PHYSICAL REVIEW A 85, 032317 (2012)

Controlled-X gate with cache function for one-way quantum computation

Heng Shen,
1,*
Kenan Qu,
2
Weigang Zhang,
1
and Jing Jin
3
1
Key Laboratory of Optical Information Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Modern Optics,
Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
2
Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
3
Photonics and Networking Research Laboratory, Stanford University, California 94305, USA
(Received 25 November 2011; published 16 March 2012)
One-way quantum computation by utilizing multipartite cluster states paves the way for the realization of
universal quantum computation. However, quantum memory should be implemented in the practical systems to
ensure the operations could be timed appropriately. A scheme of the controlled-X gate with a cache function
for one-way quantum computation is proposed here. Due to the generation of a hybrid cluster state based on the
interaction of light-atoms, the atom stations will not only be treated as the submodes of cluster states, but also
implement the function of quantum memory.
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.85.032317 PACS number(s): 03.67.Lx, 03.67.Bg
I. INTRODUCTION
Quantum computer (QC) admitting quantum superposition
and entanglement attracts more and more attention and is
treated as a milestone of modern science due to its promise
of high-speed and powerful computation capacities over the
classical computer. So far, many exciting theoretical and
experimental tasks have been accomplished in both the discrete
variable (DV) and continuous variable (CV) [14], such as
Shors quantum factoring algorithm [57], which reduces
running time fromexponential to polynomial time with respect
to the classical factorization algorithm. As an alternative to
the circuit model, in the one-way QC, the system is rstly
initialized in a cluster state, independently of the quantum
algorithm which is to be implemented and determined by
different temporal and spatial sequences of a series of the
projective measurements [8]. One-way DV QCs based on
4-photon cluster states have been demonstrated experimentally
[911]. Later, due to the fact that CV cluster states involving
four optical modes have been successfully prepared already in
the laboratory [12,13], quantum logical Gaussian gates with
an unconditional CV linear quadripartite cluster state were
designed [14,15] and experimentally demonstrated [1619].
More importantly, an arbitrary given exponential operation
gate can be decomposed into a set of unitary gates including
single-mode Gaussian operations, quadratic Gaussian gates,
and the cubic-phase gate [20].
Besides quantum logic gates, quantum memory is also in-
dispensable to a genuine quantumcomputer due to its synchro-
nization function that ensures operations could be timed appro-
priately. Storing photonic information in the atomic ensembles,
especially for the nonclassical CV of light, primarily relies
on two different methods, one based on electromagnetically
induced transparency (EIT) [21] and the other utilizing the
off-resonant Faraday interaction between light and atoms [22].
In this paper, we propose a scheme of a CV controlled-X
gate with a cache function. This approach is based on a
novel hybrid cluster state source which utilizes the interaction
of off-resonant driving light with the room-temperature spin
*
hengshen@nbi.dk
polarized vapor placed in a dc magnetic eld and the
relaxation-protected environment, similar to the setup for
storage of an entangled two-mode squeezed state [22].
II. PREPARING A HYBRID QUADRIPARTITE
CLUSTER STATE
In our proposal, two sets of atom systems are included, and
each consists of two oppositely oriented atomic ensembles
of cesium atoms. For convenience, we use the setup and
parameters in Ref. [23]. Those two atomic ensembles are
placed in a 0.9 Gauss bias dc magnetic eld resulting in
the precession of the ground state spins with the Larmor
frequency = 2 322 kHz, and are pumped in F = 4,
m = 4 states by circularly polarized pump and repump laser
beams stabilized to the D
1
line F = 4 to F

= 4 transition
and D
2
line F = 3 to F

= 4 transition, respectively. The

off-resonant interaction is driven by the linearly polarized
light beam detuned from the D
2
line F = 4 to F

= 5 by
= 850 MHz as shown in Fig. 1 [23], and is explained in
detail in Ref. [23].
A. Theoretical model for interaction between light and atoms
To describe off-resonant interaction between light and
atoms clearly, we characterize the light propagating in z
direction by using the Stokes operators and the corresponding
canonical operators

X
L
and

P
L
are given by

X
L
C
=
S
X
_
2
|S
x
| T
_
T
0

S
z
(z,t ) cos(t )dt =

X
+
+

2
,

P
L
C
=
_
2
|S
x
| T
_
T
0

S
y
(z,t ) cos(t )dt =

P
+
+

P

2
,
(1)

X
L
S
=
S
X
_
2
|S
x
| T
_
T
0

S
z
(z,t ) sin(t )dt =

X
+

2
,

P
L
S
=
_
2
|S
x
| T
_
T
0

S
y
(z,t ) sin(t )dt =

P
+

2
,
032317-1 1050-2947/2012/85(3)/032317(5) 2012 American Physical Society
HENG SHEN, KENAN QU, WEIGANG ZHANG, AND JING JIN PHYSICAL REVIEW A 85, 032317 (2012)
m=4
m=3
a a
a
a
F=4
B
J
x
m=-4
B
J
x
m=-3
FIG. 1. (Color online) Off-resonant Faraday interaction for two
oppositely oriented cesium atomic ensembles.
where the labels C and S are used to represent the cosine
and sine modes of light operators at the Larmor frequency
with which the atomic spins are rotating. In addition,
S
x
=
1 depends on the sign of S
x
, and(

,

P

) are canonical
quadrature operators for quantumup- and low-sideband modes
with frequencies at

=
0
where
0
is the carrier
frequency of light.
Correspondingly, two sets of collective operators to de-
scribe separated cells are dened as [22]

X
A
C
=

J
y,1

J
y,2

2J
,

P
A
C
=

J
z,1
+

J
z,2

2J
,
(2)

X
A
S
=

J
z,1

J
z,2

2J
,

P
A
S
=

J
y,1
+

J
y,2

2J
.
Due to the fact that equations describing the interaction for
cosine and sine modes are identical, the indices C, S will be
omitted in the following. The input-output relations to describe
the interaction between light and atoms are

X
out
A
=
_
1

2
Z
2

X
in
A
+

P
in
L
,

P
out
A
=
_
1

2
Z
2

P
in
A


Z
2

X
in
L
,
(3)

X
out
L
=
_
1

2
Z
2

X
in
L
+

P
in
A
,

P
out
L
=
_
1

2
Z
2

P
in
L


Z
2

X
in
A
,
where the coupling constant is related to the intensity of
the light beam, density of atoms, and interaction time while
Z
2
= 6.4 is only related to detuning.
B. Generation of a hybrid cluster state
Small-scale cluster states of light have been experimentally
generated in both DV and CV regime [9,12,13]. CV cluster
states are always generalized into the graph state which could
be described in the language of the mathematical graph [24].
A graph G = {V,E} includes a nite set of n vertices V where
two neighboring vertices are connected by one element of
the set of edges E. In the experimental description, each
vertex is initialized in the zero-momentum eigenstate |0
p
,
i.e., the momentumsqueezed state with innite squeezing, and
FIG. 2. (Color online) Experimental scheme for generating a one-
dimensional four-mode hybrid.
then neighboring vertices are connected by the controlled-Z
operation(

C
Z
= exp[i
12
x
1
x
2
]) where
12
indicates the
interaction strength. Finally, the states become zero eigenstates
of a set of quadratures combinations in the limit of innite
squeezing, and the corresponding quadrature correlation can
be written as [24]
Var
_
p
a

bN
a
x
b
_
0, (4)
where x
i
and p
i
are a pair of position and momentum
quadratures of optical mode, while N
a
is the set of nearest
neighbors of mode a.
As an analogy of CV cluster states of light, we could use
the scheme of Fig. 2 to generate a one-dimensional four-mode
hybrid cluster state since quantumentanglement of light-atoms
and atomic entanglement based on the off-resonant Faraday
interaction have been experimentally demonstrated [25,26].
Light beams 1 and 2 both in S
y
squeezed states are rst coupled
on a 50% beam splitter with the relative phase difference of
/2, and then injected into two sets of room-temperature
atomic systems A and B described above and prepared
in coherent spin states, respectively. After the off-resonant
Faraday interaction with atomic systems, those two output
modes of light together with two atomic systems form a linear
four-mode hybrid cluster state with the specic correlations.
The corresponding quadratures of four submodes are given by

X
out
A
=
_
1

2
Z
2

X
in
A
+

2
_
p
0
1
e
r
x
0
2
e
r
_
,
032317-2
CONTROLLED-X GATE WITH CACHE FUNCTION FOR . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW A 85, 032317 (2012)

P
out
A
=
_
1

2
Z
2

P
in
A

2Z
2
_
x
0
1
e
r
+ p
0
2
e
r
_
,

X
out
B
=
_
1

2
Z
2

X
in
B
+

2
_
p
0
1
e
r
+x
0
2
e
r
_
,

P
out
B
=
_
1

2
Z
2

P
in
B

2Z
2
_
x
0
1
e
r
p
0
2
e
r
_
,

X
out
1
=
1

2
_
x
0
1
e
r
+ p
0
2
e
r
_
_
1

2
Z
2
+

P
in
A
,

P
out
1
=
1

2
_
p
0
1
e
r
x
0
2
e
r
_
_
1

2
Z
2


Z
2

X
in
A
,

X
out
2
=
1

2
_
x
0
1
e
r
p
0
2
e
r
_
_
1

2
Z
2
+

P
in
B
,

P
out
2
=
1

2
_
p
0
1
e
r
+x
0
2
e
r
_
_
1

2
Z
2


Z
2

X
in
B
, (5)
where

X
in
1/2
=x
0
1/2
e
r
and

P
in
1/2
= p
0
1/2
e
r
are the quadratures
of the input light eld, and Var(x
0
1/2
) = Var( p
0
1/2
) =
1
2
are
normalized into the coherent state, while r represents the
squeezing degree.
After numerical calculation, we nd the following quantum
correlations for the four submodes when the squeezing degree
parameters of the light modes(S = 10 lg e
2r
) are below
6.5 dB:
(i) Var
_

X
out
A
+g
opt
1

P
out
1
_
+Var
_

P
out
A
g
opt
1

X
out
1
g
opt
1

X
out
2
_
< 2,
(ii) Var
_

P
out
B
+g
opt
2

X
out
2
_
(6)
+Var
_

X
out
B
+g
opt
2

P
out
1
g
opt
2

P
out
2
_
< 2,
(iii) Var
_

X
out
B
+g
opt
2

P
out
1
g
opt
2

P
out
2
_
+Var
_

P
out
A
g
opt
1

X
out
1
g
opt
1

X
out
2
_
< 2,
which shows the cluster-type correlation properties [12], and
where
g
opt
1
=

_
1

2
Z
2
_
1e
2r
Z
2
+1
e
2r
+e
2r
2
_

2
Z
4
+
_
1

2
Z
2
_
e
2r
+e
2r
2
+2
2
+2
_
1

2
Z
2
_
e
2r
,
(7)
g
opt
2
=

_
1

2
Z
2
_
e
2r
+e
2r
2Z
2
1 +e
2r

1
Z
2
_

2
+
_
1

2
Z
2
_
e
2r
+e
2r
2
+2

2
Z
4
+2
_
1

2
Z
2
_
e
2r
,
and we set = 1 which is an achievable value for the
practical experiment [22]. In addition, the change of quantum
correlation versus the squeezing degree is given in Fig. 3,
where lines 1, 2, and 3 represent the correlations (i), (ii), and
(iii), respectively.
III. IMPLEMENTING A CONTROLLED-X GATE
WITH A CACHE FUNCTION
With this specic four-mode cluster state, we can imple-
ment the controlled-X gate operation with a cache function
easily. As shown in Fig. 4, two red (light) vertices represent
light submodes 1 and 2, while two blue (dark) vertices
2
1
3
0 2 4 6 8 10
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Squeezing degree (dB)
Q
u
a
n
t
u
m
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
f
l
u
c
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
FIG. 3. (Color online) Quantum correlation versus initial squeez-
ing degree of light.
represent atomic systems Aand B. In order to inject the control
state and target state into cluster states prepared off-line, we can
mix them with light beams 2 and 1 on two 50% beam splitters,
respectively. Then, two light signals from each beam splitter
port are detected by using S
y
and S
z
homodyne detection
simultaneously. The detected results with gains g
opt
1
and g
opt
2
are fedback onto

X
out
A
,

P
out
A
and

X
out
B
,

P
out
B
by RF pulses of
magnetic eld at the Larmor frequency on two separated
atomic systems. The canonical atomic operators can be
written as

A
=

X
out
A
+g
opt
1
_

P
out
1
+

P
t
_
=
_

X
out
A
+g
opt
1

P
out
1
_
+

P
t
Noise +g
opt
1

P
t
,

A
=

P
out
A
g
opt
1
_

X
out
1
+

X
out
2
+

X
t
+

X
c
_
=
_

P
out
A
g
opt
1
_

X
out
1
+

X
out
2
__
g
opt
1
(

X
t
+

X
c
)
Noise g
opt
1
_

X
t
+

X
c
_
, (8)

B
=

X
out
B
+g
opt
2
_

P
out
2


P
out
1
+

P
c

P
t
_
=
_

X
out
B
+g
opt
2
_

P
out
2


P
out
1
__
g
opt
2
(

P
c

P
t
)
Noise g
opt
2
_

P
c

P
t
_
,

B
=

P
out
B
+g
opt
2
_

X
out
2
+

X
c
_
=
_

P
out
B
+g
opt
2

X
out
2
_
+g
opt
2

X
c
Noise +g
opt
2

X
c
.
Thus, the quantum information of the injected control and
target light are stored in the spins of two separated atomic
FIG. 4. (Color online) Scheme for implementing a controlled-X
gate operation with a four-mode linear hybrid cluster state. Blue
(dark) vertices represent two atomic ensembles submodes used to
store and extract quantum information while red (light) vertices are
optical submodes available to couple input control and target states.
032317-3
HENG SHEN, KENAN QU, WEIGANG ZHANG, AND JING JIN PHYSICAL REVIEW A 85, 032317 (2012)
systems where the noise levels are all belowthe quantumnoise
limit due to the introduction of entangled cluster states, and the
controlled-X gate is implemented simultaneously. Due to the
spin lifetime of 10 ms, the result of the controlled-Xgate can
be extracted within this period by injecting two independent
extraction lights and utilizing homodyne detection,

X
out
R1
=
_
1

2
Z
2

X
in
R1
+

A
=
_
1

2
Z
2

X
in
R1
+
_
Noise g
opt
1
(

X
t
+

X
c
)
_
,

P
out
R1
=
_
1

2
Z
2

P
in
R1

Z
2

A
=
_
1

2
Z
2

P
in
R1

Z
2
_
Noise +g
opt
1

P
t
_
, (9)

X
out
R2
=
_
1

2
Z
2

X
in
R2
+

B
=
_
1

2
Z
2

X
in
R2
+
_
Noise +g
opt
2

X
c
_
,

P
out
R2
=
_
1

2
Z
2

P
in
R2

Z
2

B
=
_
1

2
Z
2

P
in
R2

Z
2
_
Noise g
opt
2
(

P
c

P
t
)
_
,
where

X
out
Ri
and

P
out
Ri
(i = 1,2) are the canonical operators of
two independent optical reading pulses with zero mean values.
The initial mean values of {

X
in
A/B
,

P
in
A/B
} and {

X
in
1/2
,

P
in
1/2
} are
equal to 0, so nally we can get the relationships
_

X
out
R1
_
= g
opt
1
(

X
t
+

X
c
),
_

P
out
R1
_
=

Z
2
g
opt
1

P
t
,
(10)
_

X
out
R2
_
= g
opt
2

X
c
,
_

P
out
R2
_
=

Z
2
g
opt
2
(

P
c

P
t
),
where mean values of {

X
c/t
,

P
c/t
} can be set by modulating the
control voltage of the electro-optic modulator and the angle of
its optical axis with respect to light.
Most importantly, due to the use of a hybrid cluster state,
the precision of the controlled-X operation will increase
with respect to its classical copies, which can be seen from
0 20 40 60 80 100
5
4
3
2
1
0
a T ms
N
o
i
s
e
l
e
v
e
l
d
B
0 20 40 60 80 100
5
4
3
2
1
0
b T ms
N
o
i
s
e
l
e
v
e
l
d
B
0 20 40 60 80 100
5
4
3
2
1
0
c T ms
N
o
i
s
e
l
e
v
e
l
d
B
0 20 40 60 80 100
5
4
3
2
1
0
d T ms
N
o
i
s
e
l
e
v
e
l
d
B
FIG. 5. (Color online) Quantum variance of extra noise in atomic
quadratures with r = 0 and = 1. (a) to (d) are the noise levels of

A
,

P

A
,

X

B
, and

P

B
, respectively. The black line represents the SNL.
the fact that the extra noise part of quantumvariances of atomic
quadratures are all belowthe shot noise limit (SNL), which can
be deduced from Eqs. (8) and shown in Fig. 5.
IV. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, we present a proposal of the controlled-X
gate with a cache function for one-way quantum computation
based on a four-partite hybrid cluster state. In the scheme,
the information of the initial target state and control state
are injected into this multipartite entangled state by optical
interference, and implemented controlled-X operation. Due to
the existence of atomensembles, the resulting information will
be stored in the atom quantum memory station while waiting
to be extracted.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
H.S. thanks Eugene S. Polzik for the helpful discus-
sion. This research was supported by the NSFC (Grants
No. 10974100 and No. 10674075) and the Tianjin Research
Program of Application Foundation and Advanced Technol-
ogy (Grant No. 10JCZDJC24300).
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