DATE PERFORMED: DECEMBER 3, 2007

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
J.G.S. REAMILLO AND P.R.D. VALENZUELA
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES, DILIMAN, QUEZON CITY, PHILIPPINES
RECEIVED DECEMBER 10, 2007
INTRODUCTION
Not all chemical eactio!" #ollo$ a
"tict "i!%le &iectio!al 'oce""( A lot o# them
ta)e the #om o# e*e"i+le eactio!", $hich
ca! 'ocee& i! eithe &iectio!, &e'e!&i!%
o! the %i*e! co!&itio!" a!& thei
coe"'o!&i!% e,-ili+i-m co!"ta!t"(
.he! the ate" o# the #o$a& a!&
e*e"e eactio!" ae the "ame, the "/"tem
i" "ai& to +e i! e,-ili+i-m( Chemical
e,-ili+i-m i" attai!e& $he! the"e t$o "ame
ate" o# o''o"ite &iectio! occ-
"im-lta!eo-"l/(
It i" i!tee"ti!% to !ote that chemical
e,-ili+i-m &oe" !ot !ece""ail/ im'l/ "tatic
e,-ili+i-m, $heei! !o #-the eactio!
occ-"( Chemical e,-ili+i-m e#e" to the
co!ti!-o-" a!& &/!amic i!teactio! o# the
molec-le" e*e! tho-%h the o*eall eactio!
co!ce!tatio!" &o !ot cha!%e(
Chemical e,-ili+i-m #i!&" it"
im'ota!ce i! the i!&-"tie", $hee
ma!-#act-e" t/ thei +e"t to ma0imi1e
'o&-ctio! +/ a&2-"ti!% e,-ili+i-m #acto" i!
o&e to ma)e a cetai! &iectio! #a*oe& +/
the eactio!(
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table A. Reaction between FeSO4 and
AgNO3
O+"e*atio!: Fomatio! o# 3il*e Peci'itate
Net Io!ic E,-atio!: Fe
24
5a,6 4 A%
4
5a,6 Fe
34
5a,6
4 A%5"6
Te"t
Rea%e!t
Vi"i+le
Re"-lt
Co!cl-"i
o!
Net Io!ic
E,-atio!
Table B. Reaction between Silver and
Fe(NO3)3
O+"e*atio!: No Vi"i+le Reactio!
Net Io!ic E,-atio!: Fe
34
5a,6 4 A%5"6 Fe
24
5a,6 4
A%
4
5a,6
Te"t
Rea%e!t
Vi"i+le
Re"-lt
Co!cl-"i
o!
Net Io!ic
E,-atio!
73Fe5CN6
8
P-""ia!
Bl-e P't(
Fe
24
5a,6
'e"e!t
Fe
24
5a,6 4
73Fe5CN6
85a,6
Fe39Fe5C
N68:25"6
73CN Bloo&
Re&
"ol;!
Fe
34
5a,6
'e"e!t
Fe
34
5a,6 4
3CN
<
5a,6
Fe3CN
24
5a,6
=Cl .hite
P't(
A%
4
5a,6
'e"e!t
A%
4
5a,6 4
Cl
<
5a,6
A%Cl5"6
Table C. Chromate !ichromate S"#tem
Aci&>
Ba"e
.ell
No(
Rea%e
!t
Vi"i+le
Re"-lt
Net Io!ic
E,-atio!
=23O
?
1 CO?
2<
@ello$

Oa!%
e
2CO?
2<
5a,6
4 2=
4
5a,6
C2O7
2<
5a,6
4 =2O5l6
NaO
=
2 CO?
2<
@ello$

@ello$
CO?
2<
5a,6

4
O=
<
5a,6
CO?
2<
5a,6 4
O=
<
5a,6
=23O
?
3 C2O7
2<
Oa!%
e
Oa!%
e
C2O7
2<
5a,6
4 =
4
5a,6
4 C2O7
2<
5a,6 4 =
4
5a,6
NaO
=
? C2O7
2<
Oa!%
e
@ello$
C2O7
2<
5a,6
4 O=
<
5a,6
2CO?
2<
5a,6
4 =2O5l6
1
73Fe5CN6
8
P-""ia!
Bl-e P't(
Fe
24
5a,6
'e"e!t
Fe
24
5a,6 4
73Fe5CN6
85a,6
Fe39Fe5C
N68:25"6
73CN Bloo&
Re&
"ol;!
Fe
34
5a,6
'e"e!t
Fe
34
5a,6 4
3CN
<
5a,6
Fe3CN
24
5a,6
=Cl .hite
P't(
A%
4
5a,6
'e"e!t
A%
4
5a,6 4
Cl
<
5a,6
A%Cl5"6
Pat A o# the e0'eime!t &ealt $ith
the eactio! +et$ee! Fe3O?5a,6 a!& A%NO35a,6
a!& a!othe +et$ee! A%5"6 a!& Fe5NO363(
3oli& "il*e i! the #om o# a
'eci'itate $a" o+tai!e& #om the eactio!
+et$ee! Fe3O?5a,6 a!& A%NO35a,6( Fe24 $a"
o0i&i1e& i!to Fe34 $hile the A%4 $a"
e&-ce& to the "oli& A%( The coe"'o!&i!%
"-'e!ate $a" a!al/1e& a!& e"'o!&e&
'o"iti*el/ to the Fe
24
, Fe
34
, a!& A%
4
te"t"(
Follo$i!% a "i!%le &iectio!al mecha!i"m o#
the !et io!ic eactio!, !o A%4 io! "ho-l&
ha*e +ee! 'e"e!t i! the "-'e!ate "i!ce all
o# it $o-l& ha*e +ee! co!*ete& to A% "oli&,
$ith the a""-m'tio! o# a com'lete eactio!(
=o$e*e, the "-'e!ate $a" 'o"iti*e to the
A%4 te"t, &-e to the 'e"e!ce o# the A%4
io!, $hich co-l&!;t +e atti+-te& to the
e0ce"" eacta!t "i!ce the "ame *ol-me" a!&
co!ce!tatio!" $ee -"e& #o the ea%e!t"(
The a+"e!ce o# a limiti!% ea%e!t "-%%e"t"
that the eactio! i" e*e"i+le a!& the
e*e"e eactio! occ-e& "im-lta!eo-"l/
$ith the #o$a& eactio! to #om +oth A%5"6
a!& A%4(
The "ame $a" t-e #o the "eco!&
eactio! i! Pat A, the eactio! +et$ee! A%5"6
a!& Fe5NO363 to #om Fe24 a!& A%4 io!"( A
"i!%le &iectio! #o the eactio! $o-l& !ot
/iel& Fe34, i!"tea&, o!l/ Fe24 a!& A%4
$o-l& +e #ome&( B-t the "-'e!ate $a"
o!ce a%ai! 'o"iti*e #o the Fe24, Fe34, a!&
A%4 te"t"( O!l/ a e*e"i+le eactio! $o-l&
/iel& 'o&-ct" that $ee oi%i!all/ i! the
eacta!t "i&e 57ee!a!, 1AB06(
The Fe24 io! eacte& $ith the
73Fe5CN68 to #om a P-""ia! +l-e ''t,
Fe39Fe5CN68:25"6 5.hitte!, 20076( Fe34 o! the
othe ha!&, #ome& a +loo& e& com'le0
573CN6 #om 3CN
<
( A%4 to%ethe $ith Cl<
CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION(S)
Chemical e,-ili+i-m i" a "tate o# a
"/"tem i! $hich the ate" o# the #o$a& a!&
e*e"e eactio! ae the "ame( It &oe" !ot
!ece""ail/ im'l/ the com'lete a+"e!ce o#
eactio! +-t ill-"tate" the &/!amic a!&
co!ti!-o-" i!teactio! o# the molec-le"
$hich ha''e!" "im-lta!eo-"l/ to mai!tai!
e,-ili+i-m(
Fe24, Fe34, a!& A%4 io!" e0hi+it
e*e"i+le eactio!" $hich co-l& +e
mo!itoe& -"i!% com'le0 o 'eci'itate
#omi!% ea%e!t" li)e 73Fe5CN68, 73CN, a!&
=Cl(
The "ame $a" e0hi+ite& +/ the
chomate a!& &ichomate "/"tem, +-t -!li)e
to that o# Fe24, Fe34, a!& A%4, cetai!
#acto" li)e the a&&itio! o# ea%e!t" m-"t +e
a&2-"te& to #acilitate the "hi#ti!% o#
e,-ili+i-m(
The co!ce!tatio! o# eacta!t" a!&
'o&-ct" #ome& i! e*e"i+le eactio!" co-l&
+e -"e& #o the com'-tatio! o# the 7e,,
Co!*e"el/, a )!o$! *al-e o# 7e, co-l& +e
-"e& to 'e&ict the amo-!t o# eacta!t" a!&
'o&-ct" #ome&(
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
3ee attache& "heet
REFERENCES
91: 7ee!a!, C(.(, 7lei!#elte, D(C(, .oo&, C(=(
De!eal Colle%e Chemi"t/( 8th e&(
=a'e E Ro$, P-+li"he", I!c(, 10 Ea"t
F3& 3t(, Ne$ @o), G(3(A( 1AB0( ''( ??0<
?87
2
#ome& the i!"ol-+le A%Cl 57ee!a!, 1AB06(
Fo the chomate<&ichomate
"/"tem, it $a" o+"e*e& that the a&&itio! o#
=4 to CO?
2<
"hi#te& the e,-ili+i-m a!&
#a*oe& the #omatio! o# &ichomate( No
*i"i+le eactio! $a" o+"e*e& $he! =4 $a"
a&&e& to the C2O7
2<(
I!*e"el/, the a&&itio! o#
O=< to the oa!%e C2O7
2<
#a*oe& the
#omatio! o# the /ello$ CO?
2<
( The "hi#ti!% o#
e,-ili+i-m -'o! the a&&itio! o# ea%e!t"
ill-"tate" the e*e"i+le !at-e o# the
chomate H &ichomate "/"tem 5.hitte!,
20076(
Mi!imal &ata &i"ce'a!c/ co-l& +e
atti+-te& to h-ma! eo "i!ce the
e0'eime!t co!&-cte& #oc-"e& o! ,-alitati*e
&ata a!& o+"e*atio!"(
92: .hitte!, 7(.(, Da*i", R(E(, Pec), M(I(,
3ta!le/, D(D( Chemi"t/( Bth e&(
Thom"o! Boo)">Cole, CA, G(3(A(( 2007(
''( 880<8A2
93:At)i!", P(, &e Pa-la, C( At)i!"; Ph/"ical
Chemi"t/( 7th e&( O0#o& G!i*e"it/
Pe"" I!c(, Ne$ @o), G(3(A( 2002( ''(
1077<10B?
APPENDIX
A. WORKING EQUATIONS
D J D#'o&-ct" < D#eacta!t"
D J <RTl!7e,
B. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
3ee attache& "heet #o the "ol-tio!"(
3