An Experimental Evidence of Energy Non-Conservation

Yu Liang
1
, Qichang Liang

, !iaodong Liu
"

1# $epartment of Computer %cience and Engineering, &ichigan %tate 'niversity, East
Lansing, &( )**", '%A
# $epartment of Nuclear +hysics, China (nstitute of Atomic Energy, +#,# -ox ./0112,
-ei3ing 11)1", China
"# $epartment of +hysics and Astronomy, &ichigan %tate 'niversity, East Lansing, &(
)**", '%A

Abstract
According to &ax4ell5s theory, the displacement current in vacuum can produce
electromotive force on conducting current# 6o4ever, the displacement current in
vacuum does not experience electromotive force from conducting current# 7he
asymmetrical electromotive forces result in non-conserved energy transmission 8et4een
any t4o coils involving displacement current and conducting current# (n this 4or9, 4e
designed and performed the measurements for such effect# :e o8served the explicit
evidences of non-conserved energy transmission 8et4een a toroid solenoid and a
parallel plate capacitor# 7he measured energy increase is 4ell predicted 8y the
numerical estimation#
Key words: displacement current, asymmetrical electromotive forces, energy non-
conservation#
Introduction
;ames C# &ax4ell introduced the concept of displacement current in 1*<1# 6e did not
reali=e that the displacement current can result in energy non-conservation 0ENC2 in
electromagnetic interaction# A typical example is the interactions 8et4een a toroidal
solenoid and a parallel plate capacitor# As sho4n in >ig# 1, a parallel plate capacitor
connecting in a 4ire loop is placed in the middle of a toroidal solenoid# -oth of them
carry alternating currents# 7he conducting current (c in the 4ire and the displacement
current (d 8et4een the plates compose a closed current loop# %ince this loop does not turn
around the toroidal solenoid, the alternating current (c and (d cannot generate
electromotive force 0E&>2 on the toroidal solenoid# ,n the other hand, the alternating
current (s in the toroidal solenoid cannot generate electromotive force on any closed
conducting loop 4hich does not turn around the toroidal solenoid# 6o4ever, the capacitor
circuit is not a closed conducting loop 8ecause of the gap 8et4een the plates# 7he total
electromotive force along the capacitor circuit e?uals to the integral of the electromotive
force along the gap, 4hich is not =ero# (n this case, the electromotive forces 8et4een the
toroidal solenoid and the parallel plate capacitor are not e?ual# 7he current in the
capacitor circuit can 8e pumped 8y the electromotive force from the toroidal solenoid# (n
the mean time, the capacitor circuit cannot pump the current in the toroidal solenoid#
7herefore, the energy in this system is not conserved#
>ig# 1@ A parallel plate capacitor is placed in the middle of a toroidal solenoid# 7he
transverse cross sections of the capacitor and the toroidal solenoid are sho4n in this
figure#
Methods and Results
(n this 4or9, 4e designed an innovative experiment to test the ENC effect due to the
asymmetrical electromotive forces# 7he experimental setup is sho4n in >ig# # :e have
t4o circuits# 7he circuit 1 is composed of a toroidal solenoid L1, a capacitor C1, and a
resistor A1# 7he circuit is composed of an inductor L, a parallel plate capacitor C, a
resistor A, and a varia8le capacitor CB# 7he diameter of the parallel plate capacitor is
11#1 cm# 7he distance 8et4een the plates is 1#" cm# 7he radius of the toroid is *#/ cm#
7he transverse area of the solenoid is )# cm

# 7he turn num8er of the solenoid is C<# 7he

values of the elements in the circuits are listed in 7a8le 1# -oth circuits have the same
resonant fre?uency at ".</ D6=# A function generator 0CA1<)1-1, &adell 7ech# Co#2
4as used to send sine 4ave signals at ".</ D6= across the air so that the t4o circuits are
pumped 8y the function generator respectively# (n the mean 4hile, the circuit 1 also
pumps the circuit through the coupling of the toroidal solenoid and the parallel plate
capacitor#
>ig# @ %chematic of the t4o circuits# 7he circuit 1 is composed of C1, A1, and L1 4here
L1 is a toroidal solenoid# 7he circuit is composed of C, Cv, A, and L 4here C is a
parallel plate capacitor#
7a8le 1@ 7he values of the elements in the experimental circuits
C1
0>arad2
L1
06enry2
A1
0E2
C
0>arad2
Cv
0>arad2
L
06enry2
A
0E2
1#C<F11
-11
C#1F11
-<
1#) /#"/F11
-1
1#C1F11
-11
C#1F11
-<
1#)
(n the first measurement, 4e connected the circuit 1 and disconnected the circuit # 7he
circuit 1 4as pumped 8y the function generator# :e have G1H
012
4here is the electromotive force on the circuit 1 from the function generatorI is
the alternating current in the circuit 1 induced 8y # 7he consumed po4er in the
circuit 1 is
02
7he measured oscillating amplitude in the circuit 1 4as </J mB# 7he consumed po4er
+1 4as 0"#1)J1#1/2 F11
-.
:att#
(n the second measurement, 4e connected the circuit and disconnected the circuit 1#
7he circuit 4as pumped 8y the function generator# %imilarly, 4e have
0"2
4here is the electromotive force on the circuit from the function generatorI is
the alternating current in the circuit induced 8y # 7he consumed po4er in the
circuit is
0)2
7he measured oscillating amplitude in the circuit 4as 11/J mB# 7he consumed po4er
+ 4as 0/#.J1#2 F11
-*
:att#
>inally, 4e connected 8oth circuits# 7here 4as an additional electromotive force
from the circuit 1 to the circuit #
0/2
4here is the current in the circuit induced 8y # 7here is a phase difference of
piK 8et4een and so that they do not interference each other# 7he induced
current is orthogonal to the induced current # 7he total current in the circuit
is
0<2
7he total consumed po4er in the circuit is
0.2
7he measured oscillating amplitude and the consumed po4er in each circuit are listed in
7a8le # 7he oscillating amplitude in the circuit 1 did not change# 7he oscillating
amplitude in the circuit 4as increased to 1/1J mB# 7he consumed po4er in the circuit
4as increased to 0C#.J1#2 F11
-*
:att# 7he consumed po4er in the circuit 4as
increased 8y )#1F11
-*
:att# 7he numerical estimation of the increased po4er in the
circuit is "#CF11
-*
:att, 4hich is very close to the measured value#
7a8le @ 7he measured oscillating amplitude and the consumed po4er in each circuit
B1
0mB2
+1
0F11
-.
:att2
B
0mB2
+
0F11
-*
:att2
B5
0mB2
+5
0F11
-*
:att2
+5 L +
0F11
-*
:att2
</J "#1)J1#1/ 11/J /#.J1# 1/1J C#.J1#" )#1J1#/
Discussion
A ?uestion may 8e concerned 4hether the function generator could feed more po4er into
the circuit 1# (n fact, the a8sor8ed po4er from the function generator into the circuit 1 is
# 7he electromotive force is a fixed value for a specific geometry of the
circuit# 7he unchanged current indicated that the a8sor8ed po4er from the function
generator to the circuit 1 did not change#
Another ?uestion is 4hether the function generator could feed more po4er into the
circuit M 7he a8sor8ed po4er from the function generator into the circuit is
# 7he first term did not change# 7he second term is =ero since the
induced current has a phase difference of piK relative to the electromotive force
# 7hus there is no more energy a8sorption from the function generator into the circuit #
7he increased po4er in the circuit is purely induced 8y the electromotive force from
the circuit 1#
(f energy 4ere conserved, the increased po4er in the circuit should 8e transferred from
the circuit 1 so that the oscillating amplitude in the circuit 1 should 8e decreased#
Assuming the ratio of the reduced amplitude in the circuit 1 to its original amplitude is ,
4e have
0*2
-ased on the measured data, the value of should 8e *)#)N# 6o4ever, 4e did not see
such change# 7he measured data indicated that the circuit 1 only supplies electromotive
force to the circuit 4ithout energy output# 7he extra po4er consumed in the circuit is
the evidence of energy non-conservation#
Conclusion
,ur experimental results indicated explicitly that the energy is not conserved through the
coupling of a toroidal solenoid and a parallel plate capacitor# (n general, the effect of
energy non-conservation exists in any system of t4o circuits if one of them contains a
piece of displacement current#
Acknowledgements
7he authors 4ould than9 &r# ;ian Liang and &r# >eng3un Oang for their financial
supports to this pro3ect# 7he authors 4ould also than9 $r# C-+#Yuan, $r# !udong >an,
$r# 6uan?iao Ohang, $r# Yu?i Chen, and $r# &eixiang Yu for their helpful discussions
in the preparation of this experiment# %pecial than9s to $r# Anthony Doo and $r# $elia
Doo for their tremendous encouragements during this 4or9#
References
G1H A# +# >eynman, A# -# Leighton, &# %ands, 7he >eynman Lectures on +hysics,
Addison-:esley +u8lishing Co#, Bol# (, 01C..2 pp#"-/