV. [RssVsgS NRPsV. ARVssV RWTNRPsV gRisLiRV
URVsRVVsV. [RssVs aRPsVVyRTsj. C yRVso "[RX' @sj. ksNTP
RLRi+ssVs RVLRisVV. RLRi+ssVsgS sNRPLi][ RWRV sWRs[V NSRVgRiy yysV
sxtsQRVsVVsV RLji+Li yRLiRVsVV. INRP sVsxtsQRVsVVsV zqsN]sV RLji+LiRV.
@LiRV[R [RsRVVgRisVs yRTsj. @xmsV]NRP[RssVV yVgRiy, lLiLiRV NRPsVsV
VLiRVNRPV? sWssos RLRi+saRPNTP lLiLiRV NRPsV[sV NRPzqs RVVLiRVsV RLRiRORPVxqsV=Q\ssV
sRsV=Q\ssV xqsLixmspLRiRLRi+ssVV NRPVgRiVNRPVlLiLiRV NRPsV aRPNTPRVV NSsRVVsV. yss
[soURVsRVVsV. RVVgRiaRPsVV. RVVgRisVsgS Li. @s lLiLiRVsV NRPzqs RVVsxmsV[
RWRV. INRP NRPLi][ RWRV xqsgRisVVRWRV. NRPVT\sxmso NRPsLiRRV yNRPV. [Rs
RVVgRisVsV[R xqsLixmspLRiQ\sVs RLRi+s aRPNTP RVsRVLRisVV.

30

LSsVVRV
D. @xmsZNP[sVV |msLiTRVV\s sj[RV sxtsQsVLiRVy
VxmsV] sWRV[TRVLiVV LiVWRRV LSssLiRV Rso*gS
xmsR RW|qs sVVsV [RsVVgS ssyLRiNSLRiQ\sV
VxmsN][ xmnsLiRgRi LiVVLiR RWLRi LRixxqsbPQ\V.
LSsVVRV xqsVxs sjLisV. sWLkiRVs RWLRisVVgS sR[ yRVV sVV][
sxqsLjis[|qssV. BRRV sxtsQRV[ sxmsV][ sWRV[T\V LSsRVVsV. ys NSLRisVVgS {qsR
RVxmsxLjiLixmsRsRVVsV. BxmsNTP {qsR LSsVVs LRiNS[RV. {qsR LRiQ\Vs RLRiVyR
LSsVVRV ssyxqss[Vgjis RLRiVyR xmsRVsVW[LiRV gRiRs RLRiVyR sWLkiRVs][ xmss
@xmsVRV. Bj [VsVgRiVRVsj? G][ Ljigjisj. @ xmnssVV xmsosj RVs [RVgS
y[Lixmss yRV |msT sWV. A[LiT ysNTP sj NRPR[s VVNRPsVLRixxqssVV.
NRPR y|qsT NRPs RVVyRV. @V[zqss sVxmsoLRiVxtsvRVyRV. @V yzqss sVNRPss
sVbPRVLiRVsVV. @V [zqss sVdsLRiVs xqsXztsQLRixxqss[R RVLiRVsVV. NRPyyRVNRPVRV
gRisRsyLRisVs xmszqsjF~Lijs][ sj RVsyLRi LRixxqssVLiRVsVV. LSsVVRV VRV
}msLRiVsNRPV V[NSs RVsyLRisVRV[ gRisLiRVsNRPV Rss N_sWLRisVVV [so.
ARVs xqsLRi*RV, BNRPR sxqsLRi*[NSRV. sxtsQRVs LS[soysNTP sR dsVVsV
sZOP[QzmsLiyRV gRisVNRP bP. @LiRV[R RWLRi LRixxqs bP.
D. [sRV[s1 sgRiVsV [|qs xqsVxs xqsryRQXRVs
][sRss sRVRVssV ][|qssV sVLiV yNRPNRPVLiRgRis
NSs, xmssLiRRVVs RsjNSRV, syxsVVyR[so y
ysj s[ RRQaRPNTPNTP Ligjisys FNRPs
sWLkiR xqsVxRV yNSaRPsVV[ g]LisVRsVV[sVyLRiV @NRPTyssNRPR xqsVxs
31

WTR [RVVNRPV gji xmsRWgjiQQ\V s[RVVLiRsRVVsV. @ @gjiQxmsNRP

ssRVLiTssV yRV xms[ sWT FsRVVsV. NSs sWLkiRVRV RgRiVTF[RV. Bj
LRixxqssVV. sVgji xqs*LRiWxmssVV zqssyLjiNTPgSs RVRV. xqsVxRLiVN]ss[[RV. Bj
sVxmsoLRiVxtsvRV [RVRgjisj. @gjidsVR sjNSLRisVV[RVgRiyRV [RVRgjisxmss NSs,
LiVWxmss RVLiRRVV RsjNSRV. yNRPzmssV |msLiT [zqsN]s[soRVyRV.
[zqsN]s[soRVyss RsNRPV RVRV. sWss RXztsQNTP ryRsVV NSRV. LSsVVRV
CaRP*LRiVRV. CaRP*LRi RXztsQNTP RVVsV. AsVxmss VssV ysV [zqss NSLRisVV
gRisLiRVRV [RVRgjisj. BRLiR RgRigS sVLiRgS @LiRV[ NRPss sLis[ WTR
NSRgjisLiR xmsRWgjis xqsXztsQLi RLizms ARVgjis xmsNRPsVsys sLiVN]sNRPVLiR [RVV
gRisLiRVRV [RVsRVVsV. @Li[NSRV. xmsWgjiLis yRVyxqsQsVV A sWLkiRVs
dzqsN]sFLiVV N]ssLiR WssVV RWLRisVVs sVs xqssVVRsVV[ xmsRs[RVV NRPWR
gRisLiRVRV [RVRgjis xmss[V. BRLRiVV xmsWgjiLiRV yRVyxqsQsVVNTPLiR aRPNTPRVVLiRRV.
sVLjiN]s [VLiRNRPV sWRV[T NS[so. sWLkiRVsV [RVV $LSsVVsNRPV Rs xmssNSRV.
x NRPLRiNRPV sL][j\Vs LSsVs RLixmso[V Rsxmss. sVsxtsvso \RVsV s[LiVV
sRsVV RLixmsosV. ysV xmsWsyRV xqslLi[. LSsVRV {qsR sN]s FsRVVsV. ysV
xqssVVRsVVsV ysRVVsV. LSsVs xqsNRPVVLisVVgS yaRPssVV [RVsRVVsV. Bj
RVLiRRVV {qsRxmss. FsV NRPszmsLiRVRVsRsgS aRPNTP LSsVVsNRPs g]xmsj. AsVNRPV LSsVVRV
Ligji LiVW xmsss [RVVRVsV NRPszmsLiRVRVsj. {qsRsVaRPNTP. A aRPNTP RWs[bPLis NSs
sxtsvso sxtsvsoNSRV.
D. ANRPR NRPLiVVNRP y bPRVVLiTs RVVsRWRgSLi
yNRPX RWxmsygRisVVsyNTPs RVLiRs {qsQR*sVVLigRiss
yNTPy sVLjis Rgjiy @j dsRgRiV NSVyNRPV[
\lgiN]s yR LRiWxmsss \ZNPsT Vj sV*LSRV
@xLiVVs sVsj. ALiVV VVNRP LiRLiVVRW ? A NTP {qsQ RWNSLRisVVsy?
dsso LSs NRPsVs aRPzmsLiyRV. A RVVsLRiWxmssVV LRiWxmssVgRiVsV. INRP
32

sgRixsVgRiVsV. @Li[NSs RRRLRisVVgS sVs LiVVs sVLiRsNRP[RV. AsV

aRPzmsLixmsTsRs RVVRVsj. INRP sV {qsQ. xmszqsRVLSgRiV[R ysV LS sgRixsVVsV
sVV [ NTPLi |mssjNSRV. INRP TFLiVVs AaRPsVsVV xmsNRPsVsj. g_RsVV
ysVsV aRPzmsLiss NRPRRVVsj. AsVsV sV {qsQs [RVVNRPV ysVsV LSsVVRV NS][
yZNPy? NSNTP Rgjiy? AsV {qsQRVgRiV Vj? ysV NS][ yNTPs][ ysV
gRisLiRVRV. AsVNRPV sVLRi {qsQ LRiWxmssVVsV xmsryjLixmssss [zqssxmss, @ LSNTP sVV
RWLRisVVgS FsoRVLRiV. NS][ yNRPLRiV. @j NSNTP RgRiVRV. Rgjis][ sVsVxtsvRV
RWxmsRsRVsV. @LiR sVRVyLRiV. ks LRixxqss[VsV?
aS. ds NSNTPss[ szLisj Rds*LRiWxms sVLi yRgS
s[ NSNTPs 1ys NSsRVV s[[gSVgSRNRPVyL`i
yNSRs NSRV y xmsRsVss y NS RVsV ds
\ZNPN][ yV xqs*RVLi sNRPsV xmsLkisVNRPX RXRs.
AsV {qsQ RVgRiV ds NSNRPV[Rs[ \Vsj. yNRPVRVs aRPsVV xmsWgjiLiRV[R LSsVV[
VjxmspLRi*NRPsVVgS yNTPyRs RVLRisVV. BLiNRP ssLjiNSV yNTPssV ALSLiVV {qsQ NSRV.
RNRPVyLRiV @sgS RNTPsyLRiV. y NSV NSRsgS y NSV NSRyLRiV. dsso sWRNRPVLiR
sWLRiNRPVLis. dsso dsNS[ RVsWLRiNRPVLis. @j ds\ZNPN][V. dsso gRizLiRV RVs @LRisVV.
@j yVsV, @sgS xqssVLRisVgRiVsV. [sRVLiRV xqssVLRisVgRiVsV. xqs*RVsVVgS dsso
sNRPsVVRso. sxtsvsVWLjis. sVWRRVgRiV][ sVV[NRPsVV NRPsVLisyRso. A
sNRPsVV\s ds VVNRP xmsLjisVsVVc sWLRiV. ys VVNRP ANRPXcLRiWxmssVV. @xmsVRV
ysVsVRV, BxmsVRV LSsVVRV. C LSsVVy sNRPsVV[ @s RXR @s zqsN]sVNRPV
y dsRVLigkiNSLRisVV \ZNPN][V yVsV. xqslLi[. ds ssyLRisVs dsNRPV RVVsV. yssyLRisVs
{qsRNRPV RVVsV. ds NS[ yNTP ysV aSxmsssVVNTP F~Liss RVxZNPV RVVsV ?

33

aS. dsFyRLis VVgS |qs[ dslLi[ xmsyOTPQNTPs

dsFyRLis [VsVgRiVLRiV NRP][ ss[ xqsVLixmsLigRiy
gSsVLSRjRVV ds[NSVgS RNRPVyL`i.
dsFyRLiV aRPLi RNRPsVVV\|mss[ RVVsy, [s][
dsFyRLiV s[ F~LijNRPRVV y ss[Lji RWzmsLiy?
dslLi[ "xmsyOTPQNTPs' @sgS @xNRPV. @x ssV gRisLiRVRVgS rRsVV [|qssV. AsV ds
FyRsVVV RWsj. A FyRsVV[ dsso gRisLiRVRss RVVsy?A FyRsVV[
aRPLiRNRPsVVVsy?aRPLiRNRPsVVLjiNS[ sVLiRVsV. sVLjiVV? ds NSs[ F~LijNRP
sbPxtsQsVVgS sVsy? A F~LijNRP[ dsso gRisLiRVRss zqssy? @x @R
sVsRVLiRLji FyRsVVsV xmsLjibdPLiy? yRLRis[VsVsgS sx BLiRVs sxtsQRVsVV[
F~LRiFyV xmsTsj. AsV ssVVgS NRP Wgjis, sVxmssR. NSVLji VxmsVRVsV
xmsRsyRV INRPxmsVRV xmsRsRVsV. AsV @V xmsTsj. A VVNRPF~LRiFyV][ ysV [zqss
sV Rxmsxqs=LiRRVV xqsLRi*yaRPssVV NS[RV A RxmsxqsV=[ N]LiR [xmssVV ssj. C
aSFysVW][ y [xmssVV dLjisj. AsV sVxmssR. Wgjis. NRPsVNRP $LSsVRLiRVs sLis[
gRiVLRiVxmssj. Bj LRixxqssVV.
aS. A dsFyRRVVgRisVV NRPsVRVs[ RW[aRPV FyRLiVLi
y dslLi[ ROTPQ gRiVLjiRgRi y! VLiR NTPxmsxms
yQsLi\NRP sZNP[RsLi VVztsQxmsRQQLiRxqss sxqsV y
ysLi \lgiN]sV[sV RVVLRisVV ds sLiRxqs [Li\s.
A[aRPVRVcCaRP*LRiVRV. xqsLRi*yRNRPV xmsVso. ds FyRsVVV RWRVRVs[ RWsV ssV
34

gRiVLRiVxmssV. A VVztsQxmsVVNRP @sgS sxVVNRP @LiRxqss sxqsVso [xmssVs

xmsyLRisVV. @sgS soRV FsLiRNTP, VLiR xmsxms, VLiR RWsLiRsVVsNRPV sZNP[RssW @sgS
B[. AsV soRV y xmsLjiFyNRPsVV F~LijsyRs RVLRisVV. ry*sVFyRsVVsV RWRVRVs[
ARVs ry*sVRVs zqsN]sj. AsV RVLiR NTPNRPj. @LiR xmsxmsNRPj. @LiR
RWsLiRsVV NRPj. AsV RVLiRxqs=Q\sVs sxqsVsLiRj. xqsLRi*soVVNRP xmsLjisVsVVsV
dssVgRiVRVso. AsV[sVs sos VVNRP xmsLjisVsVV dssLiRV ZNPVgRiso. @LiRVNRPs ds
ysVsV sLis[ gRizLis. @LiRV[ yaRPLRisVV[RV. AsV sVxmssR. sVWgjis.
INRPryLji F~FyV [zqssj. A F~FyVsNRPV bPORPQ RVsVsLisj. [NRPsVV[ NRPWR sLiRV
NRPy? RxmsV[RVVsV. bPOTPQLixmsRVsV. ys ][xtsQsVV suyLRisVV F~Lijs[NRPy? NSRV. @x
[zqss RW ][xtsQsVVsNRPV ysV sVLRiLis RLRiVyR sLRiNRPsVV[ xmnsR sVsVsLiRVsV.
@sVsLiRV][Rs[ ][xtsQsVV FsosV. AsV LiVVNRPRs[ @sVsLisV. sLis[ RWsV
]yzqs ssVsLiRVRVLisV. sVLRi sVxmssR[V. Bj {qsQ xmssLRis[ [RV. AsV
WgRiaRPNTP[ sVsj.
D. dssRV|qsLiR @LiRRVsds xms xqsLiR sLiRLSs_
ysVsLiRVsVs ssVNSRNRP sVVLiRVNRPV RWNTPyso ds
[ szqsV ssVgRiV [xms dssogRi, sVVLiRlLi[ RsV
}qs= slgis RsLiR sj[V xqsLjiFLiVVs yRRLRiQ\sV.
LSsVVs NRPxqsQsVVsj. RsVLji*R s[LjiN]yRV. ORPQ RV NRPVsWLRiVRV gRisVNRP sRVxqsV=
xmsLiLi[LiRLiVVssV [xsVV[ xmsRVy[LiR sRVxqsV=ys sVVsRLiRsVV. NSs xmspLRi*sVV
sVLi sRVxqsV=[ sVLiT sVaSV\s LSV s sLiR[NRP sR FLiVVyLRiV. yss
sLiRVsVsgS dsso sVVLiRVNRPV RWNTPyso. sVLjiVs*Q\lLissV Bj sLiRLSs RsVxqsV=.
@LiRLiRyLi[ sLiR[NRP FLiVVLji. @xqsQsVV s[V, aRPLkiLRisVV s[V. @xqsQsVVsV
35

RWRVN]s RVVRsVV[sNTP jgRisRVsV. INRP RsVxqsV=sV sLiRVNRPV aRPLkiLRisVV NSsRVVsV.

C xqsLigRi syLjiLiRNRPVLiR sVVLiRVNRPV RWNTPyso. \|msgS dsyRsVxqsV=sV RWR[RV. A
RsVxqsV=s |mssV N]s sLiR sVLij sWzqsN]s sLji. dsso sLiRsV[RV. |mssV[RV. dsso
yNTPsLiRs[ A RsVxqsV= sLjilgisV. dsso ssVgRiNRPsVVLi[ A RsVxqsV= ssV zqs
N]sVsj. CRVs gRisLiRVRV. ssQLiVVs sVRVsV. @s A RsVsosZNP[ zqs ys[
sLjigji sVsj. Bj AR RLRisVV. aRPLkiLRisVV][ xqsLiLiRsVV [RV. A RsVxqsV=sNRPVNRPWR NRP
RWRRVVsRss. Ds][ sj RW RsVxqsV=VVNRP RWR RLRisVV. yRLRis[VsVsgS
LSsVVRV xmsLRis[VaRP*LRiVRV @s ssVV NRPgjis rysLRi LigRisVsVVV NRPsNTPs RVVsV.
RLi.Rs sRV |qsLiR @xmsNTP yLRi sRV|qsLiR sLiRVds
RsVso ssLiRV ysNTPs Rs*NTPsRV sVssW
sRsRV NRPTLijgRi }RVso[RV LSLi
RVs xmsLjiFy sWRsVV sRWsLRiV dRVsV [RV RWLSM
G][ORPQ RVVRV. xqs*RVLi sLRisVV yLiLji. RsVxqsV=sV sLiRV xmsLisVV |msLji. A {qsR
sRV|qs=LiR? C LSsVVs sRV|qs=LiR? @LRisVV[RV. {qsR sRV|qs=LiR? INRPryLji {qsR
@sxqsWRW[s][ Rs |msLiT xqsLigRi xmsVRV RsNRPV RVVNRPsRVxqsV= ssRsRVV, RsNRPV
|msLiT[RVVNRPV Rs RLiT ]LiRLRixmsssRVV zmssj. A RVVNRPsRV|qs=LiR?
xV\s][ NRPsZNPssV[LiRV ssLiRs[ RVVNRP sRVxqs=ssRVsV.
ORPQ RVVNSsRVsVsVV [RV. RsVRVLid syxsVV RWRsVV. AsR gS sNRPVLSV.
LSsVVs yRsV BLiRVsVd[s RVVsj, AsVRVV gRiVgS sRVxqsV= ss RWsR. LSsVVs
@xmsgSLRiV aSLiR RVVsj. AsVNRPWR sRVxqsV= sVVjLjis[ RVssRVVsV. {qsRNRPV
xqsRVy[LiRVLiRsRVsV. LSsVVsNRPV xmsLiLi[Li[.
36

aS. [NRPLis dsRV [RgRiVsV yNRPV sXy, yLRi

NRPV RVVgSVgS jNTP LRiWxLi[RVgS sxmso {qs
y NRPysV |msR VxmsVRVsV LRiLigRiWLji RWLSs[V.
C NRPVRRV LRiN][xqssVLiVV y s[\ssVLi [|qsRVs.
AsV s[RsVV VVNRPRRQ*sVV sVWLjiNRPs sVaRPNTPVVNRP RVsyLRisVV. FsxmsV][ |ms[ |ms
LSsxqsVLRiVRV xqssVVRsVV[ sR |msyRV. A xqssVVRsVV[sVLiT LiVW RVss
RVWsV[sNTP sxmsVRV
Rs sRV |qsLiR @xmsNTP yLRiR sRV xqs=LiR LiVW
RsVsosV sLiRVysNTPs Rs* N]xqsLilgiR sssW
s sj VVNRP RVVLRisVV xmsgRi LSRV xqs*RVLisLRiLiVLi
s xmsLjiFy ORPQ RVV [TRV NUPRVsV [RV RWRLS.
ss][ FsVss][ RVRs xmspLRi*s[V zmssV. AsV sRVxqsV= s[RsVVs ZNPLiR
sRVxqsV=s][ @LiR. CRVs sRVxqsV= $sVsxtsvsos ZNPLiR sRVxqsV=s][ @LiR. BRRV
LSsVVRVgS sVsxms sRVxqsV= AsV {qsRgS sVsxms sRVxqsV= NRP[sNTP LSso. LSsVVRV
s[RsVVsLiRV yRV. s[RsVV gRisLiRV\s LSsVVsLi RVsj. LSsVV[
xsxtsvsV}aRP*LRiVV. s[RsVVVVNRP RRQ*s[V sVaRPNTP. AsVRVVsV xxmsyLRis[V
xqsXztsQ[ sWRsVV yLjiRNRPLjiN]NRPV NRPzqs RVVLiRVNRPV RzmsLiRVRVLiRVLRiV. NRPsVNRP dssyx
xqsLiRLRisVV[ [NRPsVV LkigS sRVxqsV=V CRV [RVV RWRV RVss[NRPsVV. RWs][
[NRPRXztsQ[ ssRVV sxqsLissVVVgS NRPszmsLiRVsV. @LiRV[R sj RVNTPNRP ssLRisVV.
[NSdR\sVsj. C sxtsQRVsVV gRiRgS RWs][ LSsWRVsVVsLiRV xqsLRi*R RVVRVs[
RVVLiRVsV. ssRVLji*RgRiVsV xNRPWR LRiLiLixms [RV[Rs LRiQXxLji yzqsyRV.
37

zqsRVV RVs sLRiV x[sos saRP# s[V? A xVsLRiV? sxtsvs[! LSsVV[!

bPso[! C xqsXztsQRVLiRRVV yLRiV sVVso*LRiV. C {qs RVs yLjis Vxmso AaRPNTPNTP A
xsxtsv sV}aRP*LRiVNRPV gRiWR ryRsVV NSR. FsLiRV[R? A x[V yLjisV
xqsXztsQLisV. GLiRVNSLkigS xqsXztsQLisV? xqsXztsQxqs*LRiWxms sVVsLij gRisVNRP. [syssosV
x sVVRs[ xqsXztsQLisV. FsLiRVNRPV? xqsXztsQ rygRisRVVsV gRisVNRP.
{qs. sLiV N][xqs\sV RVsV][ ys
NRPVsNRPVLi yNRP NTPVsVsV
xmsys NRPWLji|msLji RssVVsV
][VLiR zmsW s zms
NRPsFyLRis[zqss Rss][ s[[
sR |msR LRiLi Fy|ms
LRiss[xmssV RWsVV [|qsy
xms[NRPsVV s[x LSN]NRPV
gki. RLRiV sRVzqsLiR RVLiRV s[LRiVxmsLSRV
y*RaSxxqsLRiV LiVWRV NRPVsNRPV
[LRi gjiRV VgRis*[ R
R sVLSR\sVs FnyLiV yRV
BLiRV[ sR sRVxqsV=sV gRiWLji xmsTsj. [NRPsVV[ ][d][Rs yLji sWV
F~LiRVxmsxmsTss. dssNTP xqssWyssVV xmspLRi*s[V xmsTsj. LSsVVRV y*RaSxxqsLRiV
LiVWRV yRsgS xmsLiLi[LiR yRs xmsV[VNSNRP xmssQRLRiV xqsWLRiVsV }msL]sV[R
xqsWLSyLi xqsWLRiM xqsWLRiVNRPV xqsWLRiVRV @s RWRVs xmsLRis[VaRP*LRiR*sVVsV gRiWLji
38

xmsV\Vsj. gkiR xmsRsVV[s sLji lLiLiRV RLRisVVV LSsVVs rLiRLRisVVsV

xmsVRVss. syLRi [RV, RLRisVV [RV. NRPVNRPV ry*sV VVNRP rLiRLRis[V [RVsVV.
C bdPL<jiNRP LSsVVRV. ARVs sVV VVNRP r~gRixqsLiRRVV ds lLiLiRV RLRisVV[ NRPs
zmsyRV.

39

N][RLi
LiRLSsVV
VVRV
aS. N][RLiRLi s yRVVRLigRiV sVO][Qxms ZaP[NTPs
N][RLiRLis ysxqsVso LRixmnsVVO][Q xqsVyLRibPNTPs
N][RLiRLis sLiRV[ sRV[ N][Li gRiVyLiRV[
[y RRV NRPLij sRV aRPLSs RVxqsRF[NRPsVV.
C gRiLiRsVV[ bdPL<jiNRPV [NRPsVV[ LSsVVsgRiWLji xmszqsRsVVgS sVs }msLRiV. N][RLiRLSsVVRs
NRPWR sVNTPgS sLiRVsVV. N][RLiR aRPsVV xqsLixqsQXRsVVNRPy. ysNTP soR [VsVsgS
[s[R NUPTLixms RVRVs][ @j N][RLiRsVs. sVsR s[Ljis yLRiLiR }msLRiNRPV ssVNRP
N][RLiRsVV [LRiV[RV. $LSsVVs sWRs[V N][RLiR LSsVVRLiRVsVV. @LRiVsVs
N][RLiyLRiVsV Rs[RV. $LSsVRLiRVsNRPV Rxms xqsXztsQ[ RNTPs yLRiLiRNTP g][RLiR sVVNRP
RWRVVRsVV. ysNRPyRV. yss gjiLiRV, sVV xqsLijLiRV, sVV sRV
sVVRVgS y RWRVVRsVV sVxmsWgjiLiRVLRiV LSsVVR[ [RVVsV. NSs. [RVVRVsQsLjiNTP
RVRV. NSs, RLRiVyR s[ LiVVLRiVsj VssVRs sVRVVgRisVV[ y*xmsLRisVVs Vs
RVLRiVsVsNRPV gRiWR sLiRV[ N]LiRaRPNTP NRPRV. C sVs*LiRLRisVV[ sLRiVsj ys
sVRVVgRisVVs [yRVVgRisVVs sLis $LSsV RLiRVsNRPV sWRs[V N][RLiR LSsVVRs
}msLRiV gRiRV. A RsVxqsV= yRVs sLiRV[ bPsRsVxqsV=sV [ sVRV[ sLiN]xqssVLiT
[VsV[RVV[, xqssVVRsVVsV RRV[. LSsVVRV xqssVVRsVV yLji LiVWRVsxmsVRV [zqss
xmss. xmsLRiaRPVLSsVVsRVLiRV ARVs RF[NRPsVVsV dyRV. BjVV ryRsVV? Rs
xmsosVV][ RF[NRPsVVsV sy? ssVVgS N][RLiRLSsVV[.

40

sV. Bj [RVLigRi Tj [RsVRV [s[[R V\ssVs

RLSLiRLiVs [RVgS gRiRV RysZNP xqsNRPLi
j N][RLiRsVV sLiRVss NRPRV yFyLiRLiV yFyj k
xqsRaS xqsNRPs[V LRixmnsVWRsVVsNRPVs xmsWgSNTPs.
$LSsVVRV Rs N][RLiRsVV][ sj [RVgRi Tj [RV[Rs [RV. xmsRLRisVV @sgS sVV
xqsNRPsVV sLi sVRgRisVV, FsRsV[ zmsTNTP][ xmsVN]sT ][V. RsVxqsV=sV sLi yRV
sR |msgS sy s[gRisVV [R sVV FsosV. C LSsVVsNRPV xqsNRPsVV][ xmss [RV.
yFyLiRsVV yFyj @sgS RsVxqsV= sLRi sVVRV RsVxqsV=[ s[gRi\sVssV xqslLi[ ARVsNRPV
xqsNRPs[V. ARVs xmsWgS. xmsWgRisVVsLiRV xqssVVRsVV sLiyRV A sVV
s[RVV[ RVRV. BRLRiVNRPV s rysWs ORPQ sVV NSRV. INRPryLji LiNRP[ INRP sVV
WgjiLixmsgS y sVV g][xmsoLRisVV sVVR WsV[ RWLjig][xmsoLRisVVsV |msgjiLisV. Bj
ryRsW? RF[NRPsVVsV yaRPssVV [zqss[.
sV. xmsjRVVs]sVj \ZaPsyxmssVVsNRPVs R sVssLiRgS
sj ryRLis [R Vs*LjiNTPss sRLiVgS slLi][
Lji*jRLi\ RsV aRPNTPVjVV RWs[aRPLiVss sgS
s RVLSs[aRPsVV[R dsRRV zsVds\ZaP LRiRW ?
RsVaS+xqsQsVV[ RsVLjiLSsVVsV gRiWLjiRVVsj. RsVxqsV=sRVLRiV NRP][ [RVVRVLRiV.
ys sTsVgRisVVsLiRV NTP RLiLiRVLRiV R xqsLi VNRPVQ\ssN]j RsVxqsV=
sLiRV NRPxtsQsVV. \ZaPsRsVxqsV=sNRPV xmsLi]sVj RV. xqsXztsQ[ sVLji [V RsVxqsV=sNRPV
ssQRVLiRs. Bj RsVaS+xqsQsVV. A RsVxqsV=sV bPso]NRP[ sLiRgRiRV.
LSsVVs][aRP+QQNTP Vj? ARVs sVsVLiRj. @LiR sVV ssj. As[aRPsVVs
41

ssj. ARVssV sxtsv ys[bPLiyRV. @LiRV[R \ZaPsRsVxqsV=sV sVxmsgRigjiyRV.

@LiVVssV bPsRsVxqsV= sLiRLSsjgRiR. CRVs @syLSs[aRPsVV [R sxtsvso. {qsRsV
|msLiTRWRV\ZNP bPsRsVxqsV=sV sLiRsRVVsV. @xmsV]NRP RVLSs[aRPsVVsV N]yRV.
RVMsVV[R LRiVso[R NRPxtsQsVV[R N]s RWs[aRPsVV. ysV sxtsv\s LiVW RsVxqsV= N]NRPV
bPys[aRPsVV RVN]yRs RVLRisVV. ys sV RVN]ssV? BRRV bPso[y?
zsWds\ZaPsVVcsVLiRVN]LiR, zsWds\ZaPcFyLRi*d[s. AsVLRi bPsoRV. CRVs [V sxtsvso.
CRVs[V bPsoy? LSsVLSs RVVRsVV LiNRP[ sLRiNRPV LSsxqsVLRiVs xORPQ
sVW\|qsssVVsV lLiLiRV lLiLiRVsLRi gRiTRV[ $LSsVRLiRVRV yaRPssVV[zqs xmsNRPsVs
xqsVgkiyRV][ sssV. "BLiR xqs*NSsVV[ sLiR sVsR s[sV [RVgRisV. bPsoRV
[RVgRiRs. NRPsVNRP bPsZNP[aRPsoNRPV [RsVV[RV.
sNRPsVLS gRiXxsVV[ sVs LiVW bPsRsVxqsV=sV gRiWLji ydNRPsVV[ NRP NRPRRVVsj.
bPsoNRPVy, sxtsvsNRPVy? @s VVNRPxmsVRV [sRNRPV xqsLi[xsVV NRPlgis. @LiRV[R
[sRV yLjiR sRVsV sL][RsVVsV NRPLiLji. BRVsV RVVRsWTLji. bPsos[[s
RsVxqsV xqsLiLiFVsV. bPsoRV "d' C RsVxqs=s yss FyLRis[|qssV. A RsV}qs=
NRPsVNRPsVsVVgS sNRPLS sLiNTP ssV. [sRV sxtsvsNRPVs RVs sLRiLiVVLiRVN]sLji.
bPsoRV ][xtsQsVVsV RsVxqsV=sLi jNTPLisV. @sgS bPsRsVxqsV=NRPLi sxtsvRsVxqsV= g]xmsy?
RsVxqsVaS+xqsQsVV xmsNSLRisVV bPsRsVxqsV= g]xmsj. A NRPy yRLRis[VsVsgS bPsoRV xmsRV
NSLRiNRPVRV. sxtsvso zqsNSLRiNRPVRV. C xqsXztsQNTP @sgS xqsXztsQLisRRVNRPV zqs RVsxqsLRisVV.
xqsXztsQVVNRP RXztsQ[R sxtsv sjNRPVRV. bPsRsVxqsV= sxtsvRsVxqsV=NRPs g]xmsj. NSs, xqsXztsQ
LRiVgRisRVVsV. LSsVVRV {qsRsV |msLiyRsRVVsV. LSsxqsVLRiVs RLixmssRVVsV.
@LiRV[R LSsVVs [[ bPsRsVxqsV= sLjigjisj. IN]NRP sVs*LiRLRisVV[ g]sN]s
sVRVVgRisVVVLiRVsV. Bj \ssxqs*R sVs*LiRLRisVV. BxmsVRV LRiVgRiVRVsj \ssxqs*R
42

sVs*LiRLRisVV[ sLRiVsj VssVRs sVRVVgRisVV. sVs xqsLiNRPsVV[

\ssxqs*RsVs*LiRlLi[, xmsRsVFy[,LiWk*}ms @s xmsVRVysVV. C NRPVj? BxmsVRV
NUPxqsVaRPNRPsVV[ N]s s[ xqsLisR=LRisVV\sRs xmsVN]sVRVysVV. aSyxs
sNRPsWLRiaRPNRPsVVV NRPWR s[ xmsVRVysVV. AaRPNRPsVV LRiLiLisysVLiT NRP
s[zqsN]sVRV sRVRVyLRis RVLRisVV NRPy! \ssxqs*R sVs*LiRlLi[ NRPRVVlgi[ xmsRsVFy[
RVsNRPsWRsVV AyjsVLiT NRPs[zqsN]sVRV sRVRVsjNRPy? sVRssL][
NRPLiLS? @LiVVs][ NUPxqsVaRPNRPsVVsV sVRssL][ NRPLiLji. rysWsssVV NRPWR [s
RVLS[RyxmsLRiVV RV[RsVVgS yjLiRVLRiV. xmsRNRPsVV[ N]s sVs*LiRLRisVVV
NRPzqss][ NRP NRPsVgRiVsV. @xmsVRV LSsVNRPR Ljigjisj. sVs LSsWRVsVV[ ysLRiVV
xqssVVRsVVdsVR sLisNRPyLRiV. xmsRNRPsVV[ Ljigjis LSsWRVsVV[ LSsVVRV bPsos
FyLjiLiRgS bPsoRV Rs RsVxqsV=sV xqssVVRsVVdsVR \syRV. ysLRi \|qsssVV ysdsVR
sR FLiVVsj. @j bPsRsVxqsV=. NRPNRPsVVsNRPV ds xmsoLSsVV[s sVNRPRV
LRiVgRiVRVs[RVVLiRVsV. RLjiR sV LRiVgRiVRVs[ RVVLiRVsV. (History repeats itself) @sV
FyaSRVj xqsWRXztsQ sVsj xqsWORPQ RXztsQ. NRP NRPsVV[. @s[ xmsoLSsVVsgS.
aS. sRsVVgRixmsLiRV g][gRisVxmsLizmsLiRVs aRPLRiLi[RVgS
s[sLixmsos sVssVs xqsLjiVF sVsW! ysRW
sVs ssVRsWRsVgRiV[ sRV y _NRPVs
sLiRVsj gRiTFR aRPLRisW sRVN][ sxqsVQ\s.
LSsVVRV sLis ysVxmsTs s[sLiRVsV. @j VVssV xqslLi[ sVV FsoRVs[
RVVsj. A sV sVVsW ysV sVVsW? ys[ sVVsVV. A RsVxqsV=s
ssVRsWRsVV. sVsLiRVNRPV? LSsVVRV sRs xmsVN]sVNRPV NSNSxqsVLRiVs
dsVRgRiTFR ssVLiLi s[|qssV. sVLji sLiRVNRPV? kss [V sRVN]sVsxqsVss
43

[FsoRVsj. N][RLiRsVV VVNRP soRRQLRisVV xqsLjiFLiVVsj. LSsRV s[.

RLixmssRVsV. sVxqsQsVVNRPV sNRP[RV NS[V. sVLji sLiRVNRPV? ysV
N][RLiRLSsVVRgRiVNRPV. A sV Vs sVLiRsRVVsV. ys][ xqs ry*sVs
ysLiRsRVVsV. DFyxqss [RVsRVVsV. N][RLiRLSsVsVLiRsVV[ N][RLiRsVVsNRPV gRiWR
FyyssVVsj.
aS. \ZaP soLi\ sVLjiysV \sxtsQssVV sLiRs[ NRPLijy
\ZaP sLisj \sxtsQsLiVsNRPV y $LRixmnsVWRLixqsV][
LSsLSs xmsLkiORPQ[RVVNRPVy RWRLiRV yLSRVVLi
y sxtsvLi\s xqslLi[ sVlLi[sVNTP g][Fys[aRP dsVFyNTPs.
xmsLRiaRPVLSsVVRV \ZaPsoRV. ARVs sxtsvsVWLjiVVNRP RWs[aSs yLRisVV. sxtsvso s \ZaPso\s
ys ys[bPLiy? \sxtsQssVV NRPLi \ZaPssVV RNRPVQ\ss\s][ dsRWs[aRPsVV sxtsvsosNRPV
sVLSyLigRisVV. LSsVVsVVNRP xsVVsV xmsLkiORPQ[RVVNUP xmss[|qsy? BRMxmspLRi*sVV
zmss NRPR[ bPsZNP[aRPsoNRPV RVVRsVV LjilgisV. bPsRsVxqsV= xqsLiLiFVsV. A
RsV}qs=sNRPsVLS sLi[sVsj. BxmsVRV xmsLRiaRPVLSsVVRV LSsVVs [NRPLijLis
sxtsvRsVxqsV= AyRV sxtsvsoVVNRP [[ xqsLiLiRs RsVxqsV=. @j NRPsVsVVgS
xmsLRiaRPVLSsVVs[[sNTP ssj. LSsVVRV sxtsv\ss][ kss sLiRsRVVsV. sLis][
sxtsvs[. LRiWTRVgRiVsV. N]LisVV xqsLi[xsVVsj. A xqsLi[xsVV NRPWR dLjiFsosV. @Li[NSRV
sxtsvRsVxqsV= sxtsvso VVNRP RVsyLRisVV [[sNTPFsosV. FsRVVsV. xmsLRiaRPVLSsVVsNTP
RVVsV. zqs LiVWN][Fys[aRP# sVLiRVNRPV? [NRPsVV N]NRPV. LSsVVs RWjNRPsVVsV sLRiWxms
[RVVNRPV, yys[aSsyLRisVV sWRs[V. @xqs syLRisVV LSsVVRV lLiLiRsyLRisVV NRPryLji
VLiRVNRPV? A xmsLRiaRPVLSsVV[ LSsVs RLixmsLSy? LSsVRV \ZaPsoRV. @jyRVsVVNSRV.
NRPRVVNRP [RVFyRVV syLjiLis][ [NRPsVV [NRPsVVVVNRP sRNRP RsVyLRisVVV.
44

sVsxqsVso sVsxqsVs[. LigSLRisVV LigSLRis[V. @j INRPxmsVRV DLigRiLRisVV. INRPxmsVRV gSV,

sVLjiVVNRPxmsVRV sVR[ g]VxqsV. N]LixmsgRiRsNRP @sVVN]s sszqs ss][ LigSLRixmso
s[V. ys xmssWsVVsV RVsRVsV. xmsLRis[VaRP*LRiVRV xmsLRis[VaRP*LRiV[! ARVs RRQ*
sWRVs RRQ*s[V. C [NRPsVV[ ds xqsXztsQ[ DFyjs sWLRiVV.
D. VRV LSxmnsVsoLi RgRiVRV LRiso[gjis jNRPVss RRW
bdPVRV\s ssVxqsQXs [|qssV yLRiNRPNRP[
[ yRLiVgRiV [xms s[sV VVLigRi\sL]Li
xmnsWVRV LRiso RgRiVRV gSVsLigRisV ]NRPLSsVV\
LSsVVRV sRVxqsV=[R s yRV. xmsLRiaRPVLSsVVRV sRVxqsV=[R y |msRyRV. ARVsNRPV
ssVryLRisVV [RVsRVVsV. @y RsVV[ sVsj g_RsVxqsQX. g_RsVxqsQX[
sXRV\s aRPWRVRV sssV sRVxqsV=[ sVs xVRV xmsLiTRV\ssV [
sVRVLiRsRVVss RVVsj. xmsLRiaRPVLSsVVRV RVVRsVVsNRPV syRV NRPsVNRP ]VR
ssVryLRisVV [RV[RV. BxmsVRV RsNRPV RNRPVQ\s sFsoRVyRV. BxmsVRV
LSsVVyjNRPVsNRPV Ljigji ssVxqsLjiLiyRV. GsV RVLiR\sVs sVLSRV. Bj
LRiR[aRPygRiLjiNRPR. LSsVVsgRiWLji LSsVVVgRiVsV. LixmnsWVRsgS zmsNRPsVV NRPyRV.
xmsLRiaRPVLSsVVRV FyFLiVVyRs RVLRisVV. NSs RsRVLiRVs sxtsvsoVVNRP RVLiaRPsV
LSsVVsRVLiRV sZOP[QzmsLi syRV. LSsVVRV NSV sVs]NRPVN]yRV @syLRisVV N]NRPV
LSsVVRV NSV sVs]NRPVN]ssRVVsV. LSsxqsLiLSRV N]NRPV. NSs RsVyLRisVV
RWRVRV xmsLRiaRPVLSsVVRV LRiNSs LSsVVRVNSRV. NSVsVs ]NRPVN]sj LSsVVRV.
ssj xmsLRiaRPVLSsVVRV. xmsLRiaRPVLSsVV[ LSsVs xqsLixLjiLiRVNRPV NSLRi rysVgji [RV.
LSsxqsLiLRisVV[ sWNTP ]LijFy {qsRxmss. {qsR xmsLRiaRPVLSsVVsNTP LRi NSNRPWRRV. s
LSsxqsLiLRi\sVs][ [RVsRVsV. Bs RVsRVV sVNRPV. [NRPsVV ssVxqsLjiLi
45

LRiVgRisRVVsV. FsLiR RVsyLRi sVssV [NRPsVVxmsyssVV. $LSsVVRVsV NRPXxtsvRV

ssyLRisVV\ssV [NRPsVV ssVxqsLjiLiRVLRiV. xqsVRVMsVVV [NRPsVV[s yLjiss[
RVsVsLiRVLRiV. [s][ gSssVV[RV. NSssVVsLiRV [NRPRsVV xmsyssVV. [ssVV[
sssVVsj. NRPWLRi xmsR xmsoVxqsV LRiVN]j sssVV [sNTP FsosV. LSsVVRV
NRPyyRVNRPVRgRiV, ARVs xmsLRis[VaRP*LRiVRgRiV, xmsys sLissVV. sLissVsgS NRPWLRi
xmsR sVVR\sj @xmsVRV gSs RXzms[RV. @xmsVRVgSs LRixqssVV xmsoRV. NRPs sLi
[zqssyRV ysFxmsoV yRV |msVsV. ys LRiVgRisVWRV yRV s[RVVsV. ys}mslLi[
bPsVV. LRirRRVsVV NRPVgRiVsV. RRWbdPV\ ssVxqsQXs [|qssV. LSsVVsNRPV
xmsLRiaRPVLSsVVsRVLiRV RRVNRPlgisV @sgS LSsVV RjNRPVRV, xmsLRiaRPVLSsVV RVRV\syRV.
xmsxqsVR xmsLjizqsRV[ yLji xqssWsR*sVV FLiVVsj. ysV xqsLixmspLRisVVgS sxtsvsVWLji \VyRV.
sVLjiRVV LSsVVRV DFyj sVV[R xmsLRiaRPVLSsVVsRVLiRV RRV RWzmsLiRVNRPV
WgRiVRLiVVyRV.
D. NRPLisVV[ ss RVLiR ssWssVV gjiLi y
LiRs[RV kLjisj dLRiVxmso ssVVsV V V LS
Lis\s RVxqss LkiRVV sj yxmssVWsV s[
LRiVLi RLjiLiRV xmsgjij FgRiLS Rj yxmssR[
BLiRV[ ssVNRPzmss LSsLiRMxmsoLRi xqsdsVxmssVVssVs ssWssVVsV sVV][ |msgjiLi
xmsRg]V @V [RVVNRPV sj [VsV dLjis dLRiV? sVVsV xmsVV? LSLis
xqssVV[zqss xmsR Vj? LSsVVRV RsVxqsV= sV xmsVN]yRV? ssWssVVsV \|mss
xmsgRiVg]sRVsV. LSsVVRV RV sVyRV. ssWssVV N][[sVsj. N][NRPV
FyNSLRisVVsj. C sVV FyNSLRisVV dsVjsVLiT FLiVV ssWssVV xmsNRPWsV[ jgRiT
46

gRiRxmsVgRiV][ sVR |msgjiLisV ssWssVVsV [ssRsRVVsV. Bj VV ryRsVV?

sVVsNRPV "sxgRisVV'@s }msLRiV. xcsNRP\sVsj. @xsVVcxqsW\Vsj.
@xgRisVVcxqsWgS ssj. LSsVVs sVxgRisVV NS[sW! \|msNTPs s[NRPV y
s[[ jgji ssWssVVsV |msgjiLiRVy?
D. sLji VsssV gRiRV aRPLRiLiVsV RWRVsLi, xqsV
gkisos][R RVVRsVVsLjiLixmsss RsgRiVLi RVsVV xqsW
\sRVLigRiLSs RgRiVsj RLiNRPsVLiV[s s
s[Vsj gRiVLigRiVRVN]s s[LRiV xmsLigRisV LSR yNTPs
y xqsVgkisos][ RVVRsVV [RVVRVyRV. LSsVV]NRPjNRPV VyVsVLiT sVV
s[RVVsV. @j yNTP RVVsV. RVVRsVV[ y RLiNRPsVsVV [RVVsV. gRiRVxqsVgS
LRiVgRiVRVLiRVsV. G ssVVxqssVV[\sssV, LSsVVRVs][VsVLiT sVVsRs][ y
sVV Rs gRiVLi[ gRiVRVN]sRV. y [|qsT RLiNRPsV sVj. LSsVV[\sxmsos sVy][
RVVsVgRiy. A \sxmsosNRPV gRiVLi xmsRV. NSs, LSsVVs sVV xqsWgS ygRiVLi[
gRiVRVN]ssV. @j gRiVLi[ sV gRiVRVN]s[ yNTP RV[RV. LSsVVs
sVxgRisVVNSRV. xgRisVV. xgRisVsgS xqsLRisVV. AsVVNRP yRVFysVV sLij.
sVNRPV LRiVgRiVsV. sLRiNRPV yNTP LSsVVRV xmsLRis[VaRP*LRiVRs |qssV. @LiRV[R ry*sV
sV^ssV LRiVgRiVsV. G sRsVVgS \ss sRVsV. FsNRPR RgRiVsRVV[ @NRP[ RgRiVVsV.
ry*sV ry*sVRVs zqss RLRiVyR y NSxqsLi[xsVV dlLisV. A LSsVVs sVV xqsWgS
sss ssVNRPsVV[RV. @VFsosV, BVFsosV, sVVxmsoV LRiVgRiVsV.
RLi. VsogRi xqsWgSgRisV sxgRisVLiRVsV }msLRiVysZNP[
Vzqss yT sRVVs[RVsV rVxmsogSgRi sVsy?
47

VsogRi V\|mss T VgRi ssRVV s[Ry?

]s s[VTs RWzqssy? @j[VsVV ][RsW ?
GRV yTV sLRiVxqsgS sVs][ s[VTLi[ssV RWzqsN]sVsV. yTV gRiVLixmsogS
sVssV NRPys\|ms NRP [VRVsV xmsTFsRVsV. N]LisVV RWLRisVVgS sVs][ NRPxtsQsVV.
sVV sVVxmso LRiVgRisRVVsV. A yV sLRiVxqsgS sVs[, gRiVLixmsogS sVs[,
RWLRiRWLRisVVgS sVs[, LiVW sVV ss][, GRV yTVsV |msgjiLixmsRV][
ExNRPLiRs sxtsQRVsVV. sVsNRPV RVRV. A yTVsQzqs xqsVgkisosNRPV RVVsV.
@Lis[RVVsNTP RVVsV yNTPRVVsV.ysLRiVNRPV RVVsV. yLRiLiR
aRPLRiFLiVVyLRiV. @sgS yyT sss INRPsVV][ N]V xqsLissVssW.
@LiRV[Rs[ xqsxmsyRssVVsV LSsVVs RsVLji*yaRPNTP NRPVyxLRisVVgS xmsVRVLRiV.
RLi. AgRisVVV gRiVLixmsogS NRPs RVLijNRPF~LijNRP[NRP RW RV
xgRisVVsV xgRiLi gRiVs sWss RVLRiVsLiR ysLRiV
xmsgRi LjiLi sVVV xmsoORPQsVV RLi [V
sVgRis[ LRixmnsVWRsVVs dsVRVgRi [LiVVs s ][sVs.
@gRisVVVcV, sV yT sxtsQRVs[V xmsRVRVsj. ARVs sVVNRPV sVV
ORPQsVV[RV. ARVssRT VsVV VVNRP ][sV LSsVVs dsVRVgS sVss. A
ssLRisVV sVVdsVR [RV. ry*sVdsVR sVsj. ARVs sVVV FVRV dLRiV[s
sORPQR*sVV zmssgSs RWRVs N][RLiRLSsVV Rs sW[s RVLRisVV RVRV. A
N][RLiRsWsxqsVso. N][RLiRLSsVV RVFyxqsysVWLji. @Li[, sV[RV. sVV s[RVV[RV.

48

[NRPsVV[s RsVxqsV=NRPV[NRPsVV[s sVVNRPV $LSsVRLiRVs RsVLSsVVNRPV

xqsLiLiRsVV[RV. N][RLiRLSsVVRsgS sj.

49

@W
WyLS
yLSsVV
W
VVRV
aS. dslLi[ORPVRV LSRRLiVV sLis sVRLRi y
LS LSLiVgRi LSsVLSsVsV }msLRiQLigRi FyLiRV sLi
[L][ yLRiV VVxtsv sLixmsgRisV [sLi[s saS*xqs\sV
N][LRis s[NRPVs[ [VLiRV sRV\lLiNRPWLRiVs RW Wxms.
FssL][ VVxtsvV s[[VLiRVgS xmsVRVs[ sLji. GsVs ? dslLi[ORPVRVcsxtsvso. RaRPLRiRVs
NRPRVxmsos VVsV. LSsVV [RVV RVsgS s[ ARVsZNP[ RVVsV. ARVs[V [RVVsV.
ysNTP LSsVLSsVs }msLRiV sRVsV. A LSsVVs xmsoVNRP N]NRPV @Wy xmsV s[[VLiRV
NRPWLRiVLiTLji. LSsNRPV sVgRiVLRiV N]RVNRPVV xmsoVRVLRis xqsVsVLiRVsNTP RVVsV gRiy? @[
N]LiRV VVxtsvNRPVsV RVVsV. yLRiV xmsVRVLiRVLRiV. Bj LiVW [aRPsVV[ LjilgiRV NRPR. BV
LRiVgRiV sV LRiVgRiVss VVxtsvV xmsVRVLiTLji. @[ LRiVgRiVRVLisV. Bj xqsXztsQNTP
yssVV.
gki. xmsoRNSs[VztsQ [|qssV WsVxmsRVV
sxqs xms RVVRLiVVLi VVxqsgjiyRV
FyRVxqssVVsV xmsosV V sWR
gRiVgRiV xmsNRPV RLRiNSV sVsyV.
C xmsRsVV[ ss xmsV xmsVVNRP VRVLRiV RWRV[s RVaRPRVsVVsV xmsV. INRP
xqsLigRi Ljigjis RLRiVyR sVVVNRP xqsLigRi LRiVgRiVRVsj. sLRiNRPV xmsVso xmsoyRV. xmsNRPV
NSV sVRV [RV. xmsdORPQ xmnsLisVsj.
50

aS. A VLi gRisVg]LiRV g]LiRV, NRP sLiR\sV N][NRPVs

LS[gS js[ sVxtsQ g]VxmsoRVs LSsVVLigRisVLi g]LiRV sLi
[ LiV sWgS gRisVRV yLiVVLiRs aRPLkiLRisVVVs
k LiRVLRisVV N][[ bPaRPVsoss kzmsLiRV gRiLiVgRis.
A zmsys s[ RWRV. N]jL][V FgS zmsyRV N][[ sVLiRVsV. xmsNRPV g][[sNTP
s[aRPsVV[RV. s[LiVV sVxtsQVs N][[sNTP [so. ry*sVs RWRVRVLiRV. A N][[sVLiT
xmssVV NRPRLRiV. LiV RLiRVNRPV dsV[RV. bPaRPV\ss LSsVVsRWRV V][ LiVNRPVsV
RVVsV. A RWsLiRsVVsV xmsV F~LiRVRVyLRiV. yLjis F~LiRV F~LiRs ZNP[NRPV
s[RVVVV? @LiRV[R }qssNRPVV yLjis sRs sWVRVyLRiV. xmsV syLRiV
yLjiLiVVLiR[ yLji aRPLkiLRisVVV, yLji k LiRVLRisVVVjVVNRP RNRPRssVV N][[sVs
bPaRPVso sLiRVsj. BjRW xms gRisVV. FsLi][ RxmsxqsV= [zqssyLjiNTP \|qsRsVV sVs[! yLji
Vj sRsVV xmsVsosLi[ RVVsj. GsV RVRXxtsQsVV.
NRPLi. ry*sV NRPszmsLiRNRPVLiRgRi
ysVVs VVNRPLiRV ssj s[V[\V
ry*sV Ljigji LiVVLiNTPLS
WdsVxqsVR NRPsV sRVsoys.
R |msLjigjiyRV. sxms }mssV RWzmsLiRV ORPQsVV s[V. R |msLjigjis RLRiVyR RWzmsLiT
ORPQsVV s[V. R VNRPTN][ ssV. sVLRi sRVsV. C [xmsogS FysVV sVLiRso.
Ljigji sRVss \LRisVV gRiVLi[ ryLiVV s[LRiVRVN]sVsV! saS*sVRVRV syRV.
ry*sVs dzqsN]s syRV. xmsNRPV ry*sV sV sRVsVNRPy RVs \LRisVV. ry*sV
syRV. ELRiZNP[ LS[RV. INRP sVsV yRV. AsV {qsR. A sV RVsV[ xmsNRPV
51

{qsRsV RWRgS sLiRsVV][ xmsV\Vsj. @LiRRVV gRiVgS sVsj. ry*sV

|msLRiVgRiVRVyRV. {qsR][ NSxmsoLRisVV [RVVRVyRV. jssVVs ZNPxmsV][ VVNRPxmsVRV
NRPszmsLiRVRVyRV. BLiNRP ry*sV LS NSsRVVsV.
gki. sLRiNRPV lLi[xms}tsQNRPsVLiRV
ssTV yLRiVV NRPVsVNRPV[RV
zms zmsRV\lgis yLRiQ\V xmsLiV
FysVV][T aRPssVV FyRVNSLji.
lLi[xms}tsQNRPsVV. A xmsNRPV yLRiVV sRVLRi[RV. yLjisj. RVLS*QQLRi ssj. sVLiRV
aRPssVV[! NSs, jNTP RVVyLRiV. FyRVNSLji RVsgS WsV Rsj NSRV. yRV F~sVV
RVsVQQ\lLiRV. @yRV FyRVNSLji. RVsNRP RxmsRV. WsV Rsj NSRV ry*RLiRQsVV [RV.
WsV[ gRisVV[RV. LSsVVRV LS\s][ LSsVV RsVj. RsV F~sVVsV ysVV
RVsVN]LiRVLRiV. LSsVV RRsNTPFgS ds ORPQsVV TFLiVVsj.
aS. ElLis LRixmnsVV LSsVVsLi gRisV[][gRiLiV rygjiLixmsgS
$LSsVVLiRs dsVNRPV yxmsLiVVsy ! }mssVLiV y[xsVLi
yLSsVVLiRsV s[s yRLiVVs [xLi aRPLkiLRiLiRW
[ lLi[FsVNSRV lLi[xmsNTP lLi[FsRV gS_ ss
xmsV @WRsV FyRVs LSsVVs sLiFgS RVV[LjiLji. BNRPR sVsj rgRixqsV. A
LSsVVs*RV, xmss*LRiV? LSsVVs RVLiRV }mssV Vj, VLiRVNRPV ? s LS\s][ sLiR
}mssV VLiRVNRPV ? yLji }mssV LSLiRV xmsNRPVLiRV }mssVsV yFLiVVsj. s
xms\s][ LSsVVU xms[VT sWV |msTyRV NSRV. yLRiLiRV sVNRPVV.
52

yLjiNTP R][Q*xms[aRPsVV [RVsRVVsV. @xmsVRV yLjiNTP RVyLRiQssVV NRPVgRiVsV. A xms

RVRXxtsQsVj. xmsLRis[VaRP*LRiV\s LSsVRLiRVs RRV LiVVj. LSsVVRsVRVyRV ""JLiVW! ds
}mssV y dsVRy y aRPLkiLRisVV dsVRy? LSsVVRsV s[y ? y LiVW [xsW ?
[xs[V\Vs][ lLi[FNS][ lLi[xmsNTP lLi[F @sgS VVLiTW sVXRVso sRVsV. NSRV, BNRPR
_y ? [xsVR sVLiRVy?
gki. NRPR sVV LSsVgSsV s[sV
AgRiV TLiN]NRP Q\sVss y
sVLRisRVsV dsVNRPV\s sVzszLiRV
Agji s[[LiRV ds N]Li sWgRi[lLi ?
y sVV[ s[sV LSsV NSsVgRiy C ssyxqssVV xmsRVyVlgi[Li[ NRPy ! sV LiVVLiN]NRP
sVssW. s[sV Ljigji sRVsV. dsV N][xqssVV LSsVV [RVVRVsV. LSsVVRV LSs
xqsLiLRisVV N] NRPsyLRi sVsV. RLRiVyR LSsVV [RVV RxmsRV NRPsVNRP [|qssV. [|qssV
gRisVNRP RLRisVV ssV. @Rs RLiRVVsV RLRisVVsV ssylLi[. CRVs sZaP[xtsQsVVgS
ssV. LSsVVRV LSsVV [RVV NRPsyLRisVR[RV. @syLRisVRV s[lLi[ xmssN][xqssVV.
FsyRV NRPsVNRP ds xmss[RVVRVyRV. Ljigji sRVsV. dsV N][xqssVV y s[VRV syRV.
Ljigji ss RLRiVyR sV ys[ LSgRiVy ? LRiRVs RVMsVV FyRVNS sXyLiRsVV
xqsLRi*sVV ds sW[ sVss LSsVVRV xmsLRis[VaRP*LRiVRV gRisVNRP yRVs NRPsRVV RVVsV
s[sV LSgRiVNRPV s[ [VLiygjiyLRiV. xmsRVyV lgi[LiygRi[LS? ry*sV xmsNRPV sLiRNRPVsVVLiRV
aRPLkiLRisVV sRsVVV ARsRsVs zmsyRV. BxmsVyssVVNRPVgRiVNRPV aSLiORPQsV
VVNRP RVsxqsLRisVVsVxmsVRVyRV.

53

aS. @y ! A @ss sVXgSNRPVsV dsVLRisLi dsVNRPVssVXgS

sLi[ ]\s s[jLjigjiLS_[ dsVLSQs xqsLi
xmssV LSLiVV sRV RRQ*gRiV xqsLixmssLiV ryZNP[RsVLi
RVs[[|qsR LSsVLSsVVsV s[RVs dsVLRiV ss*s][
LSsVVRV xmsVRVyRV. @Rs[ sVsVV sVXgSV sV[, dsVLRiV sVXgSsV LiRVL][,
@NRPR dsV LRiRs[s sVXgSsV RLizms ssRVVsV. s[[ RWLRisVV [RV. @Rs
sLRiLiRVsgRiVsV. @RsoV sLRiLiRVsoV NSLSRV. NSNRP dsVLRiLiR RssVXgS NSLRi\sVs][ s[sV
Ljigji sRV VLiRVNRPV? s VsLjis FyLixmssRVVsV ? dsVLRiV ys xqsLixmssVV
NRPLiRV. ss[ yssVV [RVVRVLiRVRV. s[sV xmsRVyVlgi[LiRV RLRiVyR Ljigji sRVsV. @xmsVRV
s[sV LS sgRiVRVsV. dsVNRPV ARVVNRP sRR*sVV aSLiORPQsVV yssVVsV [jLis. A
xmsNSLRisVV dsVLRiV [zqss][ dsVLRiV xqsRQ*gRiV xqsLixmssVgRiVRVLRiV. @LiVVs][ s[sV LSsVLSsVVsV
sLjiLiRVsV. xmsV RVxtsv\s][ LSsVLSsVV ryRsVgRiVsV? dsVLRiV xqssVV NRPLiRV. yj
LSsVLSsVgRiVsV. dsVLRiV ssV ss][ y sWV ss][ s[sV LSsVLSsVVsV sLjiLiRVNRPV
s[RVsc s[LRiVsV. s[LRiVs @s NTPRWLRiWxmssVVsNRPV s[RVs @s LRiWxmssVV NRPWR NRPRV.
xmsLiRV xqsRQ*gRiV xqsLixmssVQQ\s][ LSsVLSsVV ss\s[RVsRV sssRVsV.
@xmsV[ LSsVLSsVV ryRsVV. xmsV xqsRVLRiVxtsvgRiV s[V. LSsVLSsVV [RVV s[V.
sV. Bx[NRPLiVsV LRiNTPNRPsVV lLiLi[RVs xqssVLRiLiVgS
R*Qx RLigRiV sRWxmsR @WyxmsLi xqs
sxsLiLijs sLiR yxmssVV xmszqsj [VssV ss
RxLSNSaRPsVVsLiRV sVT RVWyLSsVV[ _NRPVs.
LSsVVTLiNRPsV xmsVRVyRV. s[sV zmssV dsVLRiV [zqss][ dsV \ZNPzNSsVVztsQNRPsVVV
54

lLiLiRVsV zqsjLiRVsV. Bj s AxmsR. R*Qx RsVVcj*+@xclLiLiRV L][V

sWRsVVLiRVss RVLRisVV. C sWRsVVsNRPV dsV LRiLiRV ysLi ss][ xqssxssVV
F~Lijs][c xqssxssVsgS xqsyxsVV. xqsyxsVsgS RVVRsVVsNRPV RVV[LRiV.
BLiRRVWLRiV RVV[Ljis RVVRsVVsNRPV [LiVVsVLiRVsV gRiyRVs RVLRisVV. @xmsVRV y
RsV|qs=LiRVNRPV ? y xms VLiRVNRPV ? @sgS y RsVxqsV=][ sxmsVRVsV sVsVV
LRiOTPQLiRVRVs[ RVVLiRsRVVsV. dsVLRiLiRV ysLi ss][ s[sRsNTP ssgRiVy? dsVLRiV
ssV RxLSNSaRPsVV sLiRV sVRV. xXRRVsVVsLiRV sVRV @xmsVRV
s[sWyLSsVVR sgRiVRVsV. @WyLSsVV RsgS sLRisVj. @WRRVLiR xqsLRi*xms
xXRRVsVV LiRVsV LSsVV RVyRs RVLRisVV. @xmsV RWRNRPV LSsVVRV LS.
LSsgS sVLiRsRVVsV.
sW. @sss W xms s[VsVWRRVV sWyLSsVVU_RV NS
s sLiLRiRV ds RVWRRVV aRPaSdsWRsxqsVsVV s[V
sVVsV xqsyxqsVsRV sVxmsNTP s[VsVVs sVLi xqsLiryLRiV\
RsLRis dssosVs RRVs RVWyLSsVVRLiyRVRVs
@xmsVRV xmsV xqssWyssVV zmsLji. s[V sVWRQ\V LiVVR sVLiRVsVV. ds
sWyLSsVVR\s RVRs[ sVLiRVso. ssNTP s[VsVWRNSsVV. s[VsVLiRsVV
xqsyxqsVsVV. @WR aRPaSssVV. BLi[. dsso Ljigji LSssV. @xmsVRV ds N]NRPV s[VsVV
xqsLiryLRiVsVgRiVRVsVV. sW N]NRPV ds sWyLSsVVR sgRiVRVso. dsso LSgRiV VVNRPd.
s[VsVV xmssVgRiV VVNRPd. zqsRV\s sosV gRisLiRVRV FyLisV. W xmssV LS
FyLisV NSRV. LSsVLSsVsgS sj[V. @RVRV xmsV sFLiVVLji. sFLiVVLRis
sVssVV NRPVxmsoN]s sRVVsV.
55

RaRPLRiRLSsVV
VVRV
RLi. xmsjxmssV NRPQ\ NRPzqs sRVsV jgRiVs RLjiNTPs
gRijRVgRi xqsyV]LRiNRPsVV s[VxmsosWV g]LigRi\sV
xmsjR\s LRiNRPxqsVs RV sWsgRi sRVsLiRV s
sj VVNRPLRiWxmso NRPRV sVsLiVs RVRsVV[s sVLiRgRis
C gRiLiRsVV[ xmsxmsLiRsVV[ sVs xmszqsR\sVs LSsV ysVsVVV dzqsN]s bdPL<jiNRPVgS
yRVRVRVss LSsVVRV. N][RLiRLSsVVRV, @WRLSsVVRV,sNTPLSsVVRV,
LRixmnsVLSsVVRV Bs RVsRVV ry*sV }msLRiVgS xmsLiRVRVss. C LRixmnsVsLiaRPsVV[s[ xmspLRi*
LSNTP }msLRiVV [so. sLiaRPysVsVV][ NRPzms, @WR][ NRPzms, RLiT }msLRiV][ NRPzms LRi
}msLRiV][ NRPzms xmspLRi*LS ZNPs*LjiNTPs }msLRiVV [so. CRVs N]NRPsZNP[ RVVsj FsLiRVNTPV
ssj? ELRiZNP[ ssVV AssVNRP }msLRiVRgjiLiLS?A RgjiLiRV[ sLRisVVsy? A
syLRi[V C gRiLiRsVV. xms}msLRiVsNRPV ssVNRP NRP RRQ*sVVsj. xmspLRi*xmsoLSV
@syLRisVVV NSLRiV. CRVs yLSRVsyLRisVV. gRisLiRVRV y NRPsRLjiLiRVsxmsoRV
INRPxmssN][xqs sVsRLjiLiRRV. xmsjxmssVV |msVN]s RVsRLjiLiRVsV. sVR=Q NRPWLRi sLSx
sLRizqsLisyLRisVVV sWRsVVNRP xmssN][xqss[V VsV. LSsWsyLRisVVsVVRV xmsj xmssVV
|msVN]s VsV. xqsyV ]LRiV [syjxms. xqsysgS [sR. BR sxtsvsVWLjiRVs
RVLRisVV s[VxmsosWV @sgS LSORPQxqsVRV. [sRsV Rg]VyRV. ALSORPQxqsVNRPV g]LigRi. A
LSORPQxqsVsV yaRPssVV [|qsTyRV. NRPsVNRP sxtsvso s[NRPVjgRiVRVyRV.
xmsjxmssVVRNRPV\ZNP jgRiVRVyRV. FsNRPR jgRisss xmsaRP.

56

RLi. INRP xmsRNRPsVVgS sRVV NRP VRs xmsszLiRVsLiRVsW

LRiNRP |msLRiRVsRVVLi gRizqs LSs Vs][ gRiWR R
xmsNRP xmss RVVLiRgS sRVV sLiRxmssV sV sLiRdLRiV \
jNRPsVV RFsVNRPWsVVsV jLiRV xqsxmsRsyLRiNRPLiV \s
C RVRsVV[ NRP xmsRNRPsVRsRVVsV. FsRxmsos][sVsRVV NRPzqssRV[
@RVsRVVsV. sLiRxmssVV sLiR sRsVVVgS sVLiRVsV. sVLRi xmsos][
xmssRVVLiRsRVVsV. RxmsxqsV=sNRPV @sVNRPW\sVs \sjNRP NSLRisVVsV jLiRV RgjiLiRV
yaRPssVV[RVV xqsxmsRsyLRiNRPsVVV, xqsxmsRVRV sL][j, @yLjis syLRiNRPsVVV dVs\s
RVVLiRsRVVsV @][ VsRVVsV. FsNRPR xmsosRVVss RW[Rs. RaRPLRiRVs
NRPRVxmsos VsRVVss sLRiRVsVV [zqsN]yRV FsLiRV[R?
RLi. N]RVNRPVN][xqs\sV RVRRV gRiVxmsossVV [RVVRVLi y
VVRRVRV sxtsvNRPVRV s[*bdPVRV \|ms ssgRi
RVRV sjNSss RsNRPV ]gRiysNTP R\s s[
LRiRV sLiVsVs xqsgjisRVsV gSs ssRVVgRis.
A xqss[V VLiRVNRPV sLRiLiVVLisV. RaRPLRiRVRV N]RVNRPVN][xqssVV @aRP*s[VR RWgRisVV
[RVVRVLisV. lLiLiRsj sxtsvNRPVRV. sVWRsj s[*bdPVRV. @Rs bdPsVRsgS
sLiR[ N]Rj\V xmsNSbPLiRVsV. RaRPLRiRVRV [zqss xmssVsRVV ss[. FyRVxqssVV[ xqsgRisVV
N_xqs NTPsV. gRisLiRVRV xmsyssVVgS ysVNRPRVxmsos xmsosss A[Li [|qsy?
[RV[y? A[LiRRV. ELRiZNP[ RVRVVsV. Gj [zqss][ sVxmns sVVRsV[ @j
xhSRVgS [RVVsV. Bj "s[*bdPR*sVV' @RRV sgRi RVRV. INRPys dsVR
sVsxqsV=sV saRPRVsVVgS sVxmsgRigjisyRV. LSsVVRV N]RV\ZNP NRPWR gRisLiRVRV. sVsxqsV=
57

yN]RVNRPVdsVR syRV. aSxmsxmnsRsVVgS RsFLiVVyRV. LSsVLSsV RVsVRV RsFVsV.

sWORPQsVVsV F~LisV. Bj sgRiRVs ORPQsVV. @RsNTP N]RV\ZNPs][ssRVV gRizqssRVsV.
FsV NRPzqssRV[ RWRsVV.
D. LigRi _R NRPVgRiVys sjLiRVsssW ZNP[
LjiLiRV NSRV ysLiVV sLjiLis jLiRRVV NSRV RWR y
RLiRV [|qs ss sRRVsj [RVV VVxmsVssV Li
zmsLiRVsLiRV zmssj s[RsVV yss, s[V }RVso.
LigRiNRPV RV gRiyRsgS LSsxqsVLRiVRV. xmsLiNTPNRPLihRiVRV xmsLiNTPRVsgS sLRiVxqs. VgRiV[
yss sVssVV Li RVLiRVsVV. VLRiV LigS NRPWLRiVyLRiV yss RLixmsoRVss sxtsvso
[sRNRPV sW LiVV yRV. G][ @TgjiyLRiV[. yss dsLjiN]NRPV RLizms |msVRsVV. @s
ZNP[LjiLiRVgS ssV sWNSRV. NSRV. s[sV yss RLixmsoRVsV @s ysV sLjiLis xmssNSRV.
ysVN][LRi[RV. yRV A LSsxqsVLRiVRV @LiRV [|qssV. @LiR sgS Fs[ RVLSLRisVVs
RVLRisVV. RVsVV R*LixqssVV. BLiRVs jNSNRPVsV lgiVRV, ysV xV\ x
NRPLRisV yaRPssVV [RVV ysV Rxmszqs*Q\V BRLRiV RxmsxqsV=sV FyRV[RVV, ysVsV
RsN]RVNRPVsV RWNRPV\ LiVVRLRiV RVsVVsV FyRV [RVV, xmsLRi{qsQsV sWsLigRisVV
[RVV. yss sjLiRV yRVs[V. NSssVV [sR N][xqssVV kss [zqs|msRsV. yss
RLixmso s LiVW sWRsVVsZNP[ NSRV. s[RsVV{qsR\V xmsosj. RLizmsLiRVsV? Rs[Rs[
RLizmsLiRsRVVsV. AsV xmspLRi*ssVV[ dsLSsVs RLizmsLiRVss xms [zqssj NRPsVNRP
yssRLjiLi dLRisRVVsV. sV LiVVLiNRP ss xmssVVss.
RLi. xqsVRssVVN][xqs\sV VRVLRiVRWRVRVsVLiTs N]LiRsVLijgS
sjRsVV aSxmssxtsQQXNTP s[RVNRPRVVLiTs N]LiRsVLijgS
58

xmsjR\ sjLixmsRV y]NRPLRiRVLiRgRi sVR R

xmsRss gRiRVsLiRV ysNTP LijNRPLiRV F~Lij\ZNP.
C LSsVs RxmsVRV dLRiVsV? AxqsVjs sWsVLiL][xmsVRV sRVss s[sVLij
VRVLRiV RWRVRVLiTLji. Bj VVNRP NSLRisVV. RsV aSxmssVV ry*sV NRPszmsLis][ ry*sV
RsVLjis sjLis][ dLRiVss AaRPzmsLis VVxtsvV zmsLji. sLSRVRV NRPLiRVRV
sVVR\syLRiV yLjiN][xqssVsRLjiLiR sRVVsV. Bj lLiLiRs NSLRisVV. sVWRsj LSssR.
RaRPLRiRVs NRPRVxmsos xmsoNRPRxmsRV. FsLiRV[R ssgS VVztsQ aSxmssaRPsVVs sRRV xmsoRRVM\V
RsFsRVVsV. A RaRPLRiRVRV sxtsvNRPVRV sgRiRVRV. RssLi yRV N]RVNRPV
NSNRPFLiVVs][ sjNRPVRVLRiRV. Rs RVsyLRisVVs NTPsF~LijNRPVss. C RaRPLRiR LSNRPRVxmsos
xmsoV F~LijNRP sLiNRPLi g]xms F~LijNRP.
D. F~LizmsLji [sgS sR xmsoV ysLiVV. {qsR ysVgS
Li|msxqsLRigS sRVV s RsVxqsV=N][xqs\sV
gRiVLixmsogRi\s ssVRsVV NRPWTNRP LiVVR[so[zqs ry
gjiLixmsgRi NRP][xqsgjiLixmsgRiy ssyLRi sVRVs
F~LizmsLji[socsLjiV, yzmsLiRV, xmsoV,xqsLi][ztsQLiRV, sXLiLiRV xmszqsjZNPNRPVc AsWNTPs
RVLRisVVV. ysNRPR xmsoV. {qsR @R xmsoV. bPsRsVxqsV= ssVxtsQ. yss sLisj[RV.
|mssj [RV. ysV sVVVN]ssV. @j slgisV. ssVRsVVVcNSLRisVVV. Bs NSLRisVVV
FgRiV[zqs rygjiLiyRV. INRP][ F~xqsgjiLiyRV. @R sVyRV. {qsR sNRPLS
NRPWRVLRiV. yNRP LSN]RVNRPV NSNRPFLiVVs][ ysVsV |msLiTRWRV gRiVgS sVLiRRV.
"syxaRP syRaRP xqssVW [s a][# ['. |msLiTgSs syRsVV NSs xqssWsV sRVsV
sVLiRsRVVsV. ysV lLi[xmsRsNTP FsosV. {qsRNSNRP LiVVLiN]NRP{qsQQ\Vs][ s[sV LSsssRVsV.
59

AsV Wgjis NSsRVVsV. AsV sVxmssR NSsRVVsV. \sLSgRi sLiRVLSV NSsRVVsV.

AsV[VNSRV. AsV xmsos LiVVLi[ \sLSgRisVV {ms |msVN]s NRPWLRiVsj NSsRVVsV. zmssV
ysNTPysVV. yRRsosV xmsyRV. FsLiRVNRPVsV xmssNTPLSs ysNTP zmssysVV. @s
RsVNRPWRVsV dzqsN]sFLiVV RsVRgRi sVLiRVN]s, xmsRVyVlgi[LiRVsV ryjLixmsoV s[RVV
\ss N]Lixms[ xmsos zmsNSRV. xmsRVyVlgi[LiRLiVVs RLRiVyR LSsVVLSRV. @xmsVRV sV
s[RVFy? Fds. Gj VLiVVs][ sj RVgRiVsV. @s \sLSgRisVV gRi LiVVLi[ sNTP
RVVRRVLisj.
RLi. @LRiVRVgRi sR[ sVsVLiRVs sgRiR dssLS
RLRiVRV sRLiR[xmssV ys RLiRV xqsdsVxmssLjigS
sLRiRVgRi xqsRyLRisVVs RVLiRVs Lis[Vs dsy
xqsVLRisVV sgRiygRiVsVV sWORPQsVV ysNTP sLiRVgRiVs
sWsso[ sgRiR RVVLiRV NRPxtsQsVV. @j ds\sV RVVLiRV sVRVV NRPxtsQsVV.
xXRRVsVV[ sLiR dssgRiR VssNRPVLiRV[? gRisLiRVRV yss RsNRPV xqsdsVxms sLjigS
sLiRVsV. NRPLixqsVRV zLRi NRPbPxmsoRV, LSsVRV, bPaRPVFyVRV sVVR\syLRiV sL][RsVV
[R\sssV dssgRiRNRPyLRiV. C sgRiR xqsRyLRi sxtsQRVsVVs sVs][
sLiNRPxmssRVVy? C dssgRiR xqsj*xtsQRVsVVs sVs][ sWORPQsVV ys NRPLiRVV[
sVLiRVsV. g][zmsNRPV, VVxtsvV, gRiVxRV, sdxtsQVRV dsLRiLiRV ys NRPVyxLRisVV.
NRPLiryRV sxtsQRVsVV[ gRisLiRVRV yLjis [RVN]sVsV. gRiVRV sxtsQRVsVV[ yLRiV
RsVNSV dzqs gRiRxmsRWR |msVRVLRiV. @Li[ Bj [RsVV.
RLi. RaRPLRiRVRyRV sVsVy sxtsQRVLiVs RWR\lgiNRPLiVW
saRPVRgRiVRVs LjiLiTs \saRPsVVdsLiRVs aSxmssVVsjs
60

saRPRsVVgSgRi xmsoRVRLiVV dssNTP, xmsoRVRV NSsZNP[gjiss

RaRPLRiRVRVs sVXLigRisVsV RxmsNRP sWORPQsVVxqsLigRiWgRiVQ\
C RaRPLRiRVRV dssgRiR NRPyRV. @Rs dssgRiR NSsVgRiV xqsLiLij\V \ZNPZNP[LiVV
RVLiRVsj. ysV N]RV\ZNPs][ AsVsV sR|ms RsdsVjNTP sRVsV. dssgRiR RVsgS
s[sV? INRPs N]NRP aRPRVsoyRV. yss RLixmsoRVsV. ys ]NRP ][V NRPVRVsV. ys[R
sVWRV Vso ds ysLiRVsV. NSsVsW, N][RsW, sVsVxtsvRV |msLjigji |msLjigji
sVsxqsV=[ s[sVgRiVsV? NTPRV[sNTP jgjis][ TFsosV. FyxmssVV [RVVsV. NTPRVNSRV s
sVsxqsV=[ |msLRiVgRiV: A N][xmssW NSsVsW sVsxqsV=[ |msLjigji |msLjigji [VsVgRiVsV? C
NSsVN][yRVsRVV NTPRWLRiWxmssVVF~Lijs][ sVsxqsV= Vj @xLiNSLRisVV dssssLis
y dssNTP srys\sVs soRsT sxqsVso[ [LRiVsV. sWRV][NRPWTs][ soRV, C
NTPRW xmsxmsLiRsVV sWRV. kss sR|ms yRV |msLjigji |msLjigji sos VVRNRPV [LiVVyRV.
sWRWsaRPV\s][ NTPRWsaRPVRgRiVRVyRV. NTPRV[NRP |msLjigjis][ soRgRiVRVyRV. A
soyRV. sWRVxqsLiLiRsVV dssgRiR [R sRsyRV. @sgS yR xmsyLRisVV][
NRPzqsFsoRVyRV. NRPLiryRV sWORPQsVj. g][zmsNSRV sWORPQsVj? xqsLjigS RaRPLRiRVs
sWORPQsVV sLij. ds\sVs sgRiR NSsV sxtsQRVsVV[ Ljigjisj. NSsVsVV LjiFLiVVsj.
sVLRi sLiN]NRP xqssVV sRNTPN]s sRVVsV. ysryssVVs sLis[ gRisLiRV\s LSsVVRV
NRPWLRiVyRV. dssgRiR dssgRiR[V. BxmsVRV LSsVxqsLiLij \Vsj. RaRPLRiRVRV
RsFLiVVyRV. sVVs aSxmssVV dLjisj RaRPLRiRVRV sLis[ sVVNRPVRVsV. Bj LRixxqssVV,
xmsLRisV LRixxqssVV.
RLi. xqsR sVaRP*s[VRsVVsV xqssV xqssyRV xqsLRi*yLi
RV sTzmsLiRVN][gRiVgRiV aRPNTPxmnsVLiRV N]sVs sVxmsVU
F~Vxmso RLigRi gRisj xmsoRsWgRisVV xmsoRVRVs LRisW
61

sRVVRV sWORPQsVRVRVV s[LRiVxmsoRLiTNTPss gRiXR\.

RaRPLRiRVRaRP*s[VRRWgRisVV [|qssV. @aRP*s[VRsVV xqsLRi*ROTPQsVV. @sgS A [zqssyRV.
xqsLRi*sVVsV xVNRPV xqssVLjiLi ysV sFsRVVsV. RaRPLRiRVR[ [|qssV. @LiRV
xVNRPV xqsLRi*yRVV sysV DRLkiRVsVVsV \|mss \sN]s RVRsoNRPV
[soRVLisV. xVRVssV yLjiLiLji C LSsVV s[VsVV FyLiR[sVV, sWNRPV
[RNSRV. xmsoRNSs[VztsQ [RVVNRPV ds NRPjNSLRisVV NRPVNRPV dssaRP*s[VRsVVsV [zqssNSs
ysxmsryaRPsVsVVsV {qs*NRPLjiLiRVNRPVNSRV. @s sVLRiLiLji. RaRPLRiRVsNRPV N]RVNRPV xmsoyRV.
@RRV LRisWsRVVRV. ryOSQRV \sNRPVLihRiyzqs.ARVs sWgRisVV[R dsRVs RsFLiVVyRV.
LSsVVRV sWORPQsVyRV. lLiLiRV NRP[. RaRPLRiRVRaRP*s[VRRWgSLiRsVVs xqsLRi*sVVsV
sRFsLisV. @j sWORPQ}RVso. BxmsVRV gRisLiRVRV sWORPQsVsV. gRisLiRVRV
RaRPLRiRVsNTP sWORPQsVRV RLiTRVs LiVVy? xmsoRsWgRisVVsNRPV RsFVss LiVVy?
@aRP*s[VRRWgRisVV sLRi xqsLRi*sVVsV sR|ms \sLSgRisVVsV LisV. RRRsVVgS
sy? gRisLiRVRV yssyLRisVsxmsVRV RLiT syRVgS ssVN]ssV.
RLi. RaRPLRiRLSsVVRsVR y xqssVxqssVV, ysV sNRPs[V
RaRPLRiRLSsVV[; RsNRPVRLiTNTP sR sRs sV
saRPRsVVgSgRi ss |msss[xqsVNRP FVT ORPQLiV[
RaRPLRiRLSsVVRsRVsyLRisVV ysV ry*sVNRPWLji][
yxqssVxqssVVsV xmsLiRV RaRPLRiRLSsVVRyLRiV. ss[V ysV RaRPLRiRLSsVV[. A RLiTNTP
ds N]RVNRPVsNRPV \szNSsVVztsQNRPsVVRVLiRV ss ORPQsVVV |msss[zqsN]s RVVss? NRPsVNRP
gRisLiRVs RVsyLRisVV sLSsWsyLRisVV NSRV. RaRPLRiRLSsWsyLRisVV. ry*sV }mssV][
dsRVsyLRisVsV. sLSsxqsLiLRisVV N]ZNPR[RV. BLiNRP ss[NRP NSLRisVVVss. @LiR[
62

sVLkixmsys\sVs NSLRisVV RaRPLRiRVsNRPV N]RV\ZNPxmsoV. @LiRV[R RaRPLRiRLSsVVRsV[

sRWLRis[VsVRVV [RV. A }msLRiV[ sLiR ryLRiNRPR RVVsj.

63

sNUP LSsVV
VVRV
D. ARVsVxmso R sLigRisgS RssLiRV dzqsN][s
CRVsVy[s sLiVVLisV sVsV sLixms LiR\sV
CRVsV sVVsV s[RsVV LiVVLixmsgRiV RRQ*sVV ysRWsV\V
ARVsVNRPLiRWsT RWRLRiLi LiV [RVVRVs.
OTPQ FyxqssVVRsVV[ xmsosj. [syssV xqssVVRsVVsV sVjLiLji. sxtsvso
NRPWLSsyLRi\sV sVLiRLRi xmsLRi*RsVVsV |msZNPsV. xqssVVR sVRssVVs ysVNRPWR
xqsRVxmssVgRiy? FssLjisLiRV yLRiV dzqsN]sVRVLiTLji. sxtsvso OUPQ [ss RssLiRVgS
dzqsN]ssV. Bj xmspLRi*xmsoNRPR. BxmsVURVsV @sgS {qsR WsV[ xmsosV. RsVxqsV= sLiyRV
NRPsVNRP |msLiRsVLiVVsj. C {qsR xmspLRi*s[RsVVVVNRP RRQ*sVV. C gRisLiRVRV
s[RsVVRVLiRVyRV. {qsR s[RRRQ*sVV. ry*sV s[RRRQ*sVV ys. RWsV\VyRV.
BxmsVy OTPQ NTP ds{qsRNRPV [RsVVsj. A OUPQ RsNRPV LRiQ\Vsj. ysVLRi. AsV Rs[R
LjiLixmsRVsj. C {qsRW, [NRPRXztsQ[R LRiQ\VssV AsV[V ysV, ys[ RWsV.
OTPQ RVsgS ry*sV zmssV [RVsRVVsV. LRi NRPy! LRiRVsgS LjiLiRVyRV.
ry*sVRVLiRV N]LiR AORPQsVVsj. {qsR sxtsQRVsVV[ sVNS[. {qsRVVNRPNRPLi RW][
ys[ xqsLRi*sVVsV [RVsRVVsV. Bj [RsVV. @LiRVNRPs[V |msLiTNSNRPsVVLi[ sWLkiRVs
xqssVVRsVV[ ][zqssj. AsV xmssN][xqss[V.
D. yssssRLiRRVsV RLiTgRi, s[LRiTs R\V
yssss sLjiLisj RgRi s[LRiTs R\ZNP
N][sLRiRVs s[xxms gRiVxmso sxmso RVNTPRVLiRVss
64

sNTPRVV {qsRRVLiVV xqsLRi*sVxxqsV=sV}ms NSNRPXs.

ysV RsRLiT VsLRis xmsVsV? sNRPVy? ysV WsVRVsgS sLiRV[ NRPszmsLis
RRWVsV. AsVNRPVRLiT[RV.ELRiZNP[ sNRPLS NRPWRVLRiV, |msLiyRV NRPsVNRP |msT
[zqsyRV NRPsVNRP. ysV RLiTgS sNRP LSsV sLjiLiR[RV. sLjiLis][ RsNRPV RVMsVV
ssxmsVRV RLiT VVRNRPV FsosV. F[RV. ysV @sss c WsVs RgS sLjiLisV. ysV
sLjiLiRV[V! A WsV RWsVsV NRPs[RV. yNRP [VLRiTs R. RVy RVsV][,
ysVNRPsLisj. sNRPVsNRPV NRPszmsLisj NRPsVNRP sNTP. ssVVgS yssLRiV? {qsR. {qsRRVsgS
ylgi[yV. xqsLRi*Q\sVs sVxMc[xqsV=sT xmsoxtsQsVV VVNRP }msNS|msVVNRP,
ANRPXscANSLRisVV][, @sgS {qsR VVNRP |ms[ ]LRiNTPsj A|ms[ sVsj. {qsRxqsLRi*sVV
xmsoxtsQsVRWNRPX RVssW. xqsVsVsVVcsVxxqsV=sV @s RVVsjgRiR! xqsVsVaRPsVV xqsWM @s
yRVsosVLiT xmsosRs xmssRVVsV. xqsLRi*sN][s xqsXztsQLiRVsj @s RVLRisVV. ryOSQRV
xmsLSaRPNTPRVs RVLRisVV.
D. sVVgRiVLRiV spLRiVxtsv sVRVV sVVgRiVLRiV {qsQLiVVs sVy
sVVgRiVLRiV {qsQV s[ sVsVVgRiVLRiV sLiNRPsV sLiR[RLRis
sVgjis RVVgS sgRiVRV OSQQxqsNRPLiVsV ysVRRVy
sVVgRiVLRiV\ss xmspLRiVxtsvV sWRVgRi xqsLRi*sVV NSLRiLRisVVs.
BxmsVRV {qsR xmsLSaRPNTPRVs zmsysVV. A aRPNTP[VsV [zqssj? sVVgRiVLRiV xmsoLRiVxtsvsV
xqsXztsQLisj ys[\sVsj? sVVgRiVLRiV {qsQLiVVsj. @LiR][ xqsLjiF[RV. xmsoLRiVxtsv
sxtsQRVsVV[ xsxtsvsV}aRP*LRiVV sVVgRiVLRiVsV yVRVLRiV. xmsyssVVgS sxtsvso yVsV.
{qsQ sxtsQRVsVV[ OTPQ FyLRi* xqsLRixqs*' sVVgRiVLRiV yLRiV. FsLiRVNRPsgS dsLRiV {qsQV.
@jNSLRisVV xmsoLRiVxtsv [RV[ |msLji. ALiRV[R xmsLSaRPNTP yssLiRLRiWxmssVVsV F~Lijsj.
65

xmsoLRiVxtsv[R sWLiVVLiRVRVsj. {qsR. _xmsj, lLi[VNRP BLiNRP sLiRsVLijW aRPNRPVV.

gki. aRPNTP[R[Vs rygRiRV [NRPsVV
aRPNTPN]j gRisVV rygRiVRVLiRV
xqsLRi*aRPNTP NRPVgRiV ry*sV $LSsVVLiRV
xqsLRi*aRPNTP LiVVR sNRPRVzR.
aRPNTP ss xqsXztsQ rygRiVRVsj. {qsQgRiLRis NSsRVVsV. xqsXztsQ LRiVgRisRVVsV xmsoLRiVxtsvRV
dsZOP[QxmssVV sWRsV [RVVsV. A dsZOP[QxmssVV aRPNTPRVVs][ [RVVsV. xqsLRi*aRPNTPRVV
$LSsVVsLiRVsj. ARVszqs NSLRiNRPVRV gRisVNRP. zqsLRiORPQNRPVRV gRisNRP. BR {qsR[V xqsLRi*aRPNTP.
G[V NSLRisVV RLjiLiRVNRPV LSsVVRsRLjiLi[ ARWxqsLRi*NSLRisVVV LSsVVs [R
[LiVVLiRVsj {qsRgRisVNRP @LiRVNRPs[V ydNTP LSsWRVsVVsV {qsyRWM RLjiRsV sVx`
@syRV. aRPLiNRPLRi gRisyRVV "bPsaRP+QQNSQ RVVN][ RVj s aRPNRPM xmssRVsV'' @yLRiV
{qsR sVaRPNTP.
RLi. @sVgRiV\sVs aRPNTPRVVsV sRVR\ssVV FxLixmsogS
sVsVRLji LiVW RLRi F~xqsLigRi NSNRP][ sVLi s
s]sV aRPNTPRVVsV $xms [LiVVs [zqsN][ss
xmss NRPgjiLiRVRVs RsVNRPVxmss RVVgRi RNRPVsV*LRiVs.
RLji @sgS LiVW WsV xqsXztsQ sV RVNRPVV, LiVVR LjilgiT sVNSLRisVVV sssRVV
RLji. C RLji VV LRiVgRiVssgS INRP @RVR\sVs \ssVVsNRPV @sVgRiV\sVs aRPNTP][
FxLixmso Ljigjis][ LRiVgRiVsV. FxLixmso @s aRPsVV VgRiV[ sORPQ\sVs aRPsVV.
sVVRsVVsV gRiVRV FxLiRV RVLiRVLRiV. sVVRsVVV xqsLRisVV[ sVR RgRi xqssgS
66

sVLiT gRiVLiRgRiNRPV sgRiVsV. @sRVV ssNTP xqsssVV[. A xqsss[ NRPLiNTP

RVLSsLiR [RsVV A NRPLiVVNRP s[LRiV NRPs ylLi[ sVVRsVVsV FxLixmsgRiVRVLRiV.
BjVVNRP xmsLRisV xqsWORPQ RLji+s\Vs sR, \ssVVsV aRPNTPRVV xqssVNRPWLRiV NRPWR NRP
FxLixmsogS sVLiRVsV. FsR sLiR\s sVVLiRVsV? @R sLi aRPNTP NSsRVVsV?
@LiRRVV LRis[VaRP*LRi sLjiQxtsQ\sVssV sWssos ss[NRPsVVsNRPV xqsLiLiRsVV [NRPF[RV. C
xqsLiLiRsVV sss[ [NRPsVV F~xqsgRiVRVsj. xqsVsVVgS rygRiVRVsj. NSs VVNRP ][
sVLisRVsV. C F~xqsgRiVR TFsosssW. N]LiRV RsV aRPNTP y g]xmsRs \ssVVsV
sVLi sRRVLRiV. N]LiRV xqsLRi*sVV \ykssVs szqss FLRiVxtsQsVV xmsWgjiLiRLRiV. szqss
FLRiVxtsQsVV xmsWgjiLiRFLiVVs][ ssLRisVV TFsosV. TFLiVVs][ TFssVV @sV
\sLSgRi sVsVN]LiRVLRiV. NSsRVsV. NSNRPFsRVsV. N]LiRV \ssVVsV NRP[RVNRP xqsLRi*sVV
RsVaRPNTPZNP[ Aks\sV RVVLiRVss RRVLRiV. sWssos aRPNTP s[V xqsXztsQRVLiRV NSszqss
\ssVV][ NRPWTs aRPNTPs[V. RsaRPNTP[V xqsLS*jNRP sVsVN]sV sVLisRV. @ xqssVRVsVV[
] sV\lgis sVaRPNTP RVLRiNSds, sxtsvsVWLji NSds ysVV gRiLiRVN]ssRVVsV. yLRiV [LiVV
[zqsN]s sRVVsV. dsLRiV sVVgRiVLRiV LiV NRPy! sxtsvsVWLjiRVV xmsLRis[VaRP*Lji\Vs
RVLS[sRVVgSNRPVLiR sV*LRiVyLRiV. OUPQ xqsLRixqs*RVV, bPs xV. dsLRiV sV*LRiV C
sxtsvsosNRPV saRPNTPNTP xmsLji NRPLiRVRVLiRVLRiV. xRVV bPsoRVsV N]LiRNRPV sLS A
LSORPQxqsV[ RVLRisV[ xqsXztsQs rygRidsRVsV [RVVyLjisgS zqsRxmsLRiVRVLRiV. sVLRi ds
OUPQ xqsLRixqs*RVLi[. OTPQ INRP RVLRisVs RgRi {ms |msVN]s NRPWLRiVLiRVsV yRV [NRPsVVsV
ry{mnsgS rygRidsRVLiRV. xqsLRixqs*RVV s[. INRP sxmsLkiR Vj RgRi INRP RVxtsQVj RgRi
NRPWLRiVLiRVsV yRV s[RsVVsV NSRsVsV. xqsQX xmsoLSsVVsV NSRsVsV. @xmsVRV
sxtsv\ss $xmsRVV sVaRPNTPQ\Vs RVLRiRVV RsV[LiVV [zqsN][szqs sRVsV.
RLi. sVsxqsVs ssNRPxLji sWRsV [NRPsVVVN]sV
NRPsRV OTPQ ][RVgRisV aRPNTPNTPxsVVgSgRi. s[ NRP
67

sRgRiV yxmsRs ]R s[RgRiyLRisVV aRPNTPRRV

s ]aRPNTPssj [|qsRVry*sVNTPRxms xmsVRVs
sVLiss xmssVsV sxtsvsVWLji[V RNRP VRVRVLiRVsV. xRVV bPsoRVsV
NRPLiRVN][LRiV. sVVso*LRiV xmsoLRiVxtsv[ [NRPxqsLigRixsVV sxtsvsVWLji ZNP[ sVVso*LRiV {qsQ[
RVLS[s NRPV. A RVLRiW FyLRi*W aRPNTPW bPsos LRi. sxtsv ss RVsyLRisVVssV
A aRPNTP ORPQsVVV NRPgjis OTPQ s ][RV N]sVsV. OTPQ [RVVsj [VsVRVV[RV.
1. RVxms[RV. ys sTzmsLiRV RRV szLis NSLRisVV xqsLRi*NRPLRiQ\V.
AsR s ryOTPQ. C LSsWRVsVVsLiRV NSRV. BRNTP ssj sNTP. CsV
OUPQ xqsLRixqs*RVsLij NSRV. FsNRPVs gRisVV FyLRi* sLij. aRPNTPsLij. FsLiRVNRPsgS ysV
s[RsVV[ RRQ*sVV NRPsVNRP. C aRPNTPNSs RNTPs [sRVgSs VsLRiV? s[RsVV[s
RRQ*xqs*LRiWxmsoV s[RsVLiRVNRPV xmsosj? @sjR\sVs xxmsyLRisVV xqsXztsQ NRPsVV\sVs
xxmsyLRisVV sjRsVVgS[RVVNRPV xmsosj. A aRPNTP VVNRP xmsRsWsyLRisVV s[yLRisVV.
s[RsVVVVNRP RRQ*sVV. s[yLiRsVV [s xqsLRi*aRPNTP. BxmsVRV LSsWsyLRi s[VsVgRiVRVsj?
@V sxtsvsVWLji, LiVVV aRPNTP, BRVsV NRPzqs sLiRszqss RVsyLRisVgRiVRVsj. FsLiRV[R?
dsLjiRVsV NRPzqssgSs LSs xqsLiLRisVV LRiVgRiRV. A LSsVRLiR yRV. @RRV xmsLRis
bPsNRPVRV. aSZNP[RVVRV. xqsLRi*s[yLRi xmsLjiR. @LiRyss sjLiRV xqsVsVV NSRV.
@LiRV[R sRVsV NRPzqssLji. @RRV aSZNP[RVVRV. s[yLRi xmsLjiR, aRPNTPVVNRPRVV
s[RRRQ*sVV VVNRPRVV ryRVsVV LSsVVsNRPV NRPgji dLRisRVVsV. Bj xqsWORPQ Q \sVs
sVLRisVV. C s[RsVV VVNRP RRQ*s[VsV [RVVRVsj? LSsVVs sTzmsLiRVRVsj LSsVy
aSZNP[RVVRV, s[R xmsLiTRVRV. ysRVLiRsWs sW aRPNTPNRPVsj. s[R RRQ*sVVs NRPVsj.
LSsVVRWLRiZNP[FLiVV RLixmsoNRPV LSsVTRLRi LSORPQxqsV sLiyRV NSRV. sLRiNRPV LSsVV\ssV
68

LSsVs sVRLi|mssV? xqsLRi* xqsXztsQ sVW}RVsgRiV xqsQsVV][ RLi|mssV. RNTPs

xqsQsVVV xmssNTP LS[RV. s[RRRQ* sVVsLij? A xqsQsVV sLij. Bj RVLiRRVV
NRPRRQ*sVV. BLiNRPsLi][ xmssRVVsV. BNRPTNTP sR |msVRsVV.
sV. RsaRPNTPR*sVVsVLi yssVVgRi xqsLiysLiV gSsLiRV][
Rs}RVR*sVV s[RsVLixqsgRiV s[RLiV LRixxqsV sVW
Ljisg]sQj RLRisVVs sVxms \s[{syNSLRi, LS
sVVs sWLkiRVs RVso*sLigRiRV sLixmsos [RsR*LiVgS.
C aRPNTPRs xmsys ORPQsVVsV xqsLiyssVV [RVsRVVsV. C xqsLRi*xqsXztsQNTP ysV }RVso, C
A}RVR*sVV s[RsVVRVLiRVsj. NRPsVNRP ysV \s[z \Vsj. \s[{ xqsyNSLRi. sVaRPNTP
LiVVjVVNRP N]R RWNSLRisVVsV ysj. s[RLiV LRixxqsLiVcs[RLiV LRixxqsLis
RVLRisVV. VgRiV[ sVNRPWRsVLiRVsV. C \s[z As[RLRixxqssVV sVWLji N]sQj.
RLRisVVsV sVxmsgS \s[z \Vsj LSsVVRV LSsVs xqsLixLjiLiRVsV. xqsLixLjiLixmsRV.
xqsLixLjiLis][Rs LiVVxtsQsVV ssV xqsLixLjiLiRVsV. BxmsVRV aRPNTP NTPxtsQ\sVsV
xqsLixLjiLixmssRVVsV. FsLiRVNRPsgS. yRV aSZNP[RVV\ RsNRPV ][xsVV [zqsyRV NRPsVNRP.
@LiRV[R LSsVVRV syRVgRi sVLiRgRis[ RLRiVyR sWRV[T RVgRiVNRPV sWLkiRVs
@sVyLRiV LSsVVs[R RWLSs xqssVVRsVV[ ][LiVVLisj. LSsVNRPR[ aRPNTPVVNRP
ORPQsVRsVLiT sVVRV |mssj. LSs sRNRPV. NSLRisVV xmsyssVVgS LSsVVR RsNTP
[so sVVRj. C xmssVsLji[R LjigjiLisj? sVLiRLRi [R, \ZNPZNP[LiVV[R. yjRV {qsQV
NSsos aRPNTP xsVVV. lLiLiRsj LSsVRV {qsRsN]s FsRVVsV. ysNTP xmsysNSLRi
sVsLji[R NRPLisj? aRPWLRi[R, AsVRVV {qsQ gRisVNRP aRPNTP xsVV. BLiNRP {qsR Vs
[zqssj? @LiRVLRis[V "{qsRRW? RLjiRLi sVx`' @syRV.
69

D. LSsVV LiNRPLSsRVV LSsV s[sVLiVVss sjLixms_

LSsVV sxtsvsLiRV sVjLSsV LiRRVV s[LRi*gSss
LSsVV LiVW gRiRVsNRPV LRiORPQNRPVRsj xqslLi[*s[RQXy
$sVdsRV xqsRsVLiVV ss gRiVsVVLiRVss
INRPryLji {qsR LSsVs][ ssj. "s[sV ssV aRPzmsLiRsV, LSsVVs RVsVsV [RVgRisVNRP'. @sgS
{qsR aRPzmsLiRgRiRV. AsV aRPzmsLis][ LSsVRV WTRRVgRiVsV. xsVsVLiRVRV {qsRsV
VdsVR sNTPLiRVN]s NTPztsQLiRNRPV dzqsN]sFVRsssV. AsVLSssj. xsVsV LSsVs
xqsLixLjiLiRVsyRV. AsV sRsj. @sgS LSsVVRV LiNRPNRPV LSsRVVsV. LSsVs
sjLiRsRVVsV. FsLiRVNRPV? LSsVsNRPV LSsVVRVsV sxtsvss RVRV. zqss sRRV
NRP[RVV [RV. LSsVs NSxqsLigRi RVsRVVsV. LSsVV[ LiVWgRiRVsNRPV LRiORPQNRPVRV.
@j[V @LiRV s[RV zqsN]sszqss xqsRsVV. sVVsVVR gRiV sgRisVV[
xqsR*LRixqssWgRiV sgRisVV[ yLRiV sVVso*LRiV dsLRiV sVVso*LRiVgS s[LRiTLji. sxtsvso
zqsNSLRiNRPVRVgS gRiVsVV xmsLixmsNRPsVV[R sLRiLiVVLixmsTyRV. INRP s[ yyNRPsVVgS ss][
\sNRPVLihRisVV dsVRNTP RLi Fso, sxtsvsRsVLiT FyFso LRiVgRisRVsV.
xLiVVs sLRisVV[R bPsos RVsVgRixsVV[R yRV [RVsRVsV. @j
yyNRPsVV xsxtsvsV}aRP*LRiVV sVVgRiVLRiV NRP[V. yL]NRPLji sW NRPLRiV FyLiRVLRiV.
xLiVVs sLRisVVLiR sVLSR[R yLSORPQxqsVsNRPV sVsxtsvso NRPszmsLiRRV. @j
FyLjiFsoRVs yRsVN]sVsV LSsVRV RsNRPV yso[NRPVLiR xsR sLRisVVV F~LisV.
ys Vjs xNRP|mssV. @LiRV[R yRV RVORPQLSORPQxqs NTPsLSRVss RsNRPV yso [NRPVLiR
N][Lji sLRiysLRiV sLiRV[ NRPxms[RV. FsLiRVNRPV NRPxms[RV. x ys Vjs NRPzmss[|qssV.
@LiRV[R sxtsvso LSsVs N]NRPV sLRiV\ sLixmsszqs ssV. C LRixxqssVV LSsVsNRPV
RVRV ysN]NRP xqsLi[xsVV, INRP AaRP, Bs lLiLiRVsV NRPzqsRVVss. LSsVVRV sxtsvyNSy?
Bj xqsLi[xsVV. LSsVVRV sxtsv\ss][ {qsR OTPQ . aRPNTP VVNRP RVLiaRP A OTPQ s dsRV
70

gRizLis][ LSsVVRV sxtsvsoNSRV. LSsVVs sxtsvR*sVV FsosV @xmsVRV ysV sV

sxtsvsgRiVsV Bj ys N][LjiNRP. x x[V. ysV xRVgRiVNRPV dsV[RV. bPsoRV bPso[.
ARVs sV[soRV sVgjisj sxtsvso. yysxtsvsLiRVNRPV NSLSRV? LSsVVRV sxtsv\ss][
{qsROTPQ NRPy! A OTPQ s ysV saRPsVV [zqsN]s][ LSsVVRVgRi sVgjiFsosV. ysV sV
sxtsvsgRiVsV. C xqsLigRi {qsRNRPV, RVVsV. @LiRV[R LSsVV[ LiNRPNRPV LSsRVVsV. LSsVs
sjLiRsRVVsV. LSsVVRV sVsxtsvss ysNTP RVsRVVsV. sVaRPNTPRVV
s[RRRQ*sVV\ss {qsRVVNRP xmsVR LiVVj.
RLi. sVVgRiVLRigRiV xmspLRiVxtsv xqsRVV sVVgRiVLRiV, NS]NRPsLiRsVLij LiVW
gRi sLRiLiRsVVs sRVxmsrygjis LRiORPQ [RVVRVss[
RgRisVgRiV xqsRsVVs VxmsygRiWss LSORPQryRsVVs
gRig]s }RVso Rsj ry*sVj s[VgRi\ssjLixms_
gRiVRNRP\sVs xqsXztsQsVWLSQRNRP }RV\s sRRVRVsj. Bj s[RsVVsLiR LRixxqssVV.
LSsVRV ysV s[RxmsLiTRV\ bPsNRPVQ\ aSZNP[RVV\ LiVWs[RLRixxqssVVsV sWLRigRissV
N]yRV. C xqsRsVVsV VxmsgRissVN]yRV.@yss sjLiRV gRiVRRWdR\sVs aRPNTP
VVNRP yLiR. A LSsVs LSsVVRV [sR R ]gjiLiRVNRPVLixmsosV. BR }RVsoV
s[Vs[[. LSsVs LSsVVs[R RLizmsLiRsRVVsV. aRPNTP ysV RLixmsgRiRV. LSsVRV
sxtsvsosV NSRsVRVyRV NRPy! sxtsvso VVNRP RVsyLRi\sVs LSsVVs[R
RLizmsLiRsRVVsV. C sRsVV aRPNTPj NSRV. s[yLRigRiR\sVs sV[sj. s[RRyQ*NRPX\Vs
\s[zj. s[RRLRi ryxmss y LSLRiVgRiVLjijRVV. CsV RWLRiVgRiVLji[ [RV. NSs ysV sVaRPNTP
xqs*LRiWzms. @LiRV[R LSsWRVsVV. Bs RVsRVV xqsWORPQ xqsWORPQ sVV\s LRixxqssVVV.
NRPRVVNRP sRNRPsV NRPR[ sVs RVLiaRPsVVsV gRizLiRRgjiss sWRs[V. xqsWsVVgS
sLiRLiRVss. ysVVNRP xqsWORPQ sVVV LSsWRVsVVsLiRV NRPR[, NRPR|msT bPsVV[,
71

yLjiyLji sW[ ydNTP y LRixxqssVVgRi yRVVLiyRV. NRPR s[V. ysRVLiRV

LRisVLiRV s[V. NTP s[V, xqsWORPQ Q \sVsRRQ*sVV sVLigRiV s[V. C LSsVs bPORPQ
[RVNRPFLiVVss[sV?
D. AsVLiVV sRQ\sVs LiVVLRisVV sgRiysV, [sy
ysVsVV sVVkLRigRisV ysVsV, sV\ss gSss[
LSsVVRV LiNRPLSsRVV, LSsVLixmssV, Lizms sNUP
LSsVVRV NSss sVRVV LSsV bPORPQRVV aSaRP*RLiVgSs
C xmsRsVV[s sVVR RLRisVV[s ysV {qsR lLiLiRs RLRisVV[s ysVsVc LSsVVRV,
BLRisVVc(Bx+@LRisVV) Bx @sgS HxsVV. Bj @sRVsVV. HxsVsgS
FyLRiLixmsLRisVVgS sVxms[bPLixmsRV sLRisVs ssVV. FyLRiLixmsLRisVsgS xqsXuyjsVLiT
NRPRVsVLiT sVVRjRVs RVLSs xqssVRVsVVsLiT gRiVRRV sgRisVV
LjigjisysVLiT INRPxmsVRV LjigjisRs sVssVsVN]LiRVsVV. sRsVVLRiVgRiVRVs[RVVsj. ys
ORPQ sVj.sWssos ssVV[ sVs sxtsQRVsVVNRPV yRLiRsVVVss. dsRV RWRVRVs
sxqsVsoVVNRP RWRLiRsVVVVNRP NRPRVsV ][xtsQsVV[RgRixmsTs dss Vj RVxtsQ\sV
sNTPNRP\sV RVQ\sV ARLiRsVVV [s xxmsyLRisVV, gRisLiRVRV, aRPNTP, gRiVsVVV
sVVR\s ysNTP NRPWR sVVRV ssss sLi sjNTP @ssVV[R zqsyLiRsVVV
[RVVsV. Bj |msR][xtsQsVV sWssos @Vj[ sVsj.
BxcHxsVVcys RVLRisVVsV sVxmsgS sNTP, [syysVsVV xqs*LRisVV. sVVcR.
yss dLRiVNRPV LSsVVRV [s\ZNPss[sV? LSsVVRV LiNRPNRPV LSsRVVsV. LSsVs
RLixmssRVVsV. FsLiRVNRPV? INRP ysV sNUP LSsVVRgRiVNRPV. sNRPVs NRPWgRiVLRiV sNTP. ARVs
xs[R. NRPsVNRP sR LSsVVRV xxmsyLRi sxqszRVRs RVLRisVV. sNUP LSsVVRsgS
72

sLRisVj. sV lLiLiRsj LiVW LSsVs bPORPQ aSaRP*RsVVgS sVLiRsRVVsV. FsLiR aSaRP*RsVsgS

LSssR Ljigji sVWRV RVVgRisVV\sj. sV LSsVs sLi yRV xmso[RV. xmsoRV.
ysV\sNRPVLihSjxmss NSsss Vs*RV ssVN]sRV aSaRP*RsVVcsRsVV. ssNTP aSaRP*NRPsVV.
@ss LRiWxmssVVLiRs. NSs aSaRP*RsVs aRPsVV xqsLRi*NRPsoV sVxmsWgjiLiRVRVyLRiV. Bj
xmsWgRi ryRVso.

73

LRixmnsVVLSsVV
VVRV
D. [aRPsVV NSsVVs sVVjLji s RWxmsRgSgRi\ss y
s[aRPsVVF~Lij RVxmso Rs sxtsQ*syLRiR sLi [VRVs
[aRPsVV NSsVVLi RsNRPV[NRPVs [NRPVsgSgRi\ss xqs
LS*aRPV sWs s LRixmnsVVLSsVVRVgS LjiLiVVLiRVRVLiRVs
[aRPsVV NSsVV gRisR=Q*LRiWxmssVVV. NSs, s*sLRiRaRP[ ssVVV, xqsLixmnsVs RaRP[
ysRVLiRV \ssVVyRV. s \ssVVgS sWLRiNRPVLiTs][ sxtsQsVV[RV. @yjsVLiT
s[RsVVV aSxqsQsVVV, NRPLRiV, DFyxqssV ds [aRPNS xmsLRizqsRV[sVsRsV sQQNTPNTP
RgjiLiRVZNP[LRiTss. N]s RV sQQNTPVVNRP aRPNTPNTP sVLiFsosV. LSsVRV sQQNTP[V NSs,
V sQQNTP? INRP ORPQsVLij sNRPVVVNRP NRPLRisV xqs*xqsVsVVNRPV Rs[[ |msVN]s
sQQNTP. ys RxmsxqsV= ys sLRisVVV ys aRPNTP @s. @NRPR sVxmsLRi*RsVV, BNRPR[RV,
@NRPR sVRssLiRVRV, LiVVNRPR yVgRiV s[sV [sNTP FssyRV, @NRPR xmsjsVLij
sVV NRPyRV, BNRPR INRP @LRiyNSLji. CLkigS xqsXztsQ sRxqsQ\sV [aRPNSsVVV
sRVRVRVss. BLiRV[ sWNTP ]LijFy \ssVV[zqssRssRVVsV. A\ssVVs[ sVs
sVVFyzqsLis][ N]LiR VgRiV jgRiV sWsVsV Bj s[R sVRsVVsNRPV ssVNRPsVs
LRixxqssVV, C sVRsVV}msLRiV zLiRW sVRsVVNSRV, xqsyRs sVRsVV NSRV, \sjNRP sVRsVV
NSRV, ks s\sVs }msLRiV DFyxqsy sVRsVV. sQQNTPgRiR\sVs RVVFyxqss NRPdR\sVsxmsVRV
gRisLiRVRV ys[ VVNRPLRiWxmssVVsV ysRVsV. A VgRiVRV jgRiVRVV xqsLji Rs yLjis
ysVssV. C gRisLiRVRs yLji[ sxtsvss RWRVsNRPV ds sWLRiVV xmsss.
RR ARVsj @LiRV[ LSsVV\ RVsRLjiLisV. [sxmsVRV s LRixmnsVVLSsVVRV. LRixmnsVV
sLiaRPsVVsLiRV xmsos LSsVVRV. xmspLRi*LSVyLRiV. jdxmsoRV, @RV BLiZNPsL][ VsL][!
74

RaRPLRiR LSsVVRsV VLiRVNRPV? FsLiRVN][ xmsTsj. LRixmnsVVLSsVVRs NRPWR

RVsVRVyLRiV NRPR. BxmsVRj VLiRVN][ xmsRVRVsj.
sV. RssVVyR LRixmnsVVLiRV kxmsaRPsVyRs aSLiRNSsVVLiRV N][
LRis ds sVjs[][ N][lLi Rs LRis ysNTPs yssV
sV y[sLRi NRPRV xLjiLisV g]LiRVRsQ y
ss sLRiWsVV gSgRi ysNRPVRVLRiVqs s[ sRLi[|qs[
Bj LSsVVsNRPV LRixmnsVV LSsNRPV [RsVV. C NRPR[NRPsVV sLiRVsj. INRPxmsVRV LSsVVsNRPV
g][xmssVV ssR. s[sLiR sVNSLRisVVsV [zqss. LSs sR [zqss. LSsV sLiaRPsVsLRiV.
LRixmnsVVsLiaRP sVLiRVLRiV @s RVsVN]s szqsxtsv][ ds sW RVss. szqsxtsvRV LSsVVs][
|mss. A LRixmnsVV sVLS LRi ss][ }mssVLisV. ARVs RsLRi yRs NTP
s[|qssV. dss[sV [zqss? ds LRi ss][ VRVNRP FgS yss NRPWNRP s[][ |msgjiLis.
ARVs VyRV. dss yRso. Bj LRixmnsVV sLiaRPsW, LSsV sLiaRPsW? LSsVVRLRisVV
[zqsN]s RVWLRiNRPVLisV.
D. @LiR aSLiRbdPVRR_ sV LRixmnsVVsLiaRP sVLiRV Lki
LiVVLiR N][j ysV RLRiss*RV xmsVsV LSsVsLiaRPsVLi
LiRgRi sLiRgS NRPVgRisR [RsV ysV RWR [
NSLiRNRPV yRV[xXRRV sVLiRRVV sVRs sssVVR\V
A LRixmnsVVso [aRPNSdRVRV NSsVsVVsV LiVVLis yRV. xmsLRisV sLSgji. C LSsVV][RLiR
aSxqssVRVc\RVsV xqsLixLjiLiT yRV. ARVs xqs*LRiWxmss[V RVj. ARVs RVsyLRis[V
RVj.
75

D. LSsVVs [xmss sVVgRiVLRiVLSsVVV ][RVRVsVLiRV s[Vs

sVVV|msV LRiNRPxqsVs sjLixmsgRi sxtsvsVWLji R
LSsVVRV, sNUP xqssVRVLRiORPQ szLiT s[RsVWLji R
LSsVVRWRLS, LRixmnsVVLSsVVRV xmsLiNTPLRiyRRV\
LSsVVRV sVVso*LRiVgS NRPszmsLiRVsV. RLjiLiRVsV. LSs xqsLiLRisVV [zqss LSsVVRV s[V,
ARVs sxtsvsoVVNRP @syLRisVV. s[yRQ\Vs sNUPxms\Vs LSsVVRV s[V. BRRV
s[RRRQ* xqsLiLRiORPQ [|qsTyRV. sNTP ssVxqsLjiLiT yRV. sVWRsyRV LRixmnsVVLSsVVRV.
ARVs @WR LS, RaRPLRiR sVLS NRPVsWLRiVRV. @LiRVNRPs[V RsRVsyLRi NSLRiQ\sVs
LSssR\sVFLiVVs RLRiVyR xmsjs[[LiRV NTP LSsVVsV FyLisV.
aS. INRPzmsR ORPQLiVNRPV xqsLiWgRiLiV NRPsLiRV s[
[NRP xmspLRiNRP sWORPQyR RVsgS FyLRiV, NRPxmso ys
NRPs s[sN] aSxmssxtsQQXNTP\s sLisVLiRV y
NRP|msLis s sWssoRVgS sVLiRVs xqsyRVM\V
LSs sR, {qsyxqssVRV LRiORPQ lLiLiRV NRPgSgRisLiRVsV. sV RVVso, aRPLji,
gRiVxRV,sdxtsQVRV sVVR\s yLji sxtsQRVsVVsV RWs][ sWORPQ yR\Vs
xmsLRis[VaRP*LRiVRVgRi NRPsLiRVsV. @x, NRPLiRVRV, sLSRVRV sVVR\s yLjis RWs][ yLji
aSxms sxtsQQX\ZNP xmso yy RVszmsLiRVsV. sVLiN]NRPxmsVRV s sWssoRVgS NRPszmsLiRVsV.
{qsR ss][ VRVN]s FLiVVyRs [VRV, Vss LiVVLi[ VVNRP [Vyj RVVsRs
LRisV sLSNRPLjiLiRV, Fss][[V][ @yRs LRisV xmsLjiRLiRV, LiVW LSsVVRV
RRsVVgS sVyRV. [aRP NSsVVNRPV RVRV, [aRP NSdRVRV, [aRPNSsVVsV
sRVsVLiTyRV sWORPQsVVs NRPjNSLji.
76

sV. @NRP LSsV sLiaRPyaRPssVV [RV g][LRiyry*sV RW

RVNRPR sNTPN][Lji RVRVj RkRWLRiLi s[V][
xmsNRPLi NRPaRPNTPW gRiVsVV xqsLiLijLiRNRPVLiRLigRiy
NRP RWsLiRsVV xqsR*s[VsV xmss[RVVs ssLiVgS
LSsVVRV sxtsQ*yLRi\sVs][ LSs sLiaRP sLRiWssVV[RVRV. A LSORPQxqsVRV RVLSLRiVRs][
ry*sV ys NRPss[ RLixmsosV rsVNRPVRV, zLRiNRPbPxmsoRV, bPaRPVFyVRV, LRiRdsLiR
VyxLRisVVV, sLiaRP sLRiWssVV [RVRV. Bj {qsy[s N][LjiNRP. AsV VLiRV NTPV
[zqss][. AsV sLiRsVV ss LSsVVRV LSs sLiaRP sLRiWssVV [|qssV. AsV sVaRPNTP.
AsV xqsXztsQs xmsLjiFyLiRRV. LSsVVRRQ\sVs xqsR*gRiVsVV. AsLiRsVV NSsRVsV.
AsLiRs[VsV [RVVsV. @js RVsVW ssLRisVV. xqsRgRiVsVV NRPWR sLi[V. aRPNTPQ\Vs
LRixqssWgRiVsVVV [NRPVLiR xqsRgRiV s[VsVRVV[RV[RV. @LiRVNRPs[V VVNRPryLji
sVVRsVV[ LSsVVRV LSsVs[R V s @sVVF~j[ sVLiT sVVsV NRPWR
dRV[s zqs[ s FLiVVyRV. @xmsVRV aRPNTPQ\Vs LRi[gRiV sWRVs yaRPLiVVLisj
N][xmssVV N]s LSsVs xmsjV yRV. @xmsVRV LSsVVs afLRisVVV lLiLiRV
lLiLiVVss. Bj RsVyLRisVV. sNTP xqs*RLiRR szLis][ LSsVV[sVRVV [RV[RV. s
xqsRgRiVsVV AsLiRsVV.
aS. RsVLi Li|mssV sWRV[TNRPLiVV RVLiRs ORPQ Vs [][
syRs s ssRWTsj [VLiVVj RWRVxtsvRVs
RsVLi ]LigjisV RWxmss sLiR gS xqssVVRsVV y
s[LRi*s s sVVTLixmss g][s RRVVRLiVgS.
LSsVVRV s xqsRQ*gRiVsVV. zqs NSLRiNRPVRssW ss[V. aRPNTP RysLjiLis][ zqs NSLRiNRPV[.
77

@xmsVRV gRiVRNRPVRV. @LiVVs][ LSsVVRV LSsVs NRPsVsVWzqs NRPsV sNRPsVVLiRV

RLixmsosV. C yNRP sVLiRsVV aRPNTP RWTsj. sWRV[TgS sWLkiRVs LRizmsLisj. AsV sW
N][xqssVV LSsVVRV [TN][NRPV syRV. LSsVVs LizmsLisj. ORPQ VRVyRV. BRss
xmsosVxmso sWV sWT xmsLizmsLisj. FsLiRVNRPV? LSsVRV RsV ]LigjiVsV
[RVsRVVsV. LSsVRV RsV dzqsN]s FLiVVs sWLRisVV LSsVVsNRPV RVs A
sWLRisVVVVNRP gRiVLRiVsNRPV sVVRV xqsgRisVV R xmsTRVVs RVVso lLiLiRsj xqsVgkiy
RVs N]LiRdsVR Rs sgRisVWsV s[zqssj. sVWRsj xqsLiFy NRPR. ysj y
yLis[RVVs sLi[RV LSsVVRV LSs, xqssVVRsVVys. RVVRsVV [RVs.
RVVRsVV [zqssgSs N][N]j LSORPQxqsVV ysLRiV. BLiRxmss [zqssj {qsR. AsV s[R RRQ*sVV.
FsLiRVNRPV [zqss][ sVsNRPV RVRV.
gki. INRP RNRPyLRi VVNRP sVxqsQLiV
ys xmssNTP y sRRVV
N][}qss, yN][V xqssVVRLiV
sLiR LRigRiR |msLi dssV RVLiRV.
LSssR xmsLRisVxqsVsVV. RsRVLiRV szR\sVs sV\sxtsQs aRPNTP[R y s[xmss\Vs
[RVgRiRV. \sxtsQs aRPNTPRVdR\sVs sVaRPNTP sNTP ssj. AsV Rs \sxtsQs aRPNTPs xmss
[RVdsRVRV. y sR sVVR\s LRigRiRLisj. BxmsVRV LSsVVsRVLiRV sVVgRiVLRiV sVgRiVLRiV
LSsVVVyLRiV. @LiRV[ NRP LSsVVRV sxtsQ*syLRi\sVs LSsVVRV.C LSsVV[ N]NRPxmsVRV
sRV sVVgRiVV NRPzqsRVVLiRVLRiV. C RVsyLRi\sVs LSsVVRV, sWsso\s LSsVVRV, NRPzqs
LiVWsV xqsVsVVgS [FVRV xmssNTPLiR LRigRiR |msLis Rs N][xmssVV F~LijyRV.C N][xmss[V
{qsR[R sgji xmss[aRPsVV [LiVVLiRVNRPV NSLRisVV. AsV sVaRPNTP AsVNUP N][xmssVVV yxmssVVV
xmsso.
78

RLi. BV LRixmnsVLSsV RLiRVRVsV sVss s[RsVWLji sV

NRPVsVVgRi LSsVV RVsV gRiWTsRVVgRi NRPsR=LRiLi
szqsLiVVLi LiNRPss ysV][ LRixmnsVVsLiaRPg_LRis
RVssVV|ms RVgji R][|qssV LSsVVVLigRi sVgRis.
Bj RWLiVVjV LSsVVV [zqssxmss FsVgRisVgS LSsVVysVsgji xmss[aRPsVV [LiVVLisV. AsV
sVgji [VsVRVV[RV[Rs LSsVVsNRPV RVVsV. G LSsVVsNTP RVVsV? s[RsVWLji
RVLiVVs LSsVVsNTP RVVsV. sVsxtsv\ss LSsVVsNTP RVVsV. G LSsVVsNTP RVRV?
LRixmnsVVsLiaRPsVV sLiRVVs LSsVVsNTP RVRV. sVyso\s LSsVVsNTP RVRV. C
LiVVRV LSsVVVsV gRizqs sVVR LiVVRV LSsVVsV |msR ][zqs RWsV sgji xmss[aRPsVV
[LiVVLiLji. AsV sVaRPNTP xqs*LRiWzms RVs sVVR LiVVRV LSsVVNRPV RVVsV. sLji
LiVVRLRiV LSsVVNRPV RVRV.
D. O][Q [sNS xmnssVV RW|mssV[ LRixmnsVVLSsVV sLiRVss
ysV xmsLkiORPQ [RVRVysNTP yLRiV js xqsLi
ys sVVxqsLilgiLSsVsRs RsdLRiVgRi [zqssLiRVNRPVs
sNTPNSRV }sVsVLiVV sxmsodRVLiRV OTPQ Q \V.
C sVaRPNTP LSsVVs RVLiRV s[ xmssNS xmnssVV xqsLilgisV RsVLkiORPQ [zqsyRV NRPsVNRP ysNTP
bPORPQgRi ysV WsV[sNTP Tsj. ysV sV LSsVVs LRi NS[RV. RsN][xqssVV
LSsVVRV LSs sR [zqsyRV NRPsVNRP LRixmnsVsLiaRPsVV sVNRPV LSsVVsNRPV NRPVaRPsosV
N]RVNRPV s FVsV. A bPbPsoV gRiLRisVV sLiRVLiRgS ysV WsV[ sLiRL>jiRVLSV
NS[RV. BxmsVRV LSsVVRV @aRP*s[VR RWgRisVV [RVVRVyRV. {ms dsVR sNTP LRigS
NRPWLRiVLiR sRVVsV. ysV NRPWLRiVLiR[RV. LSsVVRV LigSLRisVV][ {qsRsV[LiVVLi
79

RsNRPV RLRixmsgS NRPWLRiVLiRV N]ssV. LigSLRi sVsgS ssLRiV? OUPQ [s. @LiRV[R
LSsVVRV sxtsv\ss][ sRs xmsNRP NRPWLRiVLiR szqssj OTPQ ; ysV NSRV. ysV s[yR c
sVaRPNTP ysV Rsxmss N][xqssVV ssV. LSsVVs[R [LiVVLisV. Rs yLjis ysV ssV.
|msLiT xqssVRVsVVsLiRV xms}tsQNRP xqssVRVsVV sLiRV {qsR LSsVVs][ {ms\|ms NRPWLRiVs][
[][! ysV s[RsVWLji. RVsVV s[R NRPLRi. @NRPR LSsVVs][ {msdsVR NRPWLRiVLiRRV. Bj
{qsy[s [zqss [R, LSsVVs[R xmss [LiVVLisj, @sVgRixsVV RWzmssj. LSsVVsV
bPOTPQLiRs[ @V bPOTPQLisj. sLRiNRPV sVgjis LSsVVsRV? s LRixmnsVVLSsVVRV
LRixmnsVVsLiaRPsVV rygRiVNRPV s[LRiTs sNRPVaRPV RLiT.

80

AyLSsVV
VVRV
R. @xmsjlLiLi] sVW] RVgRiVy sysV sRFso][
sVVgRi[sVVQ\|ms ss] RxmnsVLiRVRVgRiWLRiVRVLi[
xms gRi RV LSsVVRVsV ssV yNRPVs ys gRiVLis
sVNRPVs s yRV sRdsVRsV [RVsV [s LSsVV\
@LiR sxmssVLiT yNRPV LSsVVRV [soRV. C LSsVVs y gRiVLi[ NRPWLRiVLiRs
sLRiV? sW yRVsgSLji xmsoLSsVV FsNRPVs LRiRsVVdsVR, gRisRsVVdsVR,ssVVgS
ygRiVLi[ NRPXxtsvRVNRPWLRiVLiT RVVLiRsRVVsV. sW RVWLji[ sVss lLiLiRV
[yRVsVV. INRP xqsLiys s[Vg][Fy ry*sVyLjij. lLiLiRsj $ NSbdPsZaP[*aRP*LRi
ry*sVyLjij. sW RVWLji[ xmspLRi*sVV [yRVsVVV C lLiLiRV. [yRVsVV xmsxtsQRVV
y sxmsV[ Ljigjiss. gRiWRs xRV gSLRis |msR NRPsVQ\lLiRV. ARVs xqsLiys
s[Vg][Fy ry*sVgSLji RWRVsVVsV gRiLi LiR\sVs RVVR=ssVVV [LiVVLiyRV.
A ry*sV RVsgS yNRPV FysVV. BxmsNTPs s[sV sW RVWLRiV ss][ A ry*sV yLji
RLRi+ssVV [RVVRVsV. ry*sV sgRixsVV[ sVN]s ][ A sWLRiVV [zqsyLRiV. C
sWLRiVV [zqsyLRis s[ ssVRVLiRVsV. A RVLRiNRPVyaRPLRiFsoRVLiRVsV. C bPyRVsVV
sW yRVsgSLRiV xmsxtsQ [zqssj. A bPsoRV ssVWLjiQ\V LigS NRPX\V Rs NTPxtsQsVV
ssxmsVRV y WsVRsVVsLi yRVRVLiRVsV. NSs, LiVW LSsVVR sVLiT ssV
xqs*xmssVV[ss][ygRiVLi dsVR NRPWLRiVLisV. LSsV LSsV RVsV sWV yNRPV[ ssV.
yss R gRiVLis. sVNRPVs ssV. RWRgS sW NRPWLRiVsWRsVV [RV. yss gRiVLis
LSsVVRVsV [RV. y sxms RVsVssVV. @LiRV[R yyLSsVVRV RLRiVyR
sWyRVsgSLji RW[R yRVsLiR uy xmsVR*sVV [R sy \sbPRsVV [R
81

NRPy\sLRiLiRLRisVV [R y[R NRPsXORPQsVVsV yLiVVLiRVN]yRV. AyLSsVVRsV

[NRPsVV sLiRVsj. C [NRPsVV[s sW NSsRVsV. NSNRPFsRVsV. y sRsVVs
sRssVV sVLiT RWyLSsVVRV C LSsVVRV ysRsVV[ xmsVryLRiV xmsV sRsVVVgS
NRPszmsLiRVsV.
D. sgRiR sssRVxqsLiRVs xqs*xmssVV[ sVbP
sgRixsVV gRi VVNRP|msRj RxmsoaS g][R[
sgRixsVVLi LSsVVsj ss, s[sV xqsdsVxmss[VgRi, x
xqsgRixLiV [|qs ssVysV xqsgRiLiVgRi g][R dsRVRVs.
@LRisVV xqsVsVV @LiVVssV @jVVNRP|msR RaS. @sRVVLS sgRixsVVV INRP
LSsgRixsVV N][RLiRLSsVVsj. g][R[sVsj. s[sV ys RgRiNRPVFLiVVs. ALSLiVV
g][R[sVLiT xqsgRisVsRNRPV ssV. ssVxmsVN]ssV. xqs*xmssVVV RsVyLRisVVV,
BRVsVWRVV N]sry*zmsNRPsVVV N]s RVLRisgRiy xqssVRV sRsVVV yNRPVgRiso
FsNRPVs xsRR*sVsV gRiWLjis xqs*xmssVVVsRVsV gjiLjiNRPVsWLRiVs }mssV gkiRsVV[
sxqs*FysV WRVV lLiLiRVsVWRV yzqss. AgRiLiRsVV yNRPV xqsVsWLRiV FyNRP [VLiR
sRVxqsV[ yzqssj. RLRiVyR NRP RVLRisgRiRaRP[ xqs*xmssVVNSRV. sRNSRV,
s[VsVNSRV. A RaRP[ bPsoRVsV FyLRi*RVVsV gRisLiLji ry*sV s ssV LisV.
yVVT[ NRPWLRiVLisV. @NRPR ssVyLRiV NRPWLRiVsj NRPsVNRP s[yRVs bPsoRsVN]ysV.
NSs A sVWLjiRVLiRV bPyNRPX ORPQsVV [sVRVV[so. yZNPxmsVRVsV xqsLjigSsRVLRi xmsRV.
xqs*xmssVV[ xqs*xmssVVV. A xqs*xmssVV[ ssLiysVWRVV. y sRsVV[s
gRiRsxqs[s RVsVWRVVsV. C xqs*Fysxqs[s RVsVWRVVsV NRPzqs yNRPsR*sVV[s
NRPs[ xqsgRisVV sVLi RVgRiVRVss. Ex[RV. NRPs[RV. s gRiR=Q*FysVW y
NRPsR*sVV.
82

D. FyRVs s|msRsgRiV sVVV sRVsV, [sVLiT LS

sWRVssRV, sVVVsV sWRVsVgRiVs RV[s, [s[
[RVsVLiVVLiRV LSsVVRVsVxmsgRiQRVV\LRisVLiRV, LS
sWRVsVsW @sVRVsV sWRVV sos lLiLiRV \sxmso\.
y NSxmsRV sRVRVLiRVsV. ssxmsVRV "LSsW' RVs [sLi sRVsV. A RWxmsRV
sV[RsV NRPgjiLiRV\ss][ "LSsW' RVs sRVsV. aRPLkiLRiR NRPgjiLiRVs\ss][ "@sW' RVs
sRVsV. ClLiLiRVsV sosNRPV lLiLiRV\sxmsoV NSxmsRVVsV. [sLSsVVRV. RV @sV
LSsVVRV xqslLi[. C @sV VsLRiV? CsV sVaRPNTP y gRiLiRsVV[ sV bPsZNP[aRPsosVgRiVLi
VLiR yzqs[ LiVVV aRPNTPs gRiVLjiLi RVLiR yzqss. {qsy[s sVaRPNTPRVs sLRiWzmsLi
ssVN]LiRVsV. yNRPV sT NRPxtsQsVVV LSsW RVsxmsVRV N]s sWRVsVgRiVsV. @sW
RVsxmsVRV @sVsLiRVsV. @sVsLiRV[R xmspLRi*NRPLRi sbPLiRVsV gRiy!
D. \|msNTPs sWsVxqsV. xXRRV ss[R NTPRWNRPxmssVV
\|msNTPs sVWLRiVVs.xXRRVss sVVsVs sWLiVW
[NRPsVV[ LRixxqssVj, [NRPVs ss ZNPxmsVRVs sVsV
uyNRPX Vsy RVNRPs jsLiV sWsVuyNRPXRV
sWsso s NRPsLiRVsVV. C aRPLkiLRisVVV sVs RVWxsV ssVVsV xqsLiNRPsVVsV
ARLRiNRPVRVs ryRssVVV, ss[V sVVsVV. FsLiR sVxmsoLRiVxtsv\ssV ys
ss[R sgRiVRVyRV. LS sVVV lgissV ss[Rs[. sVgRiLiRsVVV yzqsssV
ss[Rs[. C sVsVNRPV FyyssVV [RV. Fsy RVN][ @yd sVsVuyNRPX.
[ssVsj ss, Ex, xqsLiNRPsVV, saRPRVsVV. dss ssLis sVLi xqsRVLRiVxtsvNRPV
[s gRisLiRVRVLiRVsV. LSsVVRVLiRVsV. A LSsVV[sV [RVVsV? C xqsLiNRPsVV Ex,
83

ss, Vj sVVR\s yss xqsyLRisVVRVLiRV xqsRWx RVLiRV sVLRiLiRVRVLiRVsV. A

LSsVV][ sV VVNRP][ [sys xqsLiNRP sy VyRVV [NRPsVV \sxmsosNRPV sVLRi
@j[V xmsys sVsVN]s s xmsLRiLixmsLS xRVRgRiVsV. A [sVs LSsVV[ AyLSsVVRV.
D. ssVV, LRiWxmssVVsV LRiWxmssVVsV NTPRW NRPxmssVV
ssVVLiRVg]sNTP so LRiWxmssVVVs NRPVy RVa][
LRiWxmssVVsV s RV NTPRWNRPxmssVV
{ssRWRV\ sVsVNRPXRsVVs RVs ss xqsy
\ssVVRRQ*sVVssyLRisVVygRi RRQ*Q\sV.
sWssoNRPV \ssVVsNRPV [RsVj. LiRVsoNRPV \ssVVsNRPV [RsVj. A soRV Rs ss
NRPVsVgRiV\sVs LRiWxmssVVsV yVsV. ys NRPsVgRiV\sVs NRPLRiV[RVVsV. NRPVycN][xmssVV;
RVaRPMcNUPLji, {czqsgRiV ssRVsVV Bs ssVVV. dssNTP LRiWxmssVV [RV. sVsVxtsvRV[|qsT
xmssVsV zqsN]s sRVVsV. A soRV zLRiVV\ LiVW NSsV N][yRVsV
sLRiVRVLiRVsV. ysNTP LRiWxmssVVV [so. @s LRiWxmssVVsV F~LiRso. dss RVsLiNTP\|ms NRP
RRQ*sVVsj. @j \ssVV. soRV Rs ssVV][ LRiWxmssVVsV ysV A RRQ*sVV
bPso][ sxtsv[ \V RVsyLRisVV RVsV. @sgS sVsVs LRiWxmssVV yVsV.
\ssVVsNSaRPNTPRVVsj. NRPLRiLRiWxms\sVs sosNSaRPNTPRVVsj. A [xms aRPNTP AyLSsVVRV.
D. ARVs\Vs RRQ*sVVNRPyVVNRPssVV RWRLSs\
$RVV yNRPVRV sLRiLis [NRP zyLRiQ\sVs LS
sWRV xqsRysVxqsX sLijs LRiWxmssVV LSsVRV\
ARVs s[RV[RVsV ys yRV yRVLi s.
84

A \ss[V RRQ*sVV. ARRQ*sVsyLRisVVygRiRV. yNRPV RVRVcydNTP

(yNRPVsocxmsocsdNRPsVV) ARVs yzqss LSsWRVsVV[ yRVs LSsVV\ RVsRLjiLisV. A
LSsWRVsVV ss yRRQ*sVsyLRisVVyss sVsNRPV|qsss RVLRisVV. ARVs
RVLiR \s\sVs][ A \ssVVsV yNRPV RWzmsLiRVsVs VVNRPRTgjis][ sVLiRVssgS
y\ssVVsV RWzmsLiRVsVs RVTgjis ysNTP RLiT RVVyRV NRPy! RLiT [NRPVLiR dsRV
sLiRRV NRPy! A RLiTNTP RLiT, A RLiTNTP RLiT, RLiRV sLRiVxqs Vs ORPQ
xqsLisR=LRisVVVgS ssN][ xqsLisR=LRisVVVgS sVs][ RVRV gRiy. yss Rs yR
sVVyRsV RWzmsLiRV sVsVsVV. FsNRPR RWzmsLiRVsV? zmsyLRiV CRLiRVsLRiVxqs[
sxmsV][ N]ss[ [VLiRNTPLiR sVVR sWssoRVyR. yss gRisLiRVRV
xqsXztsQLiyR @s ssVVRVLRiV. FsLiRVNRPV ssVVRVL][ yLjiZNP[ RVssV. A sVVR
sWssos xqsXztsQLis gRisLiRVRV s[RVsV xhSRVgS sVsVxtsvsV xqsXztsQLiR sRVsV. {qsQ
LiRVNRPV? xmsoLRiVxtsvLiRVNRPV? C xqsLiryLRisVV LiRVNRPV? C xqsXztsQ VLiRVNRPV? C xmss sRsVV
gRisLiRVRV [RVV RVs][ xqsLjiFsosV gRiR. ysNTP aRPsV Vj? aRPsV sVVR\ss [sy[
NRPR gRisLiRVRV?
sV dsV s[RsVV[ NRPWR N]s][ s[ xmsTRVVsj NRPy! gRiRgRi syLjiLis][
s[RsVV[ xmsTsj RRQ*sVV. "zqsRxqs gRi bPLiRdsRW' Ds zqs syLjiLixms Rgjisj.
s[RsVV[ zmss sxtsQRVsVVV LiRsVVV. Ds xqsXztsQs gRiWLji syLRi [zqssj. Bj
y LRixxqssVV. @LiRVNRPs [V s[RsVV[ xqsXztsQ s[LiVV][ s[LiVV sRsVVVgS xmsTsj.
@xmsVRxmsVy LkigS yLkigS VVxtsvV Ry zqss LiLiLji. yLji RW[Rs
RVLiRRVV sWssoRV Ljigji ysV x xmsyLRi WRV [RVszqss xmsRVRsVV
xmsyssVVgS NRPj. s[RsVV RVLiRV ZNP[ sxtsQRVsVV s xqssVVRVLiRV ssVVgS
FyjLixmsRV RVLiRVsV. A sR RRso s xmsLjisV xqsLiryLRi NRPLSRV ssORPQ [zqs
85

yLji yLji NRPsVNRPWsVVgS xmsTsj. DyxLRi :c "AsLiR sVRVVRV xqsXztsQ[zqs ysV

sWssos[ ]sV' @s s[RsVV[ sVsj. ksNRPLRi s[VsVsgS sos[sVs RWsLiRsVV
gRisRLiaRP RVs. BLi[.
D. @Rxmso [RsR*sVLiVV @Rxmso xqsR*sVV\ss \ssVVs
sVRgRi[RV sWssoRV sVssVsLiVV kLiVd
Rs][ N]s CaRP*LRiVNRPVs xqsLiRV [zqsN]Li
RR NRPWLRiVRVLiRV sR\sVs LRisVLiRVsV yssVWLjiQ\V.
xmspLRi*sVV zmss NUPLjiNSsWRVZNP[ LRiWxmssVV[RV. @Rxmso[RsR*sVV @Rxmso xqsR*sVV\ss
\ssVVsNRPV LRiWxmssVVLiRVy? A gRiVsVjNRPsVVgS sVsxmsVRV A gRiVsVVs ][V ys ysNTP
LRiWxmssVVgS xmsVRVLRiV. yRV sVWLjig]s N][xmssVV, yRV sVWLjig]s xms,@s [NRPsVVs
sLiRVLRiV. AN][xmssW xmsW RVjNRPsVVgSs[ xmsoLRiVxtsvsLiRVs][ yRV ysNTP sVWLji
RVsV. @[ gRisRR* sVjNRPsVVgS sRV sVs][ yss gRisLiRVRLiRVLRiV. Bj NSNRP
LiVVLiN]NRP xmsLRisVLRixxqssVVsj. x xmsyLRisVV sLRiVsVV. sLSsVRVsVV. sWssoRV
gRisLiRVs sLiRV[V NSRV. RWRs ssVN]yRV. Bj sWss Vj[s ][xtsQsVV,
aRPsVV [RV. [][ ssxmsVRV aRPsVV xmsoVRVsj.ANSaRPsVV[ xmsoVRVsj. [s
aRPsVVsNRPV LRiWxmssVVsVV NRPsj. xmsos aRPsVVsNRPV s s ssVVV NRPVgRiVRVss.
xmszqszms [Ts][ sVVRV |msRyLi [Ts][ RVMsVV. xqsLigkiR\sVs][ rsVV.C LkigS[s
aRPsVV xmso yssVLiT ssVV NRPVgRiV RVss. A [s aRPsVV sVVR sV xmsosj
JLicNSLRisVVgS xmsosj, RgjisLiR Vj sVV[NRP A[Rs [NRPFLiVVs][ ss sLRi sVVT
sxtsQRVsVVVNSso. Vj{sVVNSRs][ [NRPFVTs NSso. sVsxtsQRVsVVsRVV sLi[.
[s aRPsVV xmsosVgS [s LRiWxmssVV xmsosj. [s gRiVsVVV xmsoss.
86

A sVWWR\sVs sxqsVsosV sR|mss][ sWsso[sVVj sVLiRVVyLRiV. FsLiR

Vj {sVVLiRVL][ @LiR VjsVLiRVVyLRiV. yLjis VVxtsvLiRsVV, aSxqsQ sLSR LiRsVV.
A sVxL<RiV[sV [zqsLRisgS sLSNSLRisVV sLRiVsVV\ss RRQ*sVVsNRPV dORPQLRisVVV LRiWxmssVV
gRiVsVVV, A LRiWxms sW gRiVsVNRPV RgjisV [syRVsV xqsXztsQLiyLRiV. yLjiNTP LRiWxmssV
syLRiV. yLjiRVLiRV gRiVsVVsV xqsLiNRPsVLizmsLiyLRiV. sVsVxtsvRV s sy soRV.
xqsLiNRP soRV. sV[ soRV. Fs\ssV ds]NRPxmsVRV aRPVR \RssVVsV sLiRVNRPV aRPNTP
{sVRgRiVRVyRV. TdNTP FsoNRPV ygRixmspLRiV LRi&Wds= dsVRVgS FsRVVssVgS y
aRPVR \RssVVsV [LRiVNRPV soRV sxtsvso, BLiRVRV, x dsLjis NRPLiyLRiV. yLjis
sVVsVVR RWRVsVV. @R sVLiT aRPVR \RssVV xqsV yxmssVV. dsso ygRixmspLRiV
LRi&Wds=sV y sVRVLRi [LRiVsVV. @RNTP Td y xqsdsVxmssVV. A LkigS s[LRis
sWLRisVVsLiRV ds [sRV xmsys xmsdNRPVgS sVyLRiV. yLjis dsso yNRPV RWzmsLiRV sVs][
dsso \lLiV xmsRWsVV [zqss][ ZNPVNRPV RV NSsRVVsV. A ZNPV N]s][ dss[
sgRiVRVso. s[sV LiRsV [RLiRVsV. Ds][ RWzmsLiRVsVLiRVsV. }mssVNRPV xmsszqss
RV dzqsN]s LRisVV. A RV ssV |msVN]sVLiRVy? JLji VjsVLiRVy? A gRisLiRVRV
dsNRPV NRPszmsLiRsRVVss][ dsso xqsyLRisVVV[RVVRVLiR sRVVsV. @RsVVV
sWRLSRV. RVLRixLiNSLRisVVsV RVLRisW sVVsV dsT sRsVV yLjis ysLiR sRVVsV.
Bs RVsRVV LiR[. sWRWL][ RWRVNRPV |msVN]s szqss ssWyLRi sRVsVV sLis.
yNRPV gRisLiRVs RWxmsosVs \RNRPRNRPVsVV. @V ss][ sWRWLRiV NRPszmsLiRVsV
BVFyxqss [zqss][ gRisLiRVRV NRPszmsLiRVsV. BLi[ [RsVV. A LSsVVyyLSsVVRV. AR
RVLiRVyRV. [sNTP Rso*N]s sRVVsV. dsso RVNTP Rs*s][ gRiVN]j sVsV
Rso*RVso. A sVsVsVN]sT yLRiVysV. F~[ FzqsN]LiRVLRiV. @[ ds gRisLiRVRV
[Rs yRV NRPWR. sVsV @sV FsVsosV RV [zqsN]sV. BLiNRP y sxtsQRVsVV.

87

aS. A LSsWRVsVV yzqss sRyssVVs [|qsRs

$LSsVVLiRsVsW ssVRs xXd=sV F~LiRVs
ALSsWRVs[VsVV xmspLji sVLiVV syLSsVVRVs dsRy
yLSsVVLiRLiVV RVVLi[ RVLSyVs RVLiVRVs
A[sVsLSsVVRV y[R NRPsXORPQsVVsV yLiVVLiyRV s[sV xNSssVVVyzqss
NRPy! NRPsVVxmsoN]s][ y NRP sWgRiRV. @LiR ExxqsLixms @LiR NRPyaRPNTP, @LiR
RVxqsFyssVV yNRPVsj. s[LiVVxmsRgRiV sy[ yzqss. N]s gRiLiRsVVNRPV xmsj
jssVVV NRPWR xms[RV. @[ s[sV NRPsXORPQsVVsV sVVxmsj [VLiRV yzqss. FsLiRV[R?
RNTPs NSssVVV yRVVNRPV NSszqss aRPNTPs[V. NRPsXORPQsVV yRVVNRPV NSszqss aRPNTPs[V.
LSsVVRV s [sgRiWLRiVsxmsVRVNRPsXORPQsVV rylgiTj. [s][ NRPNRPxmsVRV xmsRsVV
xqsgRisVV[ ygjiFVTj. sVW[LiRV yVlgi[LiRV gRiRFLiVVss. C sVR s[ gRiLiRsVVsV
yRVVRVLis. @W LSsWRVsVV yRVV [Rs jgRiV[ RVVLiTj. INRP
xmsRQORPQ \sVs NRPR xmsVRVsV. RVVRNSLiRsVV[ sVVR sVWRV sLiR xmsRsVVV 1957 [
yzqss. NRPLkiLisgRiL`i sVLiT D][gRisVV sLRisV [zqss. BLiNTP ss. INRPy FRVs
xmsRQORPQsVVgRi "LSsWRVsVVsV sVVRV |msVsVV' @ssWV sszmsLiss. FssL][ zmssV
sszmsLiss. @ORPQLRisVRV\sVs aRPsVRV\sVs yNRPsVV sszmsLisj. sLis[ FyLRiLiLis.
sVWRV yVgRiV s[ sLjiyNRP RLRiVsVV N]sFLiVVsj. INRP][ sVLRi ygjiFso
sszmsLisj. LSsVVRV ysVs LRiy*s RWaRPsVsVVsLiRVLiT [VyNTP ysVsRVss
LRiRVs][ zmsy][ AyNTP LS[ss xsVsVLiRVs[R yLRi|msyRV. AyNTP LSsVVRV
LSs][ LRiRVRgjiQxmss[aRPsVV[RVVsV.ALis[RVVRV sRV xqsLjiNTP LRiRVRgji xmss[aRPsVV
[RVVNRPVG zqsRsVVgRisVyRV. ALis[RVVRV RWLRisVVsLiRVLiT[V LSsVVs RWgRisVs
yLRi zmsyRV. RgRiNRPV s zmss][ ss][ Rs xqsLiNRPsVV sxmnsVsVV [RVVNRPV
sss xhSRVgS sgji[ RWNRPsRVsV. LRiRVRxmsVRV xmsLRiVsW ssT zqs[[RV.
88

INRP RsRVzqs[ sVyRV. @j LRixqsssVV. @LiRV[R ALis[RVVRV RWLRisVVsLiRVLiT

LSsVVRV ssssW xqsLigkiRsVV FyRVRV y xqsLigkiR sVV[ zmsyRV. ALis[RVVRV
sVgSRVNRPVRVNRPy! xqsLigkiRs[VsV[RVVsV? LRixqszqsj NRPgjiLiRVsV. LRiRVRV yyLRixqszqs[
sVLisV A zqs[s[ yLRi sszmsLisV. [s][ sszmsLiTjNSRV. @j RWLis[RVVs ss[NRPsVV.
A yLRissVRVs[ LRiRVs NRPsVRVLiRV xtsQsVV VRLiVVLiss. ARVs NRPLihRiaRPLisVVs NRP
sry*ssVV ssj.
C xmsRsVV RVVRNSLiRsVV[ sLjiLiRsVV DxmsxqsLixLRi[ sVsj. xmsRxmso xqsLi 325. A
NRPLihRixqs*LRi sVVs][ yNRPV RV[RV ys RLRisWgjiFLiVVsj. LSRV. N]s gRiLiV Rxmss
F~Lijs. [ssVV[RV. ryssVV[zqss. xmssVV [zqsN]Lis. BLi[ [ssVV
[RVVsVLiRVLRiV. s[sV [RVsV. y}qsxmsNTP yNRPV ][sj. ys RLRisVV zqsRsVVgS
sVsRs. s[sWzLisj NSRV s[sV yzqssjNSRV. zqsRsVVgS sVsj. sLis[ NSgjiRsVV
NRPsVVsV s. ysRLRisVVsj "\RRWyLiRdQ sVRVxqsWRyxqs
xmsssWyxmspLRiQ\sVsVs'
ssj yzqss. \|mss NRPLihRiaRPLisVVs ss s[s[ yzqss LRiWxmsNRP xqssWxqssVV. LSsVVRV
sRVRWRNRPV RVV[LjisxmsVRV xmsLRis[VaRP*LRiVs NRPLihRisVVsVLiT ss yRVVso[R
sLiTsVsj. LRiRVRV aRPLisyLRisVV, NRPLihRiaRPLisVVs ss s[s[ yzqss. s[sV s
LRiWxmsNRPxqssWxqssVVgS sVNRPV N]Lis A aRPLisVVsV $LSsVRLiRVRV \RRWRNRPV
RVV[LRiVRV ys[ Rs [ yRVVso xmspLjiLiRgS sVsTs R*sssVs RLi, Bj
y[s RWyLSsVVRV xmspLjiLis RLRisVV. RLRiVyR LSsWRVsVV xmspLjiQ\Vsj. ARLRi
sVV xmspLjiLixmsRgS yNSsLiRsVVxms[RV.
C RVVxmsxqsLixLRi LiRsVVsLi[ 412 s xmsRsVVsVLiT "][sLRiR\sVs' @s FyLRiLiLiRVsV.
89

AxmsRsVVsV yzqss. C xmsRsVVsV A aRPLiR*ssR yRVVRVy? NRPyssWNTP

LigRisVgRiVsV. @LiRV[R RVVRNSLiRsVV sLRi yzqss. AyLSsVVRsgS sj NSsRVsV.
NSs""sRLi y LSsVVRsssV yyLSsVVRLiVV RVVLi[ RVLSRVs RVLi
VRVs ''FsLiRVNRPV RVsVV? ssVVgS sj RWyLSsVVs zqsW yRVLiR s[ds
xqsss[aRPsVVsV y NRPsVNRPWsVVgS yssVV[zqsN]sVRVy[ LiVVj RVsVV. RVsVsgS
sORPQsVV, @RVLi Fyxmsxqs* @s RWsVRV sNRPVs][ syRV. @RVLi sgS
sVVNTP. sORPQ xmsLjiygRisVV. yNRPV RVsVgRiVRVsRsgS ry*sV VLiR xmsRQORPQsVVgSsVssV
y sORPQsVV ssV sR F[Rs RVLRisVV. RLRiVyR sLiR xmsRsVVV yzqss gSs
RVVRNSLiRsVV xmspLjiNS[RV. sORPQsVV LjigjiLSs][ NRPsXORPQsVV xmspLjiRVVTj NSRV.
NRPLi. Bj RWyLSsVVs _
xqsRsV LRiWxmsLiV xqsLRi*xqsLixmsRLiQ\
sVj ssVVsVV NRPRVsVLij
sVj ssVNRPV sVLiRNRPLi sVLij Fds.

JzmsNRP[s sWssos RVWxRVV s[ gRizLixms\s

LRiWxmssVV[syss sLRiWxms [RVgRi s\
N][xmssVV NUPLjiRWjgRi N]sNTPs sVsVsV slLi[
xmsLjisVORPQsVV gRisRV x` xqs*s\sV.
soRV LRiWxmssVVLigRisV, sbPLiRVsV LRiWxmssVV WRxqsXztsQ\V
soRV LRiWxmssVVLi gRisV,s[RsygRiV sVVs [aRP#\sV
soRV LRiWxmssVVLi gRisVs, [zqss NRPLRixmnsLiV LiRgS
90

\ssVVLRiWxmssVWsV, ssyLRisVV RLRiLjiLRiOTPQxtsvLiRVgS

DLis yNRPV yxWR xmssoRRV xqssVVs
sLis sVVxmsj[VLiRV yRVVNRPV gSds NRPsXORPQLiV s[
lLiLi[^ssVV s|msxmsoRV yxXd=sV[ LSsVV\
RVVLis yRVV gRi [RV sV[ RVQLiaRP RLiVgS
sVVVNRP R\sVs RgRiVsW VVNRPxmsVRV LSRV xmsRxmsoLi
LRisVV sLiRgjiLiN]s rygRiR VxmsV][ yzqsRVVsV
xqsVLRisVV NSgjiRLiVsLiVV xmspsV yxmss yzqss
s*LRiV LRixmnsVVLSsVRLiRVRLiVVy|qs! ry*sVNTPVsRVy!''
a][ee RVRyM sWsyM RRyQQ\s [syM
RVyuy sWsyM Ryuy \s[syM
sWsso[ RVssVV LiRVL][ A RVssVVs[ [sRNRPV |msVRVLRiV. sLjiRVsVV sTyRV
[sRNRPV sLji RVssVVsV |msVsV. g][RVsVV sTyRV [sRNRPV g][RVsV RVssVV
VsV. sWLixqssVVsV sTyRV [sRNRPV sWLixqssVVsV |msVsV. sWssoRV GRVssVV
NRPy][ [sRVsV A RVss[V NRPyLRiV sWsso[ xtsQ][ ry*sVs NRPsXOSQRV][
xqsVLiRVL][ ry*sVRVV yxtsQy[. ry*sV s[sV sT RVssVVsV sVsV. y
sWRXxtsQ\Vs RWLiRxtsQ RWRVsNRPVRVVsV.

ssVM $LSsV RLiyRV.

91