EC 411: Digital Signal

Processing

Course Instructor: Dr. Debashis Ghosh
Department of Electronics & Computer Engg.
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Syllabus
Why DSP? Applications of DSP; Review of discrete-time
signals & systems.

Sampling; Digital processing of continuous-time signals;
ADC & DAC.

DFT properties and applications; FFT; Linear
convolution using DFT; LTI discrete-time systems in
transform domain; DCT and its application in audio / video
coding, JPEG & MPEG coding standards.

Digital filter structures; Design of IIR and FIR filters.
Syllabus (contd.)
Decimation & interpolation; Multi-rate DSP; Applications of
multi-rate DSP.

Filter banks; polyphase structures; QMF; applications to
speech / audio coding.

Adaptive Wiener filter; LMS algorithm; echo cancellation
and equalization by adaptive filtering.

General and special purpose hardware for DSP; DSP
processors; software radio.

Suggested Texts / References
S.K. Mitra, Digital Signal Processing A Computer-based
Approach, Tata McGraw-Hill, 3
rd
edn, 2008.

A.V. Oppenheim, R.W. Schafer & J.R. Buck., Discrete Time
Signal Processing, PHI, 2
nd
edn, 2002.

J.G. Proakis & D.G. Manolakis, Digital Signal Processing
Principles, Algorithms and Applications, Pearson, 4
th
edn,
2007.

Assessment Scheme
CWS (15 marks)
1 Quiz 10 marks
Tutorials 5 marks

MTE (35 marks)
Mid-term exam #1 15 marks
Mid-term exam #2 20 marks

ETE (50 marks)
Basics
Signal function of one or more independent variables.

Signal processing: concerned with
mathematical representation either in terms of original
variables or in a transformed domain
algorithmic operation to extract information.

Signal classifications:
Deterministic vs Random signals
1D, 2D, .. Multi-dimensional signals
Scalar (single source) vs Vector (multi-channel) signals
Analog / Sampled-data / Quantized boxcar / Digital
signals
Analog signal processing operations
Simple time-domain operations: scaling (amplification
or attenuation), delay, addition, multiplication,
differentiation, integration.

Filtering: multiplication in frequency domain =
convolution in time domain.

Hilbert transform: for generation of complex signal.

Modulation and demodulation.

Multiplexing (FDM) and demultiplexing.

Signal generation: Sine wave (oscillation), square
wave, triangular wave, white noise, etc.
Signal processing applications
Sound recording involving
Compressors and limiters
Expanders and noise gates
Equalizers and filters
Noise reduction system
Delay and reverberation systems
Special effects stereo effect, etc.

DTMF telephone dialing involving filtering and square
wave generation by limiter.

FM stereo involving modulation / demodulation, filtering,
signal addition.
Signal processing applications (contd.)
Speech synthesis

Musical sound synthesis

Echo cancellation and/or suppression in telephone
network.
Signal processing stages
Analog processing




Digital processing
Analog
Processor
Analog
Input
Analog
Output
Digital
Processor
A/D D/A
Analog
Input
Analog
Output
Why DSP?
Does not depend on precise signal values More
tolerant to noise, independent of aging, temperature and
other external parameters.

Long lasting storage of digital data.

Error detection and correction possible.

Advances in VLSI technology
easy fabrication and reproduction of complex and
sophisticated digital circuits.
Small sized large memory storage media.
Small sized processor chips compared to large sized
inductors and capacitors particularly at low frequency.
Why DSP? (contd.)
Desirable accuracy / precision can be achieved by
increasing word-length. Even floating-point value
possible.

Processor sharing by TDM.

Easy adjustment / adaptation of processor characteristic
by changing program / algorithm parameters.

Multi-rate processing possible only in digital domain.

Cascading of digital circuits without overloading.
Disadvantages of DSP
Extra processing stages A/D and D/A.

Limitation in operating frequency higher sampling rate
lower resolution in ADC.

More of active devices more power consumption.

Quantization error due to finite length words.
Examples of signals
Message signals:
Speech, audio
Image, video
Text message
Biomedical signals:
Electrocardiograph (ECG)
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
2D echocardiograph
Medical images USG, CT scan, MRI
Others:
EM echo signal
Seismic signal
Review: discrete-time system
x[n] is discrete-time input signal (a sequence of
samples) and y[n] is the corresponding output sample
sequence in case of discrete system.

H is the system operator that defines the input-output
relationship.
] [n x
H
{ } ] [ ] [ n x H n y =
Review: discrete-time system (contd.)
System properties:
Stability
Memory
Causality
Time invariance
Invertibility
Linearity superposition + homogeneity
Review: discrete-time system (contd.)
Unit impulse input sequence




Impulse response of discrete-time LTI system


due to time-invariance
1, 0 1,
[ ] [ ]
0, 0 0,
n n k
n n k
n n k
o o
= =

= =

= =

{ } ] [ ] [ n H n h o =
{ } ] [ ] [ k n H k n h = o
Review: discrete-time system (contd.)
Any input sequence Sum of weighted time-shifted
impulse sequences;
weight is the k-th sample for shift by k samples
shift in time equals to k sample intervals



Corresponding output in LTI system:

+
=
=
k
k n k x n x ] [ ]. [ ] [ o
)
`

=

+
= k
k n k x H n y ] [ ]. [ ] [ o
Review: discrete-time system (contd.)
By superposition


By homogeneity



Output sequence is the sum of weighted time-shifted
impulse response sequences; weight is the k-th sample
for shift by k samples.
{ } { }

+
=
+
=
+
=
= = =
k k k
k n h k x k n H k x k n k x H n y ] [ ]. [ ] [ ]. [ ] [ ]. [ ] [ o o
{ }

+
=
+
=
=
)
`

=
k k
k n k x H k n k x H n y ] [ ]. [ ] [ ]. [ ] [ o o
Review: discrete-time system (contd.)
Therefore, the output of a system is the convolution of
the two sequences: input sequence and the impulse
response sequence



Since, convolution operation is commutative
] [ * ] [ ] [ n h n x n y =

+
=
+
=
= = =
k k
k n x k h k n h k x n h n x n y ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ * ] [ ] [
Review: discrete-time system (contd.)
Impulse response of stable LTI system:


Impulse response of memoryless LTI system:



Impulse response of causal LTI system:

, 0
[ ]
0, 0
k
c k
h k
k
>

=

<

] [ . ] [
otherwise 0
0
] [ n c n h
k c
k h o =

=
=
[ ]
k
h n
+
=
<

Review: discrete-time system (contd.)

Impulse response of invertible LTI system:



System interconnections:
Parallel:


Series:
] [ ] [ * ] [ n n h n h
inv
o =
] [ ] [ ] [
2 1
n h n h n h + =
] [ * ] [ ] [
2 1
n h n h n h =
Review: discrete-time system (contd.)
Step response:



It follows:


[ ] [ ]. [ ] [ ]
n
k k
s n h k u n k h k
+
= =
= =

[ ] [ ] [ 1] h n s n s n =