Mechanics of Solids (VDB1063)

Transformation of Stresses
Lecturer: Dr. Montasir O. Ahmed
LEARNING OUTCOMES
To determine principal stresses
(1)
, maximum in-plane shear stress
(2)
and the
associated element orientation
(3)
.
To transformthe plane stressesfrom one member orientation to another one.
Lecture Outlines
Introduction
Plane stresses Transformation
In-Plane Principal Stresses
Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress
Introduction
The state of stress at a point is characterized by six independent normal and shear stress
components.
For convince
Engineers frequently make approximation of the loadings on a body in order that the stress
produced can be analyzed in a single plane. When this is the case, the material is said to be
subjected to planestresses.
Plane stresses Transformation
If the element has different orientation , then it will be subjected to three different
stress components, i.e.,

and

.
Question: How to transform the stress components from the orientation in Fig. 9-2 a
to the orientation 9-2 b.
Stress Transform???
Plane stresses Transformation
Section the element
Free body diagram & apply the Equation
of equilibrium
Answer
Step No 1:
Step No 2:
To determine
y
, resection and follow the same procedure Step No 3:
Plane stresses Transformation
Plane stresses Transformation
Alternative solution
Using the general equations of plane-stress transformation:
u t u
o o o o
o
u t u
o o
t
u t u
o o o o
o
2 sin 2 cos
2 2
2 cos 2 sin
2
2 sin 2 cos
2 2
'
' '
'
xy
y x y x
y
xy
y x
y x
xy
y x y x
x

+
=
+

=
+

+
+
=
Plane stresses Transformation
Sign Convention:
Positive normal stress acts outward from all faces.
Positive shear stress acts upwards on the right-hand
face of the element.
The orientation of an inclined plane (on which the
normal and shear stress components are to be
determined) will be defined using the angle . The
angle is measured from the positive x to the positive
x-axis.
is positive when is measured counterclockwise
from the x axis to the x axis.
EXAMPLE 1
The state of plane stress at a point on the surface of the airplane
fuselage is represented on the element oriented as shown in Fig. 9
4a. Represent the state of stress at the point on an element that is
oriented 30clockwise from the position shown.
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EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
The element is sectioned by the line a-a.
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
The free-body diagram of the segment is as shown.
Solutions
EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Applying the equations of force equilibrium in the x and y direction,
Solutions
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
(Ans) MPa 15 . 4
0 30 cos 30 sin 25 30 sin 30 sin 80
30 sin 30 cos 25 30 cos 30 cos 50 ; 0
'
' '
=
= A + A +
A + A A = +

x
x x
A A
A A A F
o
o
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
(Ans) MPa 8 . 68
0 30 sin 30 cos 25 30 cos 30 sin 80
30 cos 30 cos 25 30 sin 30 cos 50 ; 0
'
=
= A + A
A A A = +

x' y'
x' y' y
A A
A A A F
t
t
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Repeat the procedure to obtain the stress on the perpendicular plane bb.
Solutions
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
(Ans) MPa 8 . 25
0 30 sin 30 sin 50 30 cos 30 cos 25
30 cos 30 cos 80 30 sin 30 cos 25 ; 0
'
' '
=
= A A
A + A A = +

x
x x
A A
A A A F
o
o
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
(Ans) MPa 8 . 68
0 30 cos 30 sin 50 30 sin 30 sin 25
30 sin 30 cos 80 30 cos 30 cos 25 - ; 0
'
=
= A + A
A + A + A = +

x' y'
x' y' y
A A
A A A F
t
t
The state of stress at the point can be
represented by choosing an element oriented.
EXAMPLE 2
The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the element
shown in Fig. 97a. Determine the state of stress at the point on
another element oriented 30clockwise from the position shown.
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
From the sign convention we have,
To obtain the stress components on plane CD,
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Solutions
= = = = 30 MPa 25 MPa 50 MPa 80 u t o o
xy y x
(Ans) MPa 8 . 68 2 cos 2 sin
2
(Ans) MPa 8 . 25 2 sin 2 cos
2 2
' '
'
= +

=
= +

+
+
=
u t u
o o
t
u t u
o o o o
o
xy
y x
y x
xy
y x y x
x
EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
To obtain the stress components on plane BC,
The results are shown on the element as shown.
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Solutions
= = = = 60 MPa 25 MPa 50 MPa 80 u t o o
xy y x
(Ans) MPa 8 . 68 2 cos 2 sin
2
(Ans) MPa 15 . 4 2 sin 2 cos
2 2
' '
'
= +

=
= +

+
+
=
u t u
o o
t
u t u
o o o o
o
xy
y x
y x
xy
y x y x
x
In-Plane Principal Stresses
No shear stress acts on the principal planes.
( ) 2 /
2 tan
y x
xy
p
o o
t
u

=
2
2
2 , 1
2 2
xy
y x y x
t
o o o o
o +
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
In engineering practice it is often important to determine the orientation (
p
) of the element
that causes the normal stress to be a maximum(
1
) and a minimum(
2
).
1
&
2
are called
principal stressesand the plane on which they act are called the principal planes.
The difference between the two roots
1

2
is 90
Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress
In engineering practice it is often important to determine the orientation (
s
) of the
element that causes the maximum shear stress (
max in plane
) on its sides. The value of

max in plane
is referred to as the maximumin-planeshear stress.
There is also an averagenormal stress(
avg
)on the planes of maximum in-plane shear
stress, i.e.,

2
.
The element representing the max. in-plane shear stress is oriented 45
o
from the
element representing the principal stresses.
( )
xy
y x
s
t
o o
u
2 /
2 tan

=
2
2
max
2
xy
y x
plane in
t
o o
t +
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
Important Points in this Lecture
Two methods that can be used to determine the plane stresses in different element
orientations:
1. Method of section associated with the equation of equilibrium.
2. Equations of plane-stress transformation
The principal stresses represent the max. and min. normal stress at the point.
When the state of stress is represented by the principal stresses, no shear stress will act on
the element.
When the state of stress is represented by the max. in-plane shear stress, an average normal
stress will also act on the element.
The element representing the max. in-plane shear stress is oriented 45o from the element
representing the principal stresses
Next Class
MOHRS CIRCLE
Thank You