CHAPTER 4

DATA CLASSIFICATION AND PETROPHYSICAL MODEL

EAST UNITY FIELD
4-1 Eclipse Simulat!
4-1-1 I"t!#ucti"
The Eclipse simulator suite consists of two separators: ECLIPSE100 [specializing in
blac oil mo!eling" an!# ECL1PSE$00 [specializing in compositional mo!eling"#
Eclipse 100 is a full%&implicit' three phases' an! three&!imensional an! general purpose
blac oil simulator with gas con!ensate options# Eclipse$00 is a compositional simulator with
cubic e(uation of slate pressure !epen!ent &)alue an! blac oil flui! treatment# Eclipse$00
can be run in full% implicit *I+PES, an! -!apti)e Implicit mo!es *-I+,#.oth programs
written in */01T1-233,
*4,
#
Input !ata for Eclipse is prepare! in free format using a e%wor! s%stem# -n%
stan!ar! e!itor ma% be use! to prepare the input file#
-n Eclipse !ata input file is split into sections' each of which is intro!uce! b%
e%wor!s an! the% are:
1& 152SPEC: Title' problem !imensions' switches' phases present#
4&

61I7: Specification of geometr% of computational gri! an! properties of roc in
each gri! bloc#
$& P10PS: Tables of properties of reser)oir rocs 8 flui! as functions of flui!
pressure' saturation 8 compositions *!ensit%' )iscosit%' relati)e permeabilit% etc,#
Contains the e(uation of state !escription in compositional run#
9& 1E6I02S: Split computational gri! into regions for calculation of:
P:T properties *flui! !ensities & )iscosities,#
Saturation properties *1elati)e permeabilit% 8 capillar% pressures,#
Initial con!itions *E(uilibrium pressures 8 saturations, flui! in place#
;& S0L5TI02: This section contains sufficient !ata to !efine the initial stale#
<& S5++-1=: Specification of !ata to be written to the summar% file after each
lime step *flow rate' in>ections' pro!uction,
3& SC?E75LE: Specification the operations to be simulate! *pro!uction 8
$@
in>ection controls 8 constrains, & the Times at which output reports are re(uire!#
ECL1PSE100 can be use! to simulate 1' 4' or$ phase s%stems# Two phase options
*oilAwater' oilAgas' an! gasAwater, are sol)e! as two component s%stems sa)ing both
computer storage & computer time# ECLIPSE has the abilit% to control the wells 8
to !eal with a!!itional programs
* 4$,
#
4-1-$ H% Eclipse &!'(
1& /rom B6117' E7ITC sections !ata Eclipse calculate pore )olume' transmissibilit%' !epths
an! 226s:
4&/romD P10PS' 1E6I02S' an! S0L5TI02, sections !ata Eclipse initialize' calculate
initial saturations' pressure an! flui!s in place#
$&/rom *SC?E75LE, section !ata Eclipse !efine wells an! surface facilities an! a!)ance
through time b% material balance for each cell with wells as sins or sources#
Fi)* 4-1( S'etc+ s+%i") +% Eclipse %!'s
* 4 $,
ECLIPSE simulator ha)e special format an! cannot be wor unless the !ata
classifie! as nee!e!# There are E main sections in the software can be summarize! as follows#
90
4-$ Data Classi,icati"
4-$-1 Ru" Speci,icati" Secti" -Ru"spec.
The 152SPEC section is first section of an ECLIPSE !ata input file# It contains the
run title' start !ate' units' an! )arious problem !imension *number of blocs' wells' tables'
etcF, flags for phases or components present an! option switches an! this section must
alwa%s be present#
-T2 fiel! with en! G 7es G 0E& !ata# *abusae!,#
Start !ate of the simulation# *ST-1T,#
In!icates that output files are unifie!# *52I/05T,#
0il G water# *P?-SES,#
Set linear sol)er stac size# *2ST-CH,#
1e(uest it output for run0time monitoring# *+02IT01,#
7isallow non&neighbor connections# *2022C,#
Specif% the gri! !imensions *number of blocs in I' %' z !irection,# *7I+E2S,# Table
9&1 below shows the gri! !imensions use! in this stu!%#
Ta/le 4-1( Dime"si"s , t+e )!i#
J = K
<; 4@ 4$
7imensions for a(uifers *0 0 0 0 1 1EE;, *-L57I+S,# This case stu!% is boun!e! b%
faults so the a(uifer was set to zero# The table below shows the -L5I7I+S that was
use! in the mo!el#
91
Ta/le 4-$( Dime"si"s ,! a0ui,e! #ata
0 The maIimum number of lines of numerical a(uifer !ata
0 The maIimum number of lines of connection !ata of numerical a(uifer !ata
0 The maIimum number of influence tables for Carter& Trac% a(uifers
0 The maIimum number of rows in Carter& Trac% a(uifers#
1 The number of anal%tic a(uifers in a mo!el#
1EE; The maIimum number of gri! blocs connecte! to an% single anal%tic a(uifers#
Set !imensions for regions !ata *< < 0 0, *1E67I+S,# The area of stu!% was !i)i!e!
within < regions with no influI Gsince the area with close! boun!ar%#
Ta/le 4-1( Dime"si"s ,! !e)i" #ata
< The maIimum number of flui! in place#
< The number of sets of flui!&in&place regions#
0 The maIimum number of in!epen!ent reser)oir regions#
0 The maIimum number of fluI regions for the fluI option#
7imensions of e(uilibration tables *< 100 10 1 40A, *ELL7I+S,#
94
Ta/le 4-4( Dime"si"s , e0uili/!ati" ta/les
< The number of e(uilibration regions#
100 The number of !epth no!es in an% tables of P )ersus !epth constructe!
Internall% b% the e(uilibration algorism#
10 The maIimum number of !epth no!es in an% *1S:7' 1::7' P7:7,
Tables entere! in the S0L5TI02 section to !efine the initial
*1s' 1)' Tr' Pb' or P!, )ersus !epth#
1 The maIimum number of tables of *initial tracer concentration, )ersus *!epth,#
40 The maIimum number of !epth no!es in an% tables of *initial tracer
Concentration, )ersus !epth#
Set table !imensions *$ 1 40 40 0A, *T-.7I+S,#
Ta/le 4-2( Set Ta/les Dime"si"s
$ The number of saturation tables#
1 The number of P:T tables#
40 The maIimum number of saturation no!es in an% saturation tables#
40 The maIimum number of presbttle no!es in an% P:T tables#
0 The maIimum number of */LP, regions#
Mell an! group !imensions *4; 41 1 4;A, *MELL7I+S,#
Ta/le 4-3( %ell a"# )!up #ime"si"s
4; The maIimum number of wells in the mo!el#
41 The maIimum number of connections per well *that is the maIimum number of
6ri!s bloc connecte! to an% one well,#
1 The maIimum number of group in the mo!el#
4; The maIimum number of wells in an% one group#
9$
Control on !ebug outputs *7E.56,#
Turn off simulation this e% wor! turns off time step simulation in the sche!ule
section *20SI+,#
4-$-$ 4!i# Secti" -4!i#.
Grid Properties:
This section contains roc properties lie permeabilit% in *J' =' K, !irection' porosit%
an! net thicness F#ec#
Ta/le $-5( 4!i# p!pe!ties -t+is ta/le is 6ust c"tai" t+e 7alue , t+e ,i!st la8e! .
Specifies the net thicness )alue for each gri! bloc *7K2ET,#
0#4; Specifies the gri! bloc porosit% )alues *P010,#
;00m! Specifies the permeabilit% in J !irection )alues *PE1+J,#
;00m! Specifies the permeabilit% in = !irection )alues *PE1+=,#
;00m! Specifies the permeabilit% in K !irection )alues *PE1+K,#
1 Pore )olume multipliers *the )alues specifie! act as multipliers on the pore
:olume calculate! b% pore )olume for each gri!, *+5LTP:,#
Grid Geometry:
6ri! geometr% tals about !epth of gri!s' an! the geometr% of the bloc#
Ta/le 4-9( )!i# )emet!8
& +etrics *61I752IT,#
& 7epths of the top phase of each bloc *T0PS, *Change from cell to anther,#
<00 Size of cells in the K !irection *7K,#
100 Size of cells in the J !irection as )ector *7J:,#
100 Size of cells in the = !irection as )ector *7=:,#
99
Regions number:
/IP region number */IP25+,#
Transmissibilit% multipliers in the K !irection# The )alue specifie! act as multipliers
on the transmissibilit% calculate! b% the program for the NK face of each gri! bloc
*+5LTK,#
4-$-1 P:T Secti"
Since the flui! is oil with a little a mount of !issol)e! gas' one simple P:T table was
use!# Table *9&@, shows water P:T properties *P:TM, for the selecte! area#
Ta/le 4-;( %ate! p!pe!ties
440 bar 1eference pressure OPrefO#
1#0$ rm$Asm$ Mater formation )olume factor at Pref#
9#<4E&;Abar Mater compressibilit%#
0#$9 cp Mater )iscosit%#
1oc compressibilit% *10CH,#
Ta/le 4-1<( Rc' cmp!essi/ilit8
440 bar 1eference pressure#
9#0$&< *bar&1, 1oc compressibilit%
/lui! !ensit% at surface con!ition *7E2SIT=,
9;
Ta/le 4-11( Flui# #e"sit8
E9$#E 0il !ensit%# *g P m
$
,
1000#@ Mater !ensit%# *g P m
$
,
0#@@3 6as !ensities# *g P m
$
,
7ea! oil P:T properties O2o 7issol)e! 6asO *P:70,#
Ta/le 4-1$( Dea# il p!pe!ties
Pressure *bar, /ormation )olume :iscosit% *cp,
/actor *rm$Asm$,
3#< 1#034 $#3$
40E#E 1#0;1 ;
Constant 1s per P:T 1egion *1SC02STT,
Ta/le 4-11( Slu/ilit8 , )as i" il
*4#$4 sm$Asm$, 7issol)e! gas constant O1sO#
*3#< bar, .ubble point pressure#
4-$-4 SCAL Secti"
This !ata is usuall% taen from special core anal%sis laborator%
M-TE1A0IL saturation function *SM0/,# Table 9&19 an! fi(ure 9&4 show the
relationship between relati)e permeabilit% an! water saturation
*49,
#
Ta/le 4-14( Relati7e pe!mea/ilit8 a)ai"st %ate! satu!ati"
9<
S
%
=
!%
=
!
0#$@ 0 1
0#941E 0#00444 0#E$1<4
0#9;$< 0#0039E 0#<3<34
0#9E;9 0#01;4 0#;$;3
0#;134 0#04;1; 0#90@09
0#;9@ 0#0$31< 0#4@3$
0#;E0E 0#0;11$ 0#4011@
0#<14< 0#0<<@< 0#141<1
0#<999 0#0E9;@ 0#0;@E1
0#<3<4 0#10$@; 0#0133E
0#30E 0#14; 0
1 1 0
Fi)* 4-$( Relati7e pe!mea/ilit8 -=
!
> =
!%
. 7s* %ate! satu!ati" -S
%
.
4-$-2 I"itiali?ati" Secti"
93
E(uilibration !ata specification *EL5IL,#
Ta/le 4-12( E0uili/!ati" #ata
Datum #ept+ P!essu!e at #atum #ept+ Oil %ate! c"tact #ept+
4$@0 443#< 4$@0
4-$-3 Re)i" Secti"
6ri!s in regions *ELL25+,
Ta/le 4-13( Num/e!s , )!i#s i" !e)i"s
Re)i"s Num/e! , 4!i#s
1 3;90
4 @94;
$ @94;
9 3;90
; ;<;;
< $330
4-$-5 Sc+e#ule Secti"
The SC?E75LE section specifies the operations to be simulate! *pro!uction an!
In>ection controls an! constraints, an! the times at which output reports are re(uire!#
:ertical flow performance cur)es an! simulator tuning parameters ma% also be
specifie! in the SC?E75LE section#
-ll e%wor!s in this section are optional' eIcept for those necessar% to !efine the
status of the wells' an! the E27 e%wor! which shoul! mar the en! of the sche!uling !ata#
Ta/le 4-15( P!#ucti" i",!mati"
9E
The number of pro!uction wells 1$ wells
The maIimum flow rate in the wells 4;<0 m$A!a%
The minimum flow rate in the wells 40 m$A!a%
4-$-9 Summa!8 Secti"
The S5++-1= section specifies a number of )ariables which are to be written to
summar% files after each time step of the simulation# The graphics post&processor ma% be
use! to !ispla% the )ariation of )ariables in the Summar% files with time an! with each other#
If there is no S5++-1= section' ECLIPSE !oes not create an% Summar% files#
The e% wor!s which ma% be specifie! in the S5++-1= all are optional' an! no
significance attaches to the or!er in which the% are specifie!#
4-1 Pet!p+8sical M#el
In this section the stu!% will tal about the petroph%sical mo!el which represents the
petroph%sical properties of *reser)oir roc, an! *reser)oir flui!, after the% entere! in the
ECLIPSE simulator# The stu!% well taes some eIamples of properties in the peroph%sical#
2ote that there are three la%ers -!' -b an! -c# The main one is -b#
4-1-1 P!sit8
It is the ratio of )oi! spaces or pore )olume to the total bul )olume of the roc
*4,
' the
a)erage porosit% of la%er -a is *1@Q, -b is *$<Q, an! -c is *13Q,# /igures 4#4 an! 4#$ are
showing the !istribution of the porosit% in la%er -b#
Fi)* 4*1( Dist!i/uti" , t+e p!sit8 i" tp -A/.
9@
Fi)* 4*4( Dist!i/uti" , t+e p!sit8 i" /ttm , -A/.*
4-1-$ Pe!mea/ilit8(
The permeabilit% of roc is the !escription of the ease with which flui! can through
the pore structure
*4,
# The a)erage permeabilit% in J !irection at the bottom of -b
approIimatel% *41<9#@ m!, ' The a)erage permeabilit% in % !irection at the top of -b
approIimatel% *41<9#9m!, an! The a)erage permeabilit% in z !irection at the mi!!le of -b
approIimatel% *1E@#9 m!, the !istribution of permeabilit% of permeabilit% in figures bellow#
Fi)* 4*2( Pe!mea/ilit8 i" @ #i!ecti" at /ttm , -A/.
;0
Fi)*4*3( Pe!mea/ilit8 i" 8 #i!ecti" at tp , -A/.
Fi)* 4*5( Pe!mea/ilit8 i" #i!ecti" at mi##le , -A/.
4-1-1 Net t 4!ss Rati(
;1
The net to gross ratio !istribution in the main la%er
*4,
can show as follow:
The a)erage net to gross ratio is *0#30;;,
Fi)* 4*9( T+e "et t )!ss !ati i" Tp , -A/.
Fi)* 4*;( T+e "et t )!ss !ati i" Attm , - A/.
;4