PROGNOSIS

Rectal Cancer

The rectum is the portion of the large bowel that lies in the pelvis, terminating at the anus. Cancer of the rectum is the
disease characterized by the development of malignant cells in the lining or epithelium of the rectum. Malignant cells have changed
such that they lose normal control mechanisms governing growth. These cells may invade surrounding local tissue or they may
spread throughout the body and invade other organ systems.

Stages of Rectal Cancer

Stage 0 (Carcinoma in Situ)
In stage 0, abnormal cells are found in the mucosa (innermost layer) of the rectum wall. These abnormal cells may
become cancer and spread. Stage 0 is also called carcinoma in situ.

Stage I
In stage I, cancer has formed in the mucosa (innermost layer) of the rectum wall and has spread to thesubmucosa (layer
of tissue under the mucosa). Cancer may have spread to the muscle layer of the rectum wall.

Stage II rectal cancer is divided into stage IIA, stage IIB, and stage IIC.
Stage IIA: Cancer has spread through the muscle layer of the rectum wall to the serosa (outermost layer) of the rectum wall.
Stage IIB: Cancer has spread through the serosa (outermost layer) of the rectum wall but has not spread to nearby organs.
Stage IIC: Cancer has spread through the serosa (outermost layer) of the rectum wall to nearbyorgans.
Stage III
Cancer may have spread through the mucosa (innermost layer) of the rectum wall to thesubmucosa (layer of tissue under
the mucosa) and may have spread to the muscle layer of the rectum wall. Cancer has spread to at least one but not more
than 3 nearby lymph nodes or cancercells have formed in tissues near the lymph nodes; or
Cancer has spread through the mucosa (innermost layer) of the rectum wall to the submucosa (layer of tissue under the
mucosa). Cancer has spread to at least 4 but not more than 6 nearby lymph nodes.

Stage IV rectal cancer is divided into stage IVA and stage IVB.

Stage IVA: Cancer may have spread through the rectum wall and may have spread to nearbyorgans or lymph nodes. Cancer
has spread to one organ that is not near the rectum, such as theliver, lung, or ovary, or to a distant lymph node.
Stage IVB: Cancer may have spread through the rectum wall and may have spread to nearbyorgans or lymph nodes. Cancer
has spread to more than one organ that is not near the rectum or into the lining of the abdominal wall.

Survival rates for rectal cancer can be calculated by different methods for different purposes. The rates presented here are based
on the relative survival rate. This measures the survival of people with rectal cancer in comparison to the general population to
estimate the effect of the disease.

The overall five-year relative rectal cancer survival rate for 1996-2002 was 64.1 percent. The five-year relative survival rates by race
and sex were:

66.0 percent for white men
64.2 percent for white women
55.6 percent for black men
53.9 percent for black women.













CONCLUSIONS
This case is, to the best of our knowledge, the first case that demonstrates bowel adenocarcinoma deposits
within haemorrhoids. We suggest that in patients with a history of colorectal cancer, careful examination of
haemorrhoids during colonoscopy, as well as histological examination of suspected haemorrhoidal tissue after
surgical resection, be performed to evaluate for the possible presence of metastasis.