Chapter 1

Learning Objective: Introduce the overall process

Why: We Teach This Process and

Where: Has It Worked
What: Reservoir Types and Lithologies

Value

1
 Integrated Reservoir Analysis

Instructor: Ken Wolgemuth, Ph.D.

NExT – Network of Excellence in Training

November 10-14, 2003

Pau, FRANCE

2
 Network of Excellence in Training

• Commercial Joint-Venture: E&P Training

NExT •
•
150 Short Courses/Programs
University and SLB Instructors
• Computer-Based Training
• Global Presence
Texas A&M University
• Global Presence The University of Oklahoma
Petroleum Engineering Center of Well Engineering, Geoscience /
Excellence Petrophysics Centers of Excellence.

www.next.ie
Heriot-Watt University
Distance Learning in Petroleum Engineering
Center of Excellence

3
 Ken Wolgemuth
7 years American Association of Petroleum Geologists
w Publications Manager for AAPG Bulletin and Books - Tulsa

10 years with Amerada Hess Corp and Consulting

u Supervisor of Formation Evaluation – Tulsa
u Consultant Geologist for Reserves – Tulsa

5 years with Terra Tek and Consulting

w NExT/Schlumberger: Taught Fundamentals of Reservoir Geology more than a
dozen times
w Consulting projects on reservoirs in North Sea, Venezuela, and Yemen
w Senior Scientist – Terra Tek Rock Mechanics Lab – Salt Lake City

Academics
w Columbia University, New York Geochemistry Degrees
w Dickinson College, Pennsylvania Prof. Of Geology
w Bahia Federal University, Brazil Visiting Prof. Of Geochemistry

4
 vFigure 1 gives a summary of technical
topics that go into an
Integrated Reservoir Analysis.

Figure 1A
Reservoir Characterization / Petrophysical Integration Process

Stage 1
Regional Structural Core Description Depositional Depositional
Geology Geology Process Environment Stratigraphy

Provenance, Stress Depositional Sequence,

Regime Architecture
Closure Genetic Units Flow Regime Facies Distribution

17 Sd

21 Sd 20 Sd
IMM 9

22 Sd

22
23 Sd Sd

5
 Figure 1B
Petrophysical Integration Process

Lithofacies Rock & Pore Types Fluids Stage 2

Capillarity, NMR, Relative Permeability
Depositional Petrology, Mineralogy, Porosity, Permeability,
Pore Sizes, Saturations, Recovery Factor, PVT
Architecture Diagenesis, Porosity Pore size distribution
Fluid Column Heights Fractional Flow
. .. ... A
Facies C
B C
Swi

. ..... . B
Sor
Pore

or Height
Pressure
Swi

Core Perm
. .
Sizes
.
.. .. .. ..

. ..... C..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
Facies B A
.. .. .. .. A
.. .. .. ..
Facies A A B C
Core Porosity Non-wetting Saturation Sw

Formation Evaluation Reservoir Compartments & Flow Units

Well Log Models Lithology, Porosity,
Pressures, Stage 3
Fluid Density, Storage Flow Delivery Modified Lorenz,
Lithology, Porosity Fluid Sat’n, Net Pay Fluid Contacts Capacity Capacity Speed Storage & Flow Capacity
Resistivity
C Gr Sw
∗ C

% Cum. KH
* ****** ∗∗
ne
Density

o
Depth

Depth
st
* an
d

*** * * C
S

**
Li
m
es
to
ne

**
B ∗∗ B B
e
it

A
o m
ol
D

A Water ∗∗
∗
A
Neutron Pressure %PhiH %KH K/Phi(1-Sw) % Cum. BVHC

Seismic Production Data Reservoir & Geostatistics Reservoir

Models Fetkovich Models Management Stage 4
Amplitudes, AVO,
Press. Transient, Type Curves Performance
Coherency, Vp/Vs
Permeability, Volume in-place, Simulation, Porosity, Perm, EOR sweep, Well & Field
3D Volume Reservoir Limits Permeability GCOMP, GAS3D Pay Distribution by -passed pay Performance

A
B
* * *
* *
*
... ... .. Oil
Pressure

Horizon Slices B A
Rate

B Gas
Attribute Maps C
C
* C
C Water

Pay Maps Performance Maps

Time Time Time
10/19/97 11 96orient. ppt

6
 Petrophysical Integration Process
• Summary of the basics of petroleum geoscience to integrate all
data for engineering implementation
• Method is to integrate geological understanding:
– Lithofacies
– Rock and Pore types
– Fluids
– Formation Evaluation
– Reservoir Compartments & Flow Units
– Seismic Models
– Production Data
– Reservoir & Geostatistics Models
• TO: Reservoir Management

7
 Cross Discipline Integrated Solutions

FIGURE 1B
Effective Teams Know the Role
Petrophysical Integration Process Model
of All the Players: Lithofacies Rock & Pore Types Fluids
Capillarity, NMR, Relative Permeability
• Management Depositional
Architecture
Petrology, Mineralogy,
Diagenesis, Porosity
Porosity, Permeability,
Pore size distribution
Pore Sizes, Saturations,
Fluid Column Heights
Recovery Factor, PVT
Fractional Flow
Facies C . .. ... A Swi C
..
Sor
Pore

Pressure
..... ..... B

or Height
Swi
B
• Technical Experts

Core Perm
.. .. .. .. Sizes

...... C
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
Facies B A
.. .. .. .. A
.. .. .. ..
Facies A A B C
– Reservoir simulation Core Porosity Non-wetting Saturation Sw

engineers Formation Evaluation Reservoir Compartments & Flow Units

Pressures,
Well Log Models Lithology, Porosity,
– Geophysical processors Lithology, Porosity
Resistivity
Fluid Sat’n, Net Pay
Fluid Density,
Fluid Contacts
Storage Flow Delivery
Capacity Capacity Speed
Modified Lorenz,
Storage & Flow Capacity

C Gr Sw
∗ C

% Cum. KH
– Paleontologists * ******* ne

∗∗

Depth

Depth
Density sto
nd

*** * *
**
Sa
ne
B ∗∗ B C
Lim
es
to
** ite
B
• Business Problem
m
Do
lo

A ∗∗∗ A A
Water ∗
Neutron
Solutions Pressure %PhiH %KH K/Phi(1-Sw) % Cum. BVHC

Seismic Production Data Reservoir & Geostatistics Reservoir

– Petroleum engineers Models Fetkovich Models Management
Amplitudes, AVO,
Press. Transient, Type Curves Performance
Coherency, Vp/Vs
– Process engineers 3D Volume
Permeability,
Reservoir Limits
Volume in- place,
Permeability
Simulation,
GCOMP, GAS3D
Porosity, Perm,
Pay Distribution
EOR sweep,
by-passed pay
Well & Field
Performance

– Development geologist Horizon Slices

A
B
* * *
*
*
* A
... ... .. Oil
Pressure

Rate
B Gas
Attribute Maps C * C Water

– Commercial department 10/19/97 11

11 96orient.ppt
96orient.ppt
Time Time Time
Pay Maps Performance Maps

• Service Providers
A technical stage-gate process
8
 Ask Questions
• I prefer to have a course where there
is regular interaction between the
attendees and me as the instructor.
• If you do not understand something:

• ASK Questions!

9
Reservoir Visualization

10
 Reservoir Life Cycle and
Business Value
Exploration Appraisal Development Maturity

Maximize Production
Economically
Maximize

+
Accelerate Recovery
Production Economically
Cash Flow

Time

Minimize Defer
Minimize Operating Abandonment
Capital Expense
− Expense
Optimized Development Traditional Development

11
Recovery Efficiency by Depositional System

Depositional System
Wave-dominated Deltaic
Barrier Strandplain
Fluvial Deltaic
Wave-Modified Deltaic
Fluvial
Fluvial Deltaic Clastic
Back-Barrier Strandplain
Deltaic
Mud-Rich Submarine Fan
Atoll-Pinnacle Reef
Platform Margin
Open Shelf-Ramp
Cretaceous Restricted Platform
Carbonate
Karst-Modified Open Shelf-Ramp
Platform Margin
Paleozoic Restricted Platform
Unconformity Related
0 20 40 60 80 100
(modifed from Tyler, 1984) Average Recovery Efficiency (Percent)
12
 Prudhoe Bay, 2001

13
© NExT all rights reserved
 Prudhoe Bay Field
1969 Map

14
© NExT all rights reserved
BT012300.ppt page 2 HAB Image: BT0123 B.jpg

15
 Prudhoe Bay Field
Discovery 1968 Arco Sohio
First Production 1977
Initial Recovery Estimate 9.6 BSTB
Maximum Production Rate 1.6 MMSTB/Day
Estimated Start of Decline 1989
1997 Recovery Estimate 13 BSTB
Gas Cap 30TCF
Reservoir High quality sandstone with
discontinuous shales
Drive Mechanism Gravity, Gas Gap
expansion, solution gas
16
© NExT all rights reserved
 Prudhoe Bay
Enhanced value and field production due to technology
and improved reservoir understanding.

• Better 3D Seismic • Gas Injection (Cycling)

• Reservoir Models/Modeling • Miscible Gas EOR

• 3X number of wells • New Zones/Satellite Fields

• Horizontal/multilateral wells • Re-Perforations

• Coiled Tubing • Formation Damage

Mitigation
• Water Flood
17
© NExT all rights reserved
 Prudhoe Bay Maturity

(Original in 1977) (1997 Estimate)

18
© NExT all rights reserved
 Prudhoe Bay Field, Alaska

OOIP 22 Billion Barrels

Estimate of
Ultimate Recovery
in
In 1978 9.6 Billion Barrels (Rf
(Rf = 44%)

In 1997 13.0 Billion Barrels (Rf

(Rf = 59%)

NOTE: 38% more oil to be produced due to

improved geological understanding and
improved technology

19
 Reservoir Life Cycle and
Business Value
Exploration Appraisal Development Maturity

Maximize Production
Economically
Maximize

+
Accelerate Recovery
Production Economically
Cash Flow

Time

Minimize Defer
Minimize Operating Abandonment
Capital Expense
− Expense
Optimized Development Traditional Development

20
 Prudhoe Bay 2001
• Largest owners BP, Phillips

• North Slope Network of Fields

• Oil in Place 50 BSTB
• Gas 50 TCF

• Market Gas
• Gas Liquification
• Pipeline

• Increase Production

• Coiled Tubing Drilling Standard

• Viscous Crude Recovery 21

© NExT all rights reserved
Recovery Efficiency by Depositional System

Depositional System
Wave-dominated Deltaic
Barrier Strandplain
Fluvial Deltaic
Wave-Modified Deltaic
Fluvial
Fluvial Deltaic Clastic
Back-Barrier Strandplain
Deltaic
Mud-Rich Submarine Fan
Atoll-Pinnacle Reef
Platform Margin
Open Shelf-Ramp
Cretaceous Restricted Platform
Carbonate
Karst-Modified Open Shelf-Ramp
Platform Margin
Paleozoic Restricted Platform
Unconformity Related
0 20 40 60 80 100
(modifed from Tyler, 1984) Average Recovery Efficiency (Percent)
22
 Director: NExT Subsurface
Integration Program
Gary W. Gunter – Experience 24 Years
Amoco Production Company
Reservoir Engineer – Waterflood Developments
- Low Perm. Gas Reservoirs
- Enhanced Oil Recovery
Amoco Production Research – Gas Reservoir Research
- Participant Intense Petrophysics
- Director Petrophysics Operations
BP – Consulting Petrophysicist
NExT – Schlumberger (Director of NSIP/Petrophysics)
Coached/Mentored/Completed – Over 100 Field Studies

Awards – Distinguished Lecturer SPWLA – 2000

- Best Poster International SPWLA – 1999
- Runner-up Best Paper SPWLA 1999 and 1994

Clients – PDVSA, Ecopetrol, AEC, Trinidad MOE, BP – Exploration,

BP Upstream Technology, Petronas, ONGC, NEXEN and PEMEX

23
 Objective Number 1

Understanding Your Expectations:

24
 Group Discussion One
Participant Introductions:
Name:
Experience:
Background:
Position:
What are your expectations for the week?
What will make this week a success?
What one new skill do you want to learn?

25
 Team Exercise

Exercise Objectives:
– Develop an evaluation plan
– Discuss your initial observations
– List your risks and uncertainties

26
 Team Exercise 1
(Your situation: You are part of a peer
review team and you are expected to deliver
a plan….)
• Mature gas field that the lower main pay zone is nearing
depletion.
• Continuous core taken in 15 wells in a secondary pay zone
• Evaluate that a well can deliver a given hurdle rate and remain
on production plateau for a specific period of time:
– Target production rate per well: 10 MMCFD
– Target sections of secondary zone with permeabilities less
than 1 mD
– Production Duration: 7 years
– You have 48 hrs to make an initial assessment and prepare
a recommendation
– Please break into teams and present a plan
27
 Well Data

• Offshore § Continuous Core

• Zone (Top = 3,755 m <12,300 ft>, § Core porosity, permeability, grain
h = 108 m <350 ft>) density
• Formation: sand and siltstone § OBM core water saturations
– Gravity flows, fan delta, § Detailed facies analysis
– upper and lower shoreface § No logs/no depositional maps
• Gas Gravity: 0.58
• Drainage Area: 320 acres
• NMS:
– Initial: 1500 psi
– Abandon: 4500 psi
• Sw: 25% to 45%

28
 Target Zone Data

Key Well Legacy Porosity and Permeability

Upper shoreface Lower shoreface Gravity Sediment Flow

1000

100
Permeabilility (mD)

10

0.1

0.01
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Porosity (dec)

29
Target Zone Team Exercise 1
Porosity Permeability Facies

0 5 10 15 20 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

3740 3740 3740

3760 3760 3760

Facies:
1. Upper
shoreface
3780 3780 3780

3800 3800 3800

4. Lower
shoreface
3820 3820 3820 5. Gravity
sediment
3840 3840 3840

flow
3860 3860 3860

3880 3880 3880

30
 Exercise 1
Our Suggested Solution

Using Petrophysics
“QuickScan” A Method you
Will learn this week

31
 Team Exercise 1
(What will you be able to do
at the end of the week….)
• Mature gas field that the lower main pay zone is nearing
depletion.
• Continuous core taken in 15 wells in a secondary pay zone
• Evaluate that a well can deliver a given hurdle rate and remain
on production plateau for a specific period of time:
– Target production rate per well: 5 to 10 MMCFD
– Target sections of secondary zone with permeabilities less
than 1 mD
– Production Duration: 7 years
– You have 48 hrs to make an initial assessment and prepare
a recommendation
– Please break into teams and present a plan
32
 Key Well
Dataset
.01 Microns
Winland Model PER-POR
.1 Microns
Rock Type 1
1000 .5 Microns
2. Microns
10. Microns
30. Microns
100
FACIES 1, Fan
LSF
FACIES 4, USF
USF
FACIES 5, LSF
GF
Rock Type 2
10 Rock Type 3
PERM

Rock Type 4
0.1

0.01
0 2 4 6 8 POR 10 12 14 16 18 20

33
 Strip Charts – Quick Scan Evaluation

Porosity Permeability Facies k/phi ratio Rock Type

0 5 10 15 20 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0 1 2 3 4 5

3740 3740 3740 3740 3740

3760 3760 3760 3760 3760

3780 3780 3780 3780 3780

3800 3800 3800 3800 3800

3820 3820 3820 3820 3820

3840 3840 3840 3840 3840

3860 3860 3860 3860 3860

3880 3880 3880 3880 3880

34
 Flow Units SMLP
Quick Scan Evaluation
Stratigraphic Modified Lorenz Plots
Stratigraphic Modified Lorenz Plot
Cumulative Flow Capacity

1
0.9
0.8
0.7 •Stratigraphic Modified
0.6 Lorenz Plot:
0.5
0.4
- Inter-relationship between
0.3 Flow & Storage Capacities
0.2 - Indicates 11 flow units
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Cumulative Storage Capacity

Stratigraphic Modified Lorenz Plots

Storage & Flow Capacity vs Depth

1 1
% Storage Capacity

0.9 0.9

% Flow Capacity
% Storage Capacity • Storage Capacity:
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7 - Evenly distributed
0.6
% Flow Capacity 0.6
0.5 0.5
• Flow Capacity:
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3 - High degree of
0.2 0.2 heterogeneity
0.1 0.1
0 0
3740 3760 3780 3800 3820 3840 3860 3880
Depth
35
 Intrinsic Property Summary

Rock φ K H Sw
Type (%) (mD) (m) (%)
1 18 380 5 35 RT Distribution

2 15 62 2 35 4% 2% 9%

3 9 1 1 35
RT 1
RT 2
4 9 0.2 93 35 85%
RT 3
RT 4

R35 Ranges: RT 1: > 10

RT 2: 2.0-10
RT 3: 0.5-2.0
RT 4: < 0.5

36
 Confirmed Rock Types
with new high quality core measurements
.01 Microns
.1 Microns Winland Model PER-POR
.5 Microns Rock Type 1
1000
2. Microns
10. Microns
30. Microns
FACIES 1, Fan
100 FACIES 4, USF
FACIES 5, LSF
Coherent Plugs

Rock Type 3 Rock Type 2

10
PERM

Rock Type 4
0.1

0.01
0 2 4 6 8 POR 10 12 14 16 18 20

37
 Intrinsic Property Comparison
Initial Plug Analysis Coherent Plug Analysis
Rock φ K Rock φ K
Type (%) (mD) Type (%) (mD)
1 18 380 1 15 272

2 15 62 2 NA NA

3 9 1 3 13 7

4 9 0.2 4 9 0.2

38
 GAS Model Scoping Simulations

10 MM
RT 4

MMSCFD
85% S=0
φ=9% 320 acres S=-3

Q
320 acres
K=0.2 mD S=0
620 acres S=-3
H=93 m 620 acres
Sw=35%
2y 3y 4y 7y
TIME

RT 1 10 MM
MMSCFD

4% S=0
φ=18% 320 acres
Q

K=380 mD
H=5 m
Sw=35%
1.5y TIME
39
Stress Dependence

•K range, 0.1 to 1.0 mD:

-Rapid reduction in k as NMS
increases, Rock Type 4

•K range, < 0.1 mD:

-Rapid reduction in k as NMS
increases, Rock Type 4

Note: Little effect at k > 1.0 mD

40
 Recommendation

• Perform complete core analysis on additional 7 samples in

selected rock types, re-run simulator
• Verify rock types with log calculations and run a capillary
model
• Evaluate in-situ stress
• Evaluate if hurdle rate or plateau can be reduced
• Evaluate with full 3-D simulation with and without crossflow
• Evaluate if NMR would improve log based permeability
estimates
• 3-D Seismic: Verification of reservoir geometry
• Evaluate well design and completion sensitivities
• Consider a full 3-D multi-well simulation with flow units

41
 The WHY: Pore Geometries, Rock Types
and Flow Units….The rocks truth or not????

Petrophysical Integration Process Model

Lithofacies Rock & Pore Types Fluids
Capillarity, NMR, Relative Permeability
Depositional Petrology, Mineralogy, Porosity, Permeability,
Pore Sizes, Saturations, Recovery Factor, PVT
Architecture Diagenesis, Porosity Pore size distribution
Fluid Column Heights Fractional Flow
. .. ... A
B C
Facies C Swi Sor
....
Pore

Pressure
or Height
Swi
.

Core Perm
.. .. ..
.. .. .. .. Sizes
. B
...... C
.. ..
.. .. ..
.. ..
.. ..
Facies B A
.. .. .. .. A
.. .. .. ..
Facies A A B C
Core Porosity Non-wetting Saturation Sw

Formation Evaluation Reservoir Compartments & Flow Units

Pressures,
Well Log Models Lithology, Porosity, Storage Flow Delivery
Fluid Density, Modified Lorenz,
Lithology, Porosity Fluid Sat’n, Net Pay Fluid Contacts Capacity Capacity Speed Storage & Flow Capacity
Resistivity
C Gr Sw
∗ C

% Cum. KH
* ******* ne ∗
∗
o Depth

Depth
st
Density

n d
** * Sa

C
*** * **
Li
m
es
to
ne
B ∗∗ B B
ite
m
Do
lo

A Water ∗∗ A A
∗
Neutron %PhiH %KH K/Phi(1 -Sw) % Cum. BVHC
Pressure

Seismic Production Data Reservoir & Geostatistics Reservoir

Models Fetkovich Models Management
Amplitudes, AVO,
Press. Transient, Type Curves Performance
Coherency, Vp/Vs
Permeability, Volume in-place, Simulation, Porosity, Perm, EOR sweep, Well & Field
3D Volume Reservoir Limits Permeability GCOMP, GAS3D Pay Distribution by-passed pay Performance

Horizon Slices
A
A
B
* * *
* *
*
... ... .. Oil
Pressure

A
Rate

B Gas

Attribute Maps C
C
* C
C Water

Pay Maps Performance Maps

Time Time Time
10/19/97 11 96orient.
96orient.ppt
ppt

42
 Why and Where:
Success with Reservoir Types

Fractured
Reservoirs
Gas Systems
Low Resistivity & Condensates

Unconsolidated Rock Types & Carbonates

Sands
Flow Units
Tight Formation
Mixed Lithology Gas
Advanced
Recovery

43
 Success starts with project
management & planning

• Integration includes communicating risk and

uncertainty associated with a proposed solution
• Applying a “business” process that has
accountability and stage gates
• “Front-end” loading data and evaluation
approach
• Iterative Solutions/Techniques
ü Quick Scan Evaluations
ü Well appraisals
ü Volumetric studies
ü Reservoir characterization descriptions
ü Petrophysics/Seismic/Reservoir/Geology
ü Formation damage and completion
designs

Communicating Arts
 Group Discussion – Chapter 1:
How Do You Define Integration
Define: Integration
• Engineers – Drilling/Logistics/Contractors/Time & cost management
• Geophysicist – Acquisition/processing/interpretation
• Reservoir Engineers – Economics/Auditors/Fluid Properties
• Carbonate Sedimentologist – Paleo/Structural/Sequence strat/Geophy
• Software – Geoframe/Landmark/Dynamic Graphics/
• Integrated Asset Teams – Production manager/Senior VP/Field Opers

Our Definition of Integration:

“Integration is the thought process used to provide a
business solution to a reservoir issue by applying a
common mindset to using appropriate resources
(people, disciplines and software tools) within a given
time frame that is acceptable to management”
45
 Group Discussion Exercise

Assume you are working in an integrated asset team.

The following list summarizes the skills needed for reservoir

Characterization and management.

Please identify at least 12 skills that are not included.

Please note that for effective reservoir characterization it is necessary

To have access to many of these skills to fill technology gaps or
To provide special input. From a network standpoint you may want
To build your own list…..of contacts…. (start within your organization
And then expand…..)

From a risk standpoint…”What is the cost of not knowing……?”

46
Network of Experts – Subsurface Integration
An example short list includes…….

• Basin Modeling & migration

• Geochemistry
• Tectonics/Historical Geology
• Structural Geology
• Sedimentology
• Exploration geologist
• Exploitation geologist
• Petrology-mineralogy
• Sequence Stratigraphy
• Petrophysics
• Stratigraphy
• Seismic data acquisition
• Seismic data processing/imaging
• Seismic interpretation
• Simulation specialist
• Petroleum engineers
• Facilities engineers
• Formation Evaluation Specialist

47
 Network of Experts – Subsurface Integration
Some answers for more expertise…….
Some Answers:
• Bio-Stratigraphy
• Paleontology
• Tectonics/Historical Geology
• Structural Geology
• Sedimentology
• Lithochemistry
• Elastic rock properties
• Petroleum fluids & Brines
specialist
• Cased hole - PLT loggers
• Mud loggers
• Core analysts
• Drilling hydraulics engineers
• Completion engineers
• Reservoir engineers
• Pore pressure prediction
• HC fluid properties
Some More answers:
• Commercial/business
• Risk specialist
• Geostatistics
• Brine Chemistry
• Geo-mechanics/rock
strength
• Structural Engineers
• Environmental Impact
• Clay mineralogist
• Carbonate sedimentologist
• Eolian sedimentologist
• Cementing engineers
• Fracturing engineers
• Perforating engineers
• Well Testing specialist
48
 From an Integration Standpoint…..
What are the key issues that must be
Considered in an integrated exploration program

A key question that you should ask

Is how will one of these parameters
Effect the risk of the prospect?

The solution should transcend disciplines and be reservoir focused….

49
 From an Integration Standpoint…..
What are the key issues that must be
Considered in an integrated exploration program
Answers:
•Trap/Seal
•Hydrocarbon Source
•Lithology
•Depositional environment
•Areal extend
•Internal geometry
•Volumetrics
•Additional potential and targets
•Reservoir Drive
•Compartmentalization
•Reservoir fluid type
A key question that you should ask
•Economics/Regulatory Issues
Is how will one of these parameters
•Rates/Recovery estimates
Effect the risk of the prospect?
•Formation damage

The solution should transcend disciplines and be reservoir focused….

50
 Definition of Facies

FACIES - from the Latin word facia implying the external

appearance or look of something.

Some distinguishing physical aspect of a rock. Typically used

as a building block to interpret a depositional system:

Examples:
Lithofacies - based on lithology (sandstones, siltstones etc)
Microfacies - based on micro fabric
Ichnofacies - based on burrow forms
Electrofacies - based on electric log responses
Seismicfacies - based on velocity response

51
 Definition of Petrophysical Rock Type
A unit of rock deposited under similar conditions and
experienced similar diagenetic processes which results in a
unique : (a tight cluster of capillary pressure responses)

• porosity-permeability relationship
• related pore geometry from capillary pressure profile
and pore size distribution
• water saturation for a given height above free water in
a reservoir
• rock types should be a product of core analysis and
formation evaluation

Archie, 1950 (modified by GWG 1999)

52
 Other Key Terms

Lithologic properties - grain size, shape, and sorting.

In carbonates crystal size and vug type (stress sensitive)

Consolidation - compaction and cementation (stress sensitive)

Pore space properties -

pores (pore bodies) - voids within rock
porosity - fraction of a rocks bulk volume occupied by pores
space
pore throats - small openings between grain contacts that
connect pores
permeability - the capacity of a rock to transmit a fluid
when a pressure drop is applied

53
 Definition of Flow Units
Flow units - the inter-relationship of flow capacity to
storage capacity of the unit that relates
directly to reservoir flow

Key features:
Each flow unit may contain several rock types
Each flow unit must be in stratigraphic continuous
at the wellbore
Flow units are not “layer cakes”
Flow units can have a strong relationship to pore
geometries and rock types
Flow units require integration of pressure data and
production information
Flow predictions require relative permeability information
54
Exercise: Please list what parameters are
Needed to describe a grid-cell for a typical
“black oil reservoir simulator”?

KEY: ISSUE what is the

Quality of the production
Data….?

55
Exercise: Please list what parameters are
Needed to describe a grid-cell for a typical
“black oil reservoir simulator”?
Answers:
•Porosity as a function of stress
•Permeability (X,Y,Z) as a function of stress
•Rock Compressibility
•Hydrocarbon and brine fluid properties
•Initial Fluid Saturations Distributions
•Initial Reservoir Pressure & Well Press.
•Drainage/Imbibition relative permeability
•Residual saturations
•Implied wettability
•Capillary pressure curves
•Physical dimensions
KEY: ISSUE what is the •Depth
Quality of the production •Thickness
Data….? •Dip
•Well Control Volumes and Rates
•Value for Maximum Material Balance Error

56
 Key references for Chapter 1 through 4

• SPE Integrated Reservoir Analysis – East Texas –

Newsham and Pharr - 2001
• SPE Petrophysical Integration Process –
Gunter, Finneran and Pinch - 1997
• AAPG Rock Types – Hartmann etal – Gameboard AAPG 1999
• AAPG Old Oil New Places – R.M. Sneider - 2000
• EPTC Nile Delta – Case Study – Freeman-Gunter - 1998
• AAPG Cherry Canyon – Case Study – Dave Spain – 1994
• RMPG Pore Geometry – Hartmann et al

57
Caspian Sea “H” Field Case
Study

58
 Network of Experts – Subsurface Integration
Some answers for more expertise…….
Some Answers:
• Bio-Stratigraphy
• Paleontology
• Tectonics/Historical Geology
• Structural Geology
• Sedimentology
• Lithochemistry
• Elastic rock properties
• Petroleum fluids & Brines
specialist
• Cased hole - PLT loggers
• Mud loggers
• Core analysts
• Drilling hydraulics engineers
• Completion engineers
• Reservoir engineers
• Pore pressure prediction
• HC fluid properties
Some More answers:
• Commercial/business
• Risk specialist
• Geostatistics
• Brine Chemistry
• Geo-mechanics/rock
strength
• Structural Engineers
• Environmental Impact
• Clay mineralogist
• Carbonate sedimentologist
• Eolian sedimentologist
• Cementing engineers
• Fracturing engineers
• Perforating engineers
• Well Testing specialist
59
 From an Integration Standpoint…..
What are the key issues that must be
Considered in an integrated exploration program
Answers:
•Trap/Seal
•Hydrocarbon Source
•Lithology
•Depositional environment
•Areal extend
•Internal geometry
•Volumetrics
•Additional potential and targets
•Reservoir Drive
•Compartmentalization
•Reservoir fluid type
A key question that you should ask
•Economics/Regulatory Issues
Is how will one of these parameters
•Rates/Recovery estimates
Effect the risk of the prospect?
•Formation damage

The solution should transcend disciplines and be reservoir focused….

60
Exercise: Please list what parameters are
Needed to describe a grid-cell for a typical
“black oil reservoir simulator”?
Answers:
•Porosity as a function of stress
•Permeability (X,Y,Z) as a function of stress
•Rock Compressibility
•Hydrocarbon and brine fluid properties
•Initial Fluid Saturations Distributions
•Initial Reservoir Pressure & Well Press.
•Drainage/Imbibition relative permeability
•Residual saturations
•Implied wettability
•Capillary pressure curves
•Physical dimensions
KEY: ISSUE what is the •Depth
Quality of the production •Thickness
Data….? •Dip
•Well Control Volumes and Rates
•Value for Maximum Material Balance Error

61
Define NMS after slide 28

62