Note: Problem 1: Close Book/Close Notes Rest Problems (Problem 2 7) : Close Book but a A4 sheet of notes is permissible. No computers or cell phones allowed!
Please work on problem 1 first. After returning your answer sheet of Problem 1, you can work on rest problems with your note sheet.
. , Note Sheet, .
Total 122 Points 1 Problem 1: Basic Concepts (50 Pts) 10 problems, 5 pts/ech a. Consider the Boeing 777-200 shown below. You are asked to model the wing vibration by a SDOF model by using the wing tip deflection as the main displacement variable. However, you need to find the system parameter by yourself. Please tell me your approach to establish the model (via experiments and/or analytical mechanics).
b. In vibrational analysis of various aspects, we use three terms to characterize the damping behavior, i.e., damping ratio, loss factor, and quality factor. Please make a brief explanation of each team and address their relationship. c. A typical portion of the power spectrum of a structural test is shown in below. Please estimate the damping ratios associated with the two modes. Note: this is a power spectrum plot, which means that the y-value is proportional to the square of vibration amplitude. 150 200 250 300 350 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 Frequency (rad/s) P o w e r
S p e c t r u m
( d i s p lc e m e n t 2 )
d. For a SDOF vibrating system with coulomb damping under sinusoidal excitation (force amplitude F 0 , frequency ), its amplitude X is expressed as Eq.(3.93). I.e.,
Where N, , k are the normal force, friction coefficient, and spring constant, respectively. n is the system natural frequency. Obviously, at resonance, the displacement amplitude is unbounded. Please use physics to explain it.
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e. Consider a SDOF system subjected to a sinusoidal excitation and the response is shown below. Please estimate the frequency of the exciting signal and the system natural frequency. ANS: 2 2000 10sin(15) x x x t + + = . Driving =15 rad/s (2.39 Hz), Natural freq =44.7 rad/s 7.12 Hz) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -50 0 50 Time (s) D i s p l a c e m e n t
( m m ) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 -50 0 50 D i s p l a c e m e n t
( m m ) Time (s)
f. The following figure shows the response of an undamped SDOF system subject to a sinusoidal excitation. Please find the natural frequency and the excitation frequency. Notice that in this case you may not able to identify which one is which. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Figure 5 Time (sec) v i b r a t i o n
a m p l i t u d e
( m )
g. Please try your best to explain the phasor representation of forced vibration shown below. 3
h. Consider a SDOF system subjected to a chirp signal excitation and its response is shown below. Please find its natural frequency. ANS: ( 50 1000 ( ) x x x f t + + = 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 Time (s) R e s p o n s e 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 R e s p o n s e Time (s) 4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 Time (s) R e s p o n s e
i. Please state the physical meaning of displacement transmissibility. If an optical table with mass of 200 Kg and is designed to attenuate base vibration for signal over 2 Hz. Please determine the static deflection of the optical table if one places 10Kg deadweight.
j. In class, we have briefly mentioned some flow-induced vibration issues. Please state the galloping phenomenon. In addition, please also tell us the main application of the Stockbridge damper shown below.
Problem 2: Obtaining equation of motion (12 Pts) e.g., Rao 2.45 A vibrational system is shown below. Please draw its free-body diagram and derive the equation of motion using Newton s second law of motion. 4
Problem 3: Rayleigh Method (12 Pts) e.g., 2.96a A cylinder of mass m and mass moment of inertia J is connected to a spring of stiffness k and rolls on a rough surface as shown below. If the translational and angular displacements of the cylinder are x and from its equilibrium position, please using ENERGY METHOD to determine the equation of motion of the system for small displacements (a) in terms of x (b) in term of
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7 Problem 4: Forced Vibration System (12 Pts) e.g., 3.20 In the cam-follower system shown in below, the rotation of the cam imparts a vertical motion to the follower. The pushrod, which acts as a spring, has been compressed by an amount x 0 before assembly. Determine the following: (a) equation of motion of the follower, including the gravitational force; (b) force exerted on the follower by the cam; and (c) conditions under which the follower loses contact with the cam.
Problem 5: Force Vibration (12 Pts) e.g., 3.44 The landing gear of an airplane can be idealized as the spring-mass-damper system shown below. If the runway surface is described 0 ( ) cos y t y t = , if k=510 6 N/m, determine the value of c that limit the amplitude of vibration of the airplane (x) to 0.1 m. Assume m=2000 Kg, y 0 =0.2m, and=157.08 rad/s.
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Problem 6: Transmissibility (12 Pts) An accelerometer is a device for measuring the base vibration. As schematically shown in the following figure, it is basically a mass-spring-damper system mounted on a vibrated base. Here y is the base vibration and x the absolute displacement of the proof mass. Define z as the relative displacement of the proof mass w.r.t. base. Please derive the equation of motion of the proof mass using z and sketch its frequency response function (i.e., the relative displacement per unit base acceleration) and indicate the workable frequency range of this accelerometer. 9
Problem 7: Coulomb Damping Issues (12 Pts) As shown in the following figures, a spring-mass system moves back and forth on a horizontal friction surface. Assume the spring constant is 1000 N/m and mass is 2 Kg. The response is also shown below. It moves in back and forth with decayed amplitude and a final dead distance. Please estimate the dynamic and static friction coefficients. SOL: slope 2 / 0.279 k n k N k = = . Dead zone = s N/k =0.0196 s . static coef =0.8; dynamic coef =0.6. N =19.6 N, m =2 Kg, wn=22.36 rad/s.