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org
ISSN 2224-32! "#a$er% ISSN 222&-'3( ")nline%
*ol.4, No.+,, 2+4

2'
Evaluation of Anthhelmintic Potential of Pawpaw (Carica papaya)
Seeds Administered In-Feed and In-Water for West African
Dwarf (WAD) Goatss

A. -. .. /ffendy
+
, N. -. Su$ar0o
+
, S. A. A1een
2
, ). A. A2dullah
+
3
+.School of 4ood Science and Agrotechnology, 5ni6ersiti -alaysia 7erengganu, 2+3 8uala 7erengganu
-alaysia
2.4aculty of *eterinary -edicine, 5ni6ersity of Ilorin, Ilorin, 8wara State,Nigeria
39orres$onding author: gs;+!4!<$$s.u1t.edu.1y

Astract
4orty .est African =warf ".A=% goats "a6erage +;g>.2&;g 2odyweight% infected naturally with hel1inthes
were used to e6aluate the effecti6eness of Carica papaya seeds in a?ueous and crude e@tract for1s against
intestinal wor1s. 7he ani1als were rando1ly assigned into four treat1ent grou$s: AI, AII, AIII and AI*
consisting of +goatsBgrou$. AI ani1als were not treated while AII underwent 7hia2endaCole anthel1intic
treat1ent. AIII and AI* were 1edically gi6en the $owdery and a?ueous for1s of C. papaya seed e@tract 6ia
feed and water res$ecti6ely. Before anthel1intic treat1ents and after the +
st
and 2
nd
two wee;s of ad1inistering
the anthel1inth, faecal and 2lood sa1$les were collected for $arasitological and hae1atological analysis. =ata
collected were su20ected to one-way AN)*A. 7reat1ents of 2oth a?ueous and $owdery for1s of C. papaya
seed e@tract resulted into a significant increase in ly1$hocyte counts, $ac;ed cell 6olu1e "#9*%, red 2lood cell
"DB9% and hae1oglo2in concentration. 9on6ersely, there was significant decrease in the eosino$hil counts. 7he
reductions in the faecal egg counts of hel1inth when C. papaya seed e@tract were a$$lied are co1$ara2le to
those o2tained for thia2endaCole treat1ent. Howe6er, the effects of a?ueous for1 of 9. $a$aya seed e@tract were
1ore cons$icuous than the crude "$owdery% e@tract ad1inistered 6ia the feed. 7he results fro1 this study
suggests that e@tracts fro1 C. papaya seeds could 2e of $otential use as alternati6e anthel1inthic to synthetic
dewor1ers in thera$eutic or su2-thera$eutic use for $roduction ani1als.
!e"words# Anthel1intic, hae1atology, hel1inthes, $arasitology, thia2endaCole

Introduction
Hel1inthosis caused 2y endo$arasitic wor1s is one of the 1ost crucial diseases accounting for high $roduction
losses in li6estoc; $roduction es$ecially in ru1inants. 7he disease is 1ore $re6alent in de6elo$ing countries and
this 1ainly due to the $oor 1anage1ent syste1s ado$ted 2y far1ers "-uthu1ani et al., 2+3%. Hel1inth
infestations in ani1als and hu1an 2eings results in stunted growth cou$led with e@tre1e stress conditions which
i1$ede on the ani1alsE co1fort "Ai22s, +'!,%.
7he ;ey control strategies ado$ted to control wor1s throughout the world is the ad1inistration of
che1ical drugs against hel1inthes together with i1$ro6ed 1anage1ent far1 $ractices "Aeert and =orny, +''&F
8u1ar et al., 2++%. Howe6er, the $resent de$endence on fre?uent e@$loiti6e anthel1inthic drugs to control
$arasites is neither desira2le nor sustaina2le. It is therefore 2eco1ing $ro2le1atic with the recent wide-s$read
resistance to co11on anthel1inthic drugs and this conse?uently leads to higher econo1ic losses a1ong far1ers
"Sangser, +'''F -cleod, +''&%. In order to 1a@i1iCe far1 cost 2enefits and reduce loss due to wor1 infestation,
trials on natural $lants to $re6ent and cure hel1inthes are under in6estigation for alternati6e solutions.
Carica papaya is a tro$ical fruit a6aila2le in a2undance and its seeds as a case sa1$le to fight
hel1inthes and a1oe2a in hu1an ha6e $ro6en $ositi6e fro1 a study carried out 2y );eniyi et al. "2G% in
Nigeria. -ore so, a re$ort fro1 India 2y Aoswa1i et al., "2+3% re6ealed that, C. papaya seeds $ossess her2al
1edicinal $ro$erty which is anti$arasitic acti6ity. 7hough, there are li1ited data on the ethno-6eterinary
$ro$erty of C. papaya in ru1inant ani1als, the trial on the efficacy of C. papaya as anthel1intic in .A= goats
was in6estigated in this $reli1inary study.

$aterials and methods
Seeds preparation
Seeds were freshly o2tained fro1 ri$e $aw$aw fruits and thoroughly washed with clean water to re1o6e dirt and
to $re6ent 2acterial conta1ination. 7he washed seeds were then sun-dried and su20ected to 1echanical
grounding 1achine to o2tain a $owdery for1. 7o o2tain a li?uid for1, G&g of the $aw$aw seed $owder was
weighed and 1i@ed with +&1l distilled water. 7he co12ination was centrifuged at +& r$1 and the
su$ernatant fluid was carefully filtered 6ia sterile filter $a$ers that were transferred into a conical flas; for
analysis. )ne 1l of the filtrate would 2e e@$ected to contain & 1g of the acti6e su2stance of the $aw$aw seed
$owder.
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-32! "#a$er% ISSN 222&-'3( ")nline%
*ol.4, No.+,, 2+4

3
Experimental animal and design
4orty .A= goats "a6erage +;g>.2&;g 2odyweightF +2 1onths of age as o2ser6ed using dentition 1ethod%
with no history of $rior de wor1ing were used in the e@$eri1ent. 7he goats were housed in indi6idual $ens
which were cleaned and fu1igated 2efore the arri6al of the ani1als. 7he ani1als were allowed to accli1atiCe for
2 wee;s 2efore co11encing the collection of e@$eri1ental data. 7he goats were then co1$letely rando1iCed
into 4 e@$eri1ental grou$s "A% "i.e. I, II, III and I*% consisting of + goatsBtreat1ent. All ani1als were
ade?uately fed and water was $ro6ided ad libitum during the e@$eri1ental $eriod. AI ani1als recei6ed no de
wor1ing 1edication "i.e. control%F AII were treated with thia2endaCole "con6entional anthel1inth drug% at
dosage rate of & 1gB;g 2ody weight $eculiar to .A= goats "Hansen and #erry, +''%F AIII had the $aw$aw
seed e@tracts ad1inistered through their feeds at 31g $er dayF while AI* ani1als where drenched with the
a?ueous crude e@tract at ratio +:+ 1l of water. 4ollowing the accli1atiCation $eriod, 2oth the C. papaya seeds
e@tract and thia2endaCole were ad1inistered for 3 consecuti6e days for the +
st
two wee;s. Si1ilar $rocedure was
re$eated for the 2
nd
two wee;s.
Parasitological analysis
Before anthel1inth treat1ents and after the +
st
and 2
nd
two wee;s of ad1inistering the anthel1inth treat1ents,
the feacal sa1$les of each goat in the e@$eri1ental treat1ents were o2tained and $reser6ed in la2eled sterile
uni6ersal 2ottles for detection of the ;ind of hel1inthes eggs $resent 2y 1eans of flotation techni?ues "Hansen
and #erry, +''%. 7he floatation syste1, which in6ol6ed the use of salted "Na9l% water, was used to deter1ine
the ty$es of hel1inthes $resent in the faecal sa1$les. 7he custo1iCed -c-aster egg-counting techni?ue was
used for ne1atodes counts. In deter1ining flu;e count, the 1odified -c-aster egg-counting techni?ue as used
for ne1atodes counts was engaged, e@ce$t that saturated Cinc sul$hate solution was used for esti1ation of flu;e
egg counts.
Haematological analysis
Before anthel1inth treat1ents and after the +
st
and 2
nd
two wee;s of ad1inistering the anthel1inth treat1ents,
hae1atological $ara1eters were 1easured. 7en 1l syringes and 2&-gauge needles were used to collect 2lood
sa1$les fro1 the 0ugular 6ein of each goat and transferred into suita2ly la2eled /=7A 2ottles. SahliEs techni?ue
was used to deter1ine the hae1oglo2in "H2% concentration. /rythrocytes and leucocytes were counted 1anually
2y 1eans of Neu2auEs 1ethod, i.e. the 1icohae1atocrit 1ethod. .hite 2lood cell differential counts were also
deter1ined.

Statistical anal"sis
All data were su20ected to one-way analysis of 6ariance "AN)*A% using co1$letely rando1iCed design 2y SAS
$ac;age "2% and =uncan 1ulti$le range test was used to se$arate the significance of the treat1ent 1ean
6alues "4ield, 2%.

%esults
Faecal Egg Counts
7he research indicated that all ani1als were loaded with wor1s, starting with Monienza spp, Haemonchus
contortus, Faciola gangitica, Trichostrogylus spp and Strongyloides "Bahra1i et al., 2++%. 9he1ical drug
a$$lication together with C. papaya in $owder and a?ueous for1 resulted to a nota2le decrease of wor1s.
4ollowing the su2se?uent treat1ent, Arou$ II and I* ani1als $erfectly res$onded to treat1ent, 2ut AIII ani1als
were not successfully dewor1ed. 7a2le + indicated significant differences at "$H.+% 2y 1eans of AN)*A
tests.
Haematological analysis
As $resented in 7a2le 2, #9* 1ean 6alues for AI, AII, AIII and AI* ani1als $rior to treat1ents were
+'.>+.2, 22.>+.&, 22.&>+.4 and +'.>.& res$ecti6ely. 7his $ara1eter showed a significant increase
2y the treat1ent. 7he hae1oglo2in 6alues 2efore treat1ent were ,.&>.&, ,.!>.2, ,.!>.4 and ,.3>.,
for AI, AII, AIII and AI* ani1als in that order. 7here was also a nota2le increase fro1 this $ara1eter after
ad1inistration. .ith regard to DB9, the 1ean 6alues for AI, AII, AIII and AI* ani1als ahead of treat1ent were
++.4>.4, +.4>.,, ++.2>.G and ++.4>.& accordingly. 7he DB9 also indicated a significant increase
after ad1inistration si1ilar to first two $ara1eters. Ii;ewise, ly1$hocyte results indicated increase le6els 2ut
eosino$hil 6alues di1inished with drugs a$$lication. In 7a2le 2, co1$aring the hae1atological $ara1etersE
6alues a1ong grou$s with the aid of AN)*A test, the 6ariations were significant at "$H.+% "-c=ougall et al.,
+''+%.
Discussion and conclusion
De1ar;a2le di1inution of hel1inthes was o2ser6ed with $owder and a?ueous e@tract a$$lication in this study.
7he reduction of wor1s was 1ore $ronounced in AI* co1$are to AIII ani1als. Si1ilar results were o2ser6ed
following the su2se?uent ad1inistration. 7his difference 1ay $ro2a2ly 2e due to ina2ility of ani1als to $ic; u$
sufficient acti6e ingredients 2eing ad1inistered in the feed during the first wee;. And the anthel1intic su2stance
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-32! "#a$er% ISSN 222&-'3( ")nline%
*ol.4, No.+,, 2+4

3+
found in C. papaya seeds can 2e $ro2a2ly attri2uted to papain.
4ro1 the results o2tained in this study, $owder and a?ueous e@tracts of C. papaya could 2e suggested
as $otent alternati6e for synthetic anthel1inthic drugs. 7his is therefore a welco1e inno6ation in organic health
care for hel1inthes infestation. Since the seeds of C. papaya fruit are a6aila2le 1ostly all year round with easy
access for e@$loitation in tro$ical areas, therefore, the 1edication e@$enses on anthel1intic would 2e
significantly reduced with su2se?uent increase in total far1 $rofits for far1ers. Howe6er, in addition to the high
content of $rotein and good source of calciu1, 1agnesiu1 and $hos$horus of C. papaya seeds, $resence of high
fat and so1e anti-nutritional factors such as $hytic acid, tannins, try$sin inhi2itors and o@alate ha6e 2een
attri2uted to the seeds "/l-Safy et al., 2+2F /leCuo et al., 2+2%. Because of these secondary 1eta2olites and the
high fat content related with C. papaya seeds, it is necessary to reco11end that 1ore studies should 2e carried
out to e6aluate $ossi2le har1ful effect, nor1al dosage le6el and its cost effecti6eness as anthel1inthic in goats
and other ru1inant s$ecies $rior to glo2al reco11endation for usage in li6estoc; $roduction.

%EFE%E&'ES
Bahra1i, A. -., Ah1ady-As2chin, S., Araash, B., J Ali, I. -. "2++%. Ne1atode Infestation in Aoats and its
/cono1ical 7reat1ent. World Applied Sciences Journal, !"'%, +2,G-+2G3.
/leCuo, 8. )., A;alonu, N. -., J /2oig2e, J. J. "2+2%. /6aluation of the nutrient co1$osition of so1e
uncon6entional feedstuffs. Continental Journal o" Fisheries and A#uatic Science, !"2%.
/l-Safy, 4. S., Sale1, D. H., J A2d /l-Ahany, -. /. "2+2%. 9he1ical and nutritional e6aluation of different
seed flours as no6el sources of $rotein. World Journal o" $airy % Food Sciences, &"+%, &'-,&.
4ield A. "2%. =isco6ering statistics using S#SS for windows standard 6ersion. SAA/ $u2lishers, Iondon,
5nited 8ingdo1. #$: 243-322.
Aeert, S., and =orny,#. "+''&%. Anthel1intic resistance in hel1inthes of ani1als of 1an in the tro$ics. Bulletin-
des-Seances, Acade1ic-Doyale-des'Sciencesd. =utre -er. 3:4+-23.
Ai22s, H. 9. "+'!,%. Hy$o2iosis in $arasitic ne1atodesKan u$date. Ad(. )arasitol, *!, +2'-+G4.
Aoswa1i, S., Nishad, S., Dai, -., -adhesiya, S., -al6iya, A., #andey, #... J Lada6, S." 2+3%. #lant seeds used
for anthel1intic acti6ity: a re6iew.
Hansen, J., J #erry, B. "+''%. The epidemiology, diagnosis and control o" gastro'intestinal parasites o"
ruminants in A"rica. International Ia2oratory for Desearch on Ani1al =iseases.
8u1ar, 7., Ale@ander, A., A0aCuddin, =. =., 8han, J., J Shar1a, -. " 2++%. In6estigation of in 6itro
anthel1intic acti6ity of Bauhinia race1osa Iinn. Journal o" Applied )harmaceutical Science, "2%,
G3-G&.
-c=ougall S, Ie$herd //, S1ith S "+''+%. He1atological and 2ioche1ical references 6alues for graCing
Saanen goats. Aust. *et. J. ,!: 3G-3GG.
-cIeod, D. S. "+''&%. 9osts of 1a0or $arasites to the Australian li6estoc; industries. +nternational Journal "or
)arasitology, *!"++%, +3,3-+3,G.
-uthu1ani, A. =., Anand, A. *., J -ani;andan, D. "2+3%. )riginal Desearch Article Antio@idant,
antihel1intic and anti1icro2ial acti6ity of /u$hor2ia thy1ifolia Iinn whole $lant. +nt. J. Curr.
Microbiol. App. Sci, *"+%, ,,-G'.
);eniyi, J. A., )gunlesi, 7. A., )yela1i, ). A., J Adeye1i, I. A. "2G%. /ffecti6eness of dried 9arica $a$aya
seeds against hu1an intestinal $arasitosis: a $ilot study. Journal o" medicinal "ood, ,"+%, +'4-+',.
S.A.S. "2%. 5serEs guide Statistical Analysis syste1, Inc. 9ary, N.9.
Sangster, N. 9. +'''. Anthel1intic resistance: $ast, $resent and future. +nternational Journal "or )arasitology,
*-"+%, ++&-+24.

Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-32! "#a$er% ISSN 222&-'3( ")nline%
*ol.4, No.+,, 2+4

32
(ale)# Hel1inthsE faecal egg count in e@$eri1ental goats treated with drugB$aw$aw $owder and a?ueous
e@tract
Helminth species (ep*) Groups (G) +efore treatment
,
)
st
)-da"s
,,
.
nd
)-da"s
Monieza spp I 24>+.2 2&&>.! 2&>+.2
II 22>.&
III 24&>.& !>., 3>.4
I* 22&>+.
Haemonchus contortus I +!>., +G&>.& +G!>+.2
II +,>+.&
III +,>.& 4>.& +>.2
I* +&>.,
Fasciola gangitica I !>.& +>.! '&>.&
II '>.,
III G&>.&
I* !>.,
Trichostronglylus spp I +,>.! +G>.& +!>.&
II +,>.2
III +&>.4 4>.4 2>.2
I* +G>.4
Srongyloides spp I !>.+ '>.& +2>.4
II ,&>.&
III '&>., 3>.4
I* '&>+.2
e$g: egg $er gra1 of faecesF
Desults are e@$ressed as 1eans > S/ "Standard error%F
3
+
st
+4days after ad1inistration of drugB$aw$aw $owder and a?ueous e@tractF
33
2
nd
+4days after 2
nd
ad1inistration of drugB$aw$aw $owder and a?ueous e@tract

(ale .# He1atological $ara1eters of e@$eri1ental goats treated with drugB$aw$aw $owder and a?ueous e@tract
+lood Parameters Groups (G) +efore treatment )
st
)-da"s .
nd
)-da"s
#ac; cell 6olu1e "M% I +'.>+.2 +!.&>+.4 +'.+>+.3
II 22.>+.& 33.>+.' 32.>+.2
III 22.&>+.4 3+.>.' 32.>+.'
I* +'.>.& 3.>+.2 3+.>2.2
Hae1oglo2in "gBdl% I ,.&>.& ,.4>.3 ,.3>.2
II ,.!>.2 +.&>.4 '.,>.3
III ,.!>.4 '.!>.4 '.!>.&
I* ,.3>., +.2>.4 '.!>.4
Ded 2lood cell "@ +
,
B11
3
% I ++.4>.4 ++.3>.2 ++.>.&
II +.4>., +&.33>.4& +&.,>.&
III ++.2>.G +3.&>.4 +3.,>+.2
I* ++.4>.& +&.!!>.43 +&.'>+.2
Iy1$hocytes "M% I ,.>., &G.>+. &4.>.&
II ,3.>.4 ,.>.4 &&.>.G
III ,2.>.3 ,.>.3 ,.>.4
I* ,.>.4 ,2.>.4 &!.>.4
/osino$hil "M% I 2.&>+.& 2.3>+., 2.4>+.,
II 2.3>+.2 +.>.& +.4>.G
III 2.&>+.2& .'>.' +.>.'
I* 2.4>+.3 +.+>.' .'>+.2
Desults are e@$ressed as 1eans > S/ "Standard error%F
3
+
st
+4days after ad1inistration of drugB$aw$aw $owder and a?ueous e@tractF
33
2
nd
+4days after 2
nd
ad1inistration of drugB$aw$aw $owder and a?ueous e@tract

'onflict of interest declaration
7he authors declare and confir1 that there are no ;nown conflicts of interest associated with this
$u2lication and there has 2een no significant financial su$$ort for this wor; that could ha6e influenced its
outco1e
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