What is the role of photorespiration in photosynthesis and how can it be minimised?

-Photorespiration reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis by eliminating carbon dioxide

molecules from the Calvin cycle.
-Photorespiration can be minimised through the following mechanisms:
a) Some plants increase the concentration of CO
2
in the leaves so that RuBP carboxylase is
less likely to produce glycolate through reaction with O
2

b) C4 plants capture carbon dioxide in mesophyll cells and release it to the bundle sheath
cells where CO
2
concentration is low
d) Some other plants such as cacti and succulents use the mechanism called crassulacean
acid metabolism (CAM)
-This mechanism allows absorption of CO
2
to take place at night so that the stomata can be
closed during the day to minimise loss of water.