Ebola Virus - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

8/20/2014 Ebola virus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_virus 1/9
Species Zaire ebolavirus
Virus classification
Group: Group V ((-)ssRNA)
Order: Mononegavirales
Family: Filoviridae
Genus: Ebolavirus
Species: Zaire ebolavirus
Member virus (Abbreviation)
Ebola virus (EBOV)
Ebola virus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ebola virus (EBOV, formerly designated Zaire ebolavirus) is the sole
member of the Zaire ebolavirus species, and the most dangerous of the
five known viruses within the genus Ebolavirus.
[1]
Four of the five known
ebolaviruses cause a severe and often fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans
and other primates, known as Ebola virus disease. The virus and its
species were both originally named for Zaire (now the Democratic
Republic of Congo), the country where it was first described,
[1]
and was
at first suspected to be a new "strain" of the closely related Marburg
virus;
[2][3]
the virus (but not its species) was renamed to "Ebola virus" in
2010 to avoid confusion. The species is a virological taxon species
included in the genus Ebolavirus, family Filoviridae (whose members
are called Filovirus
[4]
), order Mononegavirales.
[1]
The Zaire ebolavirus
species is also the type species (reference or example species) for
ebolavirus. Its natural reservoir is believed to be bats, particularly fruit
bats, and it is primarily transmitted between humans and from animals to
humans, through body fluids.
The EBOV genome is approximately 19,000 base pairs long. It encodes
seven structural proteins: nucleoprotein (NP), polymerase cofactor
(VP35), (VP40), GP, transcription activator (VP30), VP24, and RNA
polymerase (L).
[5]
The Ebola Virus genetics is difficult to study due to the
virulent nature of the virus.
Because of its high mortality rate, EBOV is also listed a select agent,
World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogen (requiring Biosafety
Level 4-equivalent containment), a U.S. National Institutes of
Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Category A
Priority Pathogen, U.S. CDC Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention Category A Bioterrorism Agent, and listed as a Biological
Agent for Export Control by the Australia Group.
SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DISINFECTANTS: Ebola virus is susceptible
to sodium hypochlorite, lipid solvents, phenolic disinfectants, peracetic acid, methyl alcohol, ether, sodium
deoxycholate, 2% glutaraldehyde, 0.25% Triton X-100, -propiolactone, 3% acetic acid (pH 2.5), formaldehyde
and paraformaldehyde, and detergents such as SDS (20, 21, 31-34). PHYSICAL INACTIVATION: Ebola are
moderately sensitive to heat and can be inactivated by heating for 30 minutes to 60 minutes at 60 C, boiling for 5
minutes, gamma irradiation (1.2 x106 rads to 1.27 x106 rads), and/or UV radiation (3, 6, 20, 32, 33).
SURVIVAL OUTSIDE HOST: The virus can survive in liquid or dried material for a number of days
[6]
Lipid
solvents are substances dissolving oil and fat, and includes soap and alkaline substances like ash (pH 9.5-12 when
new and dry). Clean ash is in some countries promoted as a cheap alternative to soap for handwashing, but may
dissolve too much lipids from the skin too, if oil is not applied after washing. Ash could be used on handles and
toilet floors, entrances to houses,and is used for dishwashing.
[7]
Phylogenetic tree comparing the Ebolavirus and
Marburgvirus. Numbers indicate percent confidence
of branches.
Contents
1 Structure
2 Genome
3 Entry
4 Replication
5 Ecology
6 Ebola virus disease
7 History
7.1 Previous names
8 Species inclusion criteria
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Structure
EBOV carries a negative-sense RNA genome in virions that are cylindrical/tubular, and contain viral envelope,
matrix, and nucleocapsid components. The overall cylinders are generally approx. 80 nm in diameter, and having a
virally encoded glycoprotein (GP) projecting as 7-10 nm long spikes from its lipid bilayer surface.
[8]
The cylinders
are of variable length, typically 800 nm, but sometimes up to 1000 nm long. The outer viral envelope of the virion is
derived by budding from domains of host cell membrane into which the GP spikes have been inserted during their
biosynthesis. Individual GP molecules appear with spacings of about 10 nm. Viral proteins VP40 and VP24 are
located between the envelope and the nucleocapsid (see following), in the matrix space.
[9]
At the center of the
virion structure is the nucleocapsid, which is composed of a series of viral proteins attached to a 1819 kb linear,
negative-sense RNA without 3-polyadenylation or 5-capping (see following); the RNA is helically wound and
complexed with the NP, VP35, VP30, and L proteins;
[10]
this helix has a diameter of 80 nm and contains a central
channel of 2030 nm in diameter.
The overall shape of the virions after purification and visualization (e.g., by ultracentrifugation and electron
microscopy, respectively) varies considerably; simple cylinders are far less prevalent than structures showing
reversed direction, branches, and loops (i.e., U-, shepherd's crook-, 9- or eye bolt-shapes, or other or
circular/coiled appearances), the origin of which may be in the laboratory techniques applied.
[11]
The characteristic
"threadlike" structure is, however, a more general morphologic characteristic of filoviruses (alongside their GP-
decorated viral envelope, RNA nucleocapsid, etc.).
[11]
Genome
Each virion contains one molecule of linear, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA, 18,959 to 18,961 nucleotides in
length. The 3 terminus is not polyadenylated and the 5 end is not capped. It was found that 472 nucleotides from
the 3' end and 731 nucleotides from the 5' end are sufficient for replication.
[11]
It codes for seven structural proteins
and one non-structural protein. The gene order is 3 leader NP VP35 VP40 GP/sGP VP30 VP24
L trailer 5; with the leader and trailer being non-transcribed regions, which carry important signals to control
transcription, replication, and packaging of the viral genomes into new virions. The genomic material by itself is not
infectious, because viral proteins, among them the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, are necessary to transcribe
the viral genome into mRNAs because it is a negative sense RNA virus, as well as for replication of the viral
genome. Sections of the NP and the L genes from filoviruses have been identified as endogenous in the genomes of
several groups of small mammals.
[12]
Entry
There are two candidates for host cell entry proteins. The first is the host-encoded NiemannPick C1 (NPC1), a
cholesterol transporter protein, appears to be essential for entry of Ebola virions into the host cell, and for its
ultimate replication.
[13][14]
In one study, mice that were heterozygous for NPC1 were shown to be protected from
lethal challenge with mouse-adapted Ebola virus.
[13]
In another study, small molecules were shown to inhibit Ebola
virus infection by preventing viral envelope glycoprotein (GP) from binding to NPC1.
[14][15]
Hence, NPC1 was
shown to be critical to entry of this filovirus, because it mediates infection by binding directly to viral GP.
[14]
When cells from Niemann Pick Type C patients lacking this transporter were exposed to Ebola virus in the
laboratory, the cells survived and appeared impervious to the virus, further indicating that Ebola relies on NPC1 to
enter cells; mutations in the NPC1 gene in humans were conjectured as a possible mode to make some individuals
resistant to this deadly viral disease. The same studies described similar results regarding NPC1's role in virus entry
for Marburg virus, a related filovirus. A further study has also presented evidence that NPC1 is critical receptor
mediating Ebola infection via its direct binding to the viral GP, and that it is the second "lysosomal" domain of
NPC1 that mediates this binding.
[16]
The second candidate is TIM-1 (aka HAVCR1).
[17]
TIM-1 was shown to bind to the receptor binding domain of
the EBOV glycoprotein, to increase the receptivity of Vero cells. Silencing its effect with siRNA prevented infection
of Vero cells. TIM1 is expressed in tissues known to be seriously impacted by EBOV lysis (trachea, cornea, and
conjunctiva). A monoclonal antibody against the IgV domain of TIM-1, ARD5, blocked EBOV binding and
infection.
Together, these studies suggest NPC1 and TIM-1 may be potential therapeutic targets for an Ebola anti-viral drug
and as a basis for a rapid field diagnostic assay.
Replication
Being acellular, viruses such as Ebola do not replicate through any type of cell division; rather, they use a
combination of host- and virally encoded enzymes, alongside host cell structures, to produce multiple copies of
themselves; these then self-assemble into viral macromolecular structures in the host cell.
[10]
The virus completes a
set of steps when infecting each individual cell:
The virus begins its attack by attaching to host receptors through the glycoprotein (GP) surface peplomer and is
endocytosed into macropinosomes in the host cell.
[18]
To penetrate the cell, the viral membrane fuses with vesicle
membrane, and the nucleocapsid is released into the cytoplasm. Encapsidated, negative-sense genomic ssRNA is
used as a template for the synthesis (3'-5') of polyadenylated, monocistronic mRNAs and, using the host cell's
ribosomes, tRNA molecules, etc., the mRNA is translated into individual viral proteins.
These viral proteins are processed, a glycoprotein precursor (GP0) is cleaved to GP1 and GP2, which are then
heavily glycosylated using cellular enzymes and substrates. These two molecules assemble, first into heterodimers,
and then into trimers to give the surface peplomers. Secreted glycoprotein (sGP) precursor is cleaved to sGP and
delta peptide, both of which are released from the cell. As viral protein levels rise, a switch occurs from translation
to replication. Using the negative-sense genomic RNA as a template, a complementary +ssRNA is synthesized; this
is then used as a template for the synthesis of new genomic (-)ssRNA, which is rapidly encapsidated.
The newly formed nucleocapsids and envelope proteins associate at the host cell's plasma membrane; budding
occurs, destroying the cell.
Ecology
Ebolavirus is a zoonotic pathogen. Intermediary hosts have been reported to be "various species of fruit bats [...]
throughout central and sub-Saharan Africa", but infection in bats has not been proven yet.
[19]
End hosts are humans
and great apes, infected through bat contact or through other end hosts. Pigs on the Philippine islands have been
reported to be infected with Restonvirus, so other interim or amplifying hosts may exist.
[19]
Ebola virus disease
Ebola virus is one of the four ebolaviruses known to cause disease in humans. It has the highest case-fatality rate of
these ebolaviruses, averaging 83% since first described in 1976, although fatality rates up to 90% have been
recorded in one epidemic (200203). There have also been more outbreaks of ebola virus than of any other
ebolavirus. The first outbreak occurred on 26 August 1976 in Yambuku.
[20]
The first recorded case was Mabalo
Lokela, a 44year-old schoolteacher. The symptoms resembled malaria, and subsequent patients received quinine.
Transmission has been attributed to reuse of unsterilized needles and close personal contact.
History
Zaire ebolavirus is pronounced /zr ibolvars/ (zah-EER ee-BOH-l-vy-rs). Strictly speaking,
the pronunciation of "Ebola virus" (/ibol vars/) should be distinct from that of the genus-level
taxonomic designation "ebolavirus/Ebolavirus/ebolavirus", as "Ebola" is named for the tributary of the Congo River
that is pronounced "bola" in French,
[21]
whereas "ebola-virus" is an "artificial contraction" of the words "Ebola"
and "virus," written without a diacritical mark for ease of use by scientific databases and English speakers.
According to the rules for taxon naming established by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
(ICTV), the name Zaire ebolavirus is always to be capitalized, italicized, and to be preceded by the word
"species". The names of its members (Zaire ebolaviruses) are to be capitalized, are not italicized, and used without
articles.
[1]
Ebola virus (abbreviated EBOV) was first described in 1976.
[2][3][22]
Today, the International Committee on
Taxonomy of Viruses lists the virus as the single member of the species Zaire ebolavirus, which is included into the
genus Ebolavirus, family Filoviridae, order Mononegavirales. The name Ebola virus is derived from the Ebola
River a river that was at first thought to be in close proximity to the area in Democratic Republic of Congo,
previously called Zaire, where the first recorded Ebola virus disease outbreak occurred and the taxonomic suffix
virus.
[1]
The species was introduced in 1998 as Zaire Ebola virus.
[23][24]
In 2002, the name was changed to Zaire
ebolavirus.
[25][26]
Previous names
Ebola virus was first introduced as a possible new "strain" of Marburg virus in 1977 by two different research
teams.
[2][3]
At the same time, a third team introduced the name Ebola virus.
[22]
In 2000, the virus name was
changed to Zaire Ebola virus,
[27][28]
and in 2002 to Zaire ebolavirus.
[25][26]
However, most scientific articles
continued to refer to Ebola virus or used the terms Ebola virus and Zaire ebolavirus in parallel. Consequently, in
2010, the name Ebola virus was reinstated.
[1]
Previous abbreviations for the virus were EBOV-Z (for Ebola virus
Zaire) and most recently ZEBOV (for Zaire Ebola virus or Zaire ebolavirus). In 2010, EBOV was reinstated as the
abbreviation for the virus.
[1]
Species inclusion criteria
To be considered a member of the species Zaire ebolavirus, a virus of the genus Ebolavirus is required to fulfill
certain requirements:
[1]
it is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, or the Republic of the Congo
it has a genome with two or three gene overlaps (VP35/VP40, GP/VP30, VP24/L)
it has a genomic sequence that differs from the type virus by less than 30%
Furthermore, the virus' genome cannot diverge from that of the variant Mayinga (EBOV/May) by more than 10%
at the nucleotide level for it to be considered an Ebola virus.
[1]
See also
Ebolavirus
Ebola virus disease
2014 West Africa Ebola virus outbreak
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External links
ICTV Files and Discussions Discussion forum and file distribution for the International Committee on
Taxonomy of Viruses (http://talk.ictvonline.org/default.aspx)
Ebola: Africas Bloody Disease (http://www.alldocumentaries.org/ebola-africas-bloody-disease/)
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever CDC.gov (http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/)
The Ebola Virus (http://visualscience.ru/en/projects/ebola/poster/) 3D model of the Ebola virus, prepared by
Visual Science, Moscow.
ICTV Files and Discussions Discussion forum and file distribution for the International Committee on
Taxonomy of Viruses (http://talk.ictvonline.org/default.aspx)
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