REPUBLIC OF PANAMA

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
HIGHER INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES CONVERSATIONAL ENGLISH
TECHNICAL

MONOGRAPH
TEN OF MY BEAUTIFUL NATIONAL PARKS PANAMA

PROFESSOR: YAQUELIN FLORES

GERMN MARTINEZ HERRERA
8-844-438

WORK GRADUATION TO OPT FOR
CERTIFICATE OF CONVERSATIONAL
ENGLISH HIGH TECHNICAL


PENONOME, COCLE
2013
NDEX
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 4
CHAPTER I. LEGISLATION FOR NATIONAL PARKS IN PANAMA ................................... 7
Environmental legislation ........................................................................................................ 8
Regulatory authorities ............................................................................................................ 10
CHAPTER II. WILDLIFE AND VEGETATION OF NATIONAL PARKS OF PANAMA......... 11
A. Altos de Campana National Park ............................................................................. 12
Location .................................................................................................................................. 12
Vegetation .............................................................................................................................. 12
Wildlife ..................................................................................................................................... 12
Geomorphology .................................................................................................................... 13
B. Isla Bastimentos National Marine Park................................................................... 13
Location .................................................................................................................................. 13
Vegetation .............................................................................................................................. 13
Wildlife ..................................................................................................................................... 13
Tourist itinerary .................................................................................................................... 13
C. La Amistad International Park .................................................................................. 14
Location .................................................................................................................................. 14
Vegetation .............................................................................................................................. 14
Wildlife ..................................................................................................................................... 14
Geomorphology .................................................................................................................... 15
D. Las Cruces Trail National Park ................................................................................. 15
Location .................................................................................................................................. 15
Vegetation .............................................................................................................................. 15
Wildlife ..................................................................................................................................... 15
How to get there? ................................................................................................................. 16
E. Soberana National Park ................................................................................................. 16
Location .................................................................................................................................. 16
Vegetation .............................................................................................................................. 16
Wildlife ..................................................................................................................................... 16
How to get there.................................................................................................................... 17
F. Omar Torrijos Park ........................................................................................................... 17
Location .................................................................................................................................. 17
Weather ................................................................................................................................... 17
Wildlife ..................................................................................................................................... 18
Getting There ......................................................................................................................... 18
G. Volcan Baru National Park.................................................................................................... 18
Location .................................................................................................................................. 18
How to arrive ......................................................................................................................... 18
Weather ................................................................................................................................... 18
Climbing to the summit of Bar Volcano: ..................................................................... 19
H. Coiba National Park ..................................................................................................... 19
Location: ..................................................................................................................................... 19
Wildlife......................................................................................................................................... 19
Dates and History of Establishment .................................................................................... 20
Area .............................................................................................................................................. 20
Altitude ......................................................................................................................................... 20
Darien National Park ................................................................................................................ 20
Location .................................................................................................................................. 20
Wildlife ..................................................................................................................................... 20
Extension ................................................................................................................................ 20
Visiting the Park. .............................................................................................................. 20
H. Sarigua national Park .................................................................................................. 21
Location .................................................................................................................................. 21
Extension ................................................................................................................................ 21
Wildlife ..................................................................................................................................... 21
How to arrive ......................................................................................................................... 21
I. Metropoltan natural Park ................................................................................................ 21
Location ...................................................................................................................................... 21
Wildlife ..................................................................................................................................... 22
Legislation .............................................................................................................................. 22
Information about this park ............................................................................................... 22
CHAPTER III. ADVANCES IN THE CONSERVATION OF SPECIES ................................... 23
Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 26
Bibliography .......................................................................................................................... 27
Annexes ............................................................................................................................... 28


INTRODUCTION


Panama has a wide range of tropical landscapes including beaches, tropical
forests, about 900 species of birds 1,500 species of trees and over 7000 vascular
plants. In recent years legislation has increased the national parks, in order to
protect the wealth of biogeographic which has given us.
In this paper I describe 10 national parks in Panama, covering aspects of location,
phytogeographic and zoogeographic distribution, access to, general information.
It consists of three chapters, the first describing the laws of the national parks in
Panama, the second chapter covers aspect of national parks in Panama, the third
includes recent developments around nature conservation.
It is important to be aware of this, because with infrastructure and globalization
have caused deterioration and ecosystem imbalance.








DEDICATION


















This success is dedicated to God
first, then my parents and sisters
who have supported me at all
times.




GRATEFULNESS













I thank professor Yaquelin Flores for giving
their support and advice.








CHAPTER I
LEGISLATION FOR NATIONAL PARKS IN
PANAMA









Environmental legislation
The main environmental regulatory legislation is set out in Law No. 41 of 1 July
1998 (Law No. 41), which comprises the General Environmental Law and creates
the National Environment Authority (Autoridad Nacional del Ambiente) (ANAM)
(see box, The regulatory authorities).
Other important environmental legislation includes:

Executive Decree No. 123 of 14 August 2009, modified by Executive Decree
No. 155 of 2011, which regulates environmental assessment or impact studies
(see Question 11).

Executive Decree No. 57 of 10 August 2004, which regulates environmental
audit as well as the environmental adaptation and management programme
(Programa de Adecuacin y Manejo Ambiental) (PAMA).

The Criminal Code concerning crimes against the environment.
The Republic of Panama requires all individuals conducting research under STRI's
auspices to adhere to the laws and regulations of the country, international
conventions (e.g., CITES, Convention on Biological Diversity), and the laws of the
country to which scientific samples are being exported to or imported from.
A scientific permit is required in the Republic of Panama for the legal observation,
collection, import and export of scientific samples. The STRI Scientific Permit
Office (SPO) serves as sole liaison for scientific permit requests between STRI
users and
The STRI Scientific Permit Office will ensure, when applicable to proposed
projects, local compliance for Smithsonian Directive SD 605 - Animal Care and
Use (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee; IACUC) and Smithsonian
Directive 606 - Human Subject Research, before project approval at STRI.
Panamanian regulations require that all permit requests must be prepared in
Spanish. Users have the sole responsibility for the accuracy of the information
incorporated into their permit applications and for the submission of the required
accompanying materials for the scientific permit application. Users must be aware
that submission of incomplete applications will cause significant delays to their
permit process time. The STRI Scientific Permit Office will verify that the scientific
permit application is complete and that supported materials are included before
sending the application to the respective Panamanian government entity.
STRI scientific users must be aware that a permit request application submission is
just that, a permit request application submission. STRI does not issue nor grant
permits for scientific research in the Republic of Panama, except for the Barro
Colorado Natural Monument. Panamanian authorities will have the final decision
regarding the issuance or not of a permit.
In general Panamanian entities are required to provide an answer to the scientific
permit applications within 45 working days (63 calendar days) of receipt of the
application. SPO has no control over this step of the process, nor on the time that
the government entity will take during such times. SPO will monitor with authorities
the progress of the evaluation process of the permit after 30 working days of
scientific permit application submission and will notify the scientific permit applicant
of any changes.
STRI maintains a zero-tolerance policy regarding the failure to comply with the
regulations for the legal observation, collection, import and export of scientific
samples. Ignoring this policy will lead to denial of access to STRI facilities,
disciplinary action, and possibly dismissal. In general, scientific journals will not
publish the results of investigations based upon materials which have not been
legally acquired.
Regulatory authorities
The key regulatory authorities in Panama that oversee environmental issues are:

ANAM.

The Ministry of Health (Ministerio de Salud).

The local municipalities (Municipios).

The Special District Attorney on crimes against the environment and
competent courts.

General Directorate of Standards and Industrial Technology of the Ministry
of Commerce and Industry.















CHAPTER II. WILDLIFE AND VEGETATION
OF NATIONAL PARKS OF PANAMA










A. Altos de Campana National Park
Location
It is located on the western side of the Panama Canal as part of its watershed.
Nestled close to the coast of Chame and floodplains, the protected area rises from
400 meters at its lowest point to the 1030 m (N 8 41,324 'W 79 55,314') having
peak Campana.
From "The Cross" (N 8 41.169 'W 79 55,173') to 900 m not only spectacular
views of the Canal watershed but also outstanding panoramic Bay Chame,
bounded by Chame tip, with its impressive contemplated mangroves covering the
mouth of the river of the same name.

Vegetation
The last census showed 198 species of trees and 342 species of bushes. Mosses,
orchids, bromeliads and epiphytes multiply everywhere. There are 26 species of
vascular plants. The park's endemic species include Chione campanensis. Studies
have been carried out by Prof. Mireya D. Correa, professor at the University of
Panama and researcher at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. The latest
listings include 1216 species of higher plants.

Wildlife
The park's 62 species of amphibians and 86 kind of reptiles cover an
extraordinary diverse number of species. The species that are exclusively native to
this park include the rare frog Atelopus Zeteki or Golden Frog, which is found in a
very small remote area of the national park. The others are the salamander
Bolitoglossa schizadactyla, the caecilian
(Caecilia volcani), gecko Anolis lionotus,
lizard Morunasaurus grai, and the snakes
Trimetopon barbouri and g. Winia, which
have not yet been described. The protected
area is also home to the giant frog
Leptodactylus pentadactylus, the largest
amphibian in Panama, the spiny toad (Bufo
coniferus) and the poisonous frogs
Dendrobates minutus and Dendrobates
autatus.
Birds here include the spectacular trogons,
the orange-bellied trogon (Trogon auratiiventris) are found in numbers. The forests
are also home to a number of species of birds that are threatened in other parts on
America - for example sicklebill white-tipped (Eutoxeres aquila), the violet-bellied
hummingbird (Damophila Julie panamensis)and the bronze-tailed plumelesteer
(Chalybura urochrysia)

Geomorphology
This is an extension of the igneous formation Volcano Anton Valley. His past
volcanic activity is clearly reflected in its rugged terrain where spectacular cliffs,
lava fields, volcanic tuffs and numerous other events that speak of a past geologic
enormous intensity are observed

B. Isla Bastimentos National Marine Park
Location
is a marine park located in the Bocas del Toro District and archipelago of Bocas
del Toro Province, Panama. 91657N 82823W

Vegetation
Nature is very rich, comprising Caribbean forest ecosystems, mangroves,
wetlands, coral reefs, beaches with coconut palms.
The park is an example where tropical rainforests are alternated with typical hill
forests and coastal plains. The tall trees, dense undergrowth and palms,
mahogany black, red and veined abound. In the swamps abound orey palm and
raffia.
Wildlife
On the island, the park protects forests, mangroves, monkeys, sloths, caiman,
crocodile, and 28 species of amphibians and reptiles. Playa Larga (Long Beach),
on Isla Bastimentos, that is important
nesting site for sea turtles. Four species of
endangered sea turtles use it as a nesting
site from April through September. On the
island, the park protects forests,
mangroves, monkeys, sloths, caiman,
crocodile, and 28 species of amphibians
and reptiles. Playa Larga (Long Beach), on
Isla Bastimentos, that is important nesting
site for sea turtles. Four species of
endangered sea turtles use it as a nesting site from April through September.
Tourist itinerary
How to get there?
First you get to Isla Colon in Bocas del Toro and for this you can take the following
transports:
Aircraft: Air Panama offers domestic flights lasting 1 hour.
Bus: Union of Pan bus terminal at Albrook Mall and exit at 8:00 pm every day.
CART: Take the Interamerican Highway up to entrance Gualaca (404km). Turn
right and follow to the end of the road to Chiriqui Grande (98 miles) in Punta Pea,
then follow the road to Almirante (68 km), where you can leave your car in a
parking area near the water taxis.
Ferry: they travel from Monday to Saturday, at Bocas Marine Admirals from 8:00
am
Once on Isla Colon, then you must take:
Boat: From Isla Colon in 20 minutes by boat outboard will reach the protected area.

C. La Amistad International Park
Location
Is aTransboundary Protected Area in Latin America, management of which is
shared between Costa Rica (Caribbean La Amistad and Pacific La
Amistad Conservation Areas)
and Panama, following a
recommendation by UNESCO after
the park's inclusion in the World
Heritage Site list.
Vegetation
Have ,500 plant, 17,000 beetle and
380 herpetological collections were
made and deposited in the national
collections of Costa Rica and
Panama. It covers 401,000 ha of
tropical forest and is the largest nature reserve in Central America; together with a
15 km buffer zone, it represents a major biodiversity resource at a regional (ca
20% of the region's species diversity) and global level.
Wildlife
This park is in an area of tropical rainforest. The PILA is a park with high
biodiversity for both the Panamanian side as costarricense
Mammals : The PILA found some species of mammals such as jaguar , puma,
ocelot, coati , the Zaino , tapir, three-toed sloths , squirrel monkeys, howler
monkeys , capuchins, spiders and aotus , the latter has been seen in the
Panamanian side of the park , but given that the animals do not recognize political
boundaries is believed that also resides on the Costa Rican side of the park , in
fact mentioned that this species could live much further north , to Nicaragua . The
Panamanian side of PILA has not been fully studied and includes many areas
where biologists and science have never come because they are very inaccessible
Poultry: For Panama PILA 550 species have been identified , accounting for almost
50 % of the 986 species of birds recorded for the country. For his part in the PILA-
Costa Rica have been reported about 450 species representing 51% of the 845
species of Costa Rica . Highlights include the alicastao nuthatch, the gorgiblanco
hummingbird, the quetzal, the kettle black , the peacock , the harpy eagle ,
macaws and other species.
Reptiles : In 2004 work ANAM recorded 25 species of reptiles to Panama for the
PILA . In 2005 INBio recorded 29 species for the PILE - Costa Rica .
Amphibians : Back ANAM 32 species recorded in 2004 for the Panama - PILA .
INBio reported 44 species for the PILE - Costa Rica.

Geomorphology
It has an area of 401,000 ha, in Costa Rica there (193 929 ha), in the provinces of
San Jose, Cartago, Limon and Puntarenas, being extremely inaccessible part of
Panama (207,000 ha) is difficult to access, taking much of the unexplored park,
covering the provinces of Bocas del Toro and Chiriqui.
Consists mostly of rainforest, the area includes the Talamanca mountain range,
home to the highest peaks of the two countries.

D. Las Cruces Trail National Park
Location
The Las Cruces Trail National Park is located about 9 miles from Panama City, and
spans 11,000 acres between Soberania National Park and Metropolitan National
Park. This is an important ecological corridor composed of heavily forested land
which protects the natural flow of animals and birds between these two parks, as
well as a portion of the Panama Canal.
Vegetation
The climate is tropical rain, with Caribbean winds, and vegetation is, therefore
abundant. Notably oak and shrubs, epiphytes, ferns and reeds, plus copies of
sweet cedar, cypress, jaul, white oak, oak and oak Tirra.
Wildlife
Within this forested region there are large trees such as the cotton tree, cuipo, wild
plum, and oak. There are also guayacan trees in this area whose spectacular
flowers appear in April at the end of the dry season.
Many bird species make this park their home such as the crested eagle, pheasant
cuckoo, the red and green macaw and the slaty-tailed trogon. Animals that can be
found here include the Titi monkey, Geoffroys Tamarin monkey, armadillos, roe
deer, white tailed deer, white nosed coati, agouti and the three fingered sloth.
How to get there?
Most of the visitors take taxi from Panama City and ride about 30 minutes along
the Panama Canal which is 25 km from Panama City. This beautiful national park
is situated in between Colon provinces and Panama City. It is one of the most
visited tourist destinations. So, it is not hard to find even for new visitors during
the trip to Panama.


E. Soberana National Park
Location
Soberania National Park is 25 kilometers from Panama City. A road from Panama
City leads to the Madden Dam and crosses through the parks humid tropical forest.
The park was established in 1980 and is a strip bordering much of the eastern side
of the Canal.
Vegetation
The Park is made up of humid forest with its impressive trees like, cotton tree
(ceiba), cuipo (Cavanillesia platanifolia), mahogany and guayacan (Tabebuia
guayacan). The forest contains lots of lianas, epifitas and orchids and the royal
palm tress, fruit trees nance (Brysonima crassifolia), and wild plums
There is a park headquarters with rooms
for meetings and audiovisual
presentations, a store, orchid site, and
natural trails. In Aguas Claras there is a
checkpoint and a forest ranger facility.
There are three natural trails: the Charco,
the Camino de Plataciones and Camino
de Cruces. In the protected area there is a
camping area.
Wildlife
There 105 species of mammals, 525
species of birds, 79 reptiles, 55
amphibious and 36 species of fresh water fish, so the park is an important wildlife
refuge.
The Park is made up of humid forest with its impressive trees like, cotton tree
(ceiba), cuipo (Cavanillesia platanifolia), mahogany and guayacan (Tabebuia
guayacan). The forest contains lots of lianas, epifitas and orchids and the royal
palm tress, fruit trees nance (Brysonima crassifolia), and wild plums.
Birds are particularly noteworthy here. On its best known trail, the Pipeline Road,
the Audubon Society has for 19 years held consecutive world records in the annual
census it organizes. 525 species of birds were recorded on just one day in 1996.
Among the outstanding ones are the endangered crested eagle, the spectacular
rofous-ventaul, ground- cuckoo, and colorful tragons like violaceous tragons.
Among the mammals you will fid jaguar, the white-tailed deer, eques, raccoons
and herds of wild pigs. Various species of monkeys occupy the forest canopy,
including the small mono titi and the evasive jujana.
Reptiles such as the babilus, the warty snake, amphibians such as the common
toad or the salamander and fresh water fishes like the sabalo, pipon or the barbudo
are to be found here
How to get there
The park is only 20 minutes from the city, yet you feel like you are worlds away. To
get to the main entrance of the park, take the road to Gamboa. Where you turn left
at Gamboa Road, you will see the offices of the park. Here is a link to a map I
made of the park and its trails. Since I first went 3 weeks ago, I have been back
every weekend. The trails are a birdwatchers and nature lovers paradise, and
with the exception of the Old Gamboa Road, all feature pristine rainforest. Here are
some great day trips you can make to the park.

F. Omar Torrijos Park
Location
Is located near El Cop in Cocl province in the center of Panama. The park is
25,275 hectares in size (about 60,000 acres) and straddles the Continental
Divide (the point that divides whether rain will flow towards the Atlantic or the
Pacific Oceans).
Weather
The area, especially in the afternoon, is typically bathed with low clouds and mist.
The elevation is about 800 m and temperatures can be chilly, especially at night.
Because of the narrowness of Panama, a
mirador in the park allows visitors to glimpse
the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans by simply
turning their heads (if the clouds are not
obstructing your view).
The dry season is from mid-December to
mid-April, but mist is still present and high
winds are common. Rains typically fall in the
early afternoon and night, leaving much of
the day for exploring
Wildlife
Omar Torrijos National Park is home to many amazing plants as Zamia, an
arboreal cycad, hangs from the trees, along with mosses, bromeliads, and
orchids. Birds, including the snowcap hummingbird and bare-necked
umbrellabird, number over 360 in species. All large felines (ocelots, jaguars,
cougars) are found in the park, along with Bairds Tapirs, although it takes
incredible luck and a lot of time to happen upon one.
Getting There
El Cop, the nearest community, can be accessed any vehicle or by direct bus
from Panama City (currently $5.50 per person), Aguadulce (Cocl, $2.00)
or Penonom (Cocl, $1.50). All prices are subject to change.
If you are without 4wd you will need to find a ride from a local person. Contact La
MICA Biological Station to arrange such before arriving or ask at one of the local
stores or at the ANAM(Panamanian Environmental Authority) office located up a
steep hill in the center of town.
G. Volcan Baru National Park
Location
It is located in the province of Chiriqu, along the Pacific slope of the Talamanca
Range.

How to arrive
From Panama City, take the Pan-American Highway in the direction of David -
Chiriqu. Upon reaching the city of David, continue straight towards the border, and
about 15 minutes after leaving the city limits you will find the entrance to the town
of Concepcin. Enter Concepcin and continue to climb for another 25 minutes
until reaching the town of Volcn. The park is accessible by car only from the
towns of Boquete (on its eastern slopes) and Cerro Punta. It lies 33 kilometers
from the highway.
The buses to Cerro Punta, with stops at Volcn and Concepcin, leave the
terminal in David every half hour, reaching Volcn in one hour and 45 minutes

Weather
This park, which covers an area of 14,322 hectares, was created in 1976 in order
to preserve its natural wealth and rich biodiversity. The region enjoys a pleasant
temperature of around 20 degrees Celsius, though it can drop down to 0 degrees
Celsius at night. From the summit you can clearly see, as if looking down from a
plane, both the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea

Climbing to the summit of Bar Volcano:
You can select from several trails to climb the volcano, starting from either the
Cerro Punta or Boquete side. The easiest and most practical is to approach it from
Boquete, following a road (in quite bad conditions) to the summit. If you leave at
around 1:00 a.m., you will reach the summit at dawn, when the sky is clear and
affords a view of both seas. The altitude makes this a very strenuous hike that can
easily take 13 to 15 hours roundtrip. Dress warmly and bring a good hooded
rainjacket in case of rain.

H. Coiba National Park
Location:
Coiba National Park (7 1004 to 7 5337N and 8 3237 to 8 5615W) is
a World Heritage Site that comprises a group of 38 islands lying at the south end
of the Gulf of Chiriqu between 10 to 55 kilometers(km) off the southwest coast of
Panama.

Wildlife
In this park has evolution of
new marine species including
whale and tiger sharks, sperm
whales, sea turtles, angel rays
and giant schools of fish. It is
also the last refuge for a
number of threatened terrestrial
animals such as the crested
eagle and several sub-species
of agouti, possum and howler
monkey (including a Coiba
Island Howler Monkey).
The waters adjacent to the
island are teeming with marine life. It is surrounded by one of the largest coral
reefs on the Pacific coast of the Americas. The Indo-Pacific current through the
Gulf of Chiriqui provides a unique dive environment. The warm current brings with
it coral and many of the pacific tropical underwater life that you would not expect
on the Pacific Coast of the Americas. Also with it come the larger fish/mammals
such as humpback whales, sharks, whale sharks, orcas and more. Some 760
species of fish have been recorded here, including snappers, barracuda,
amberjack, and three types of marlin. Due to all this marine life, the Coiba National
Park is an excellent place to snorkel and scuba dive
Dates and History of Establishment
1991: Created by Resolution 021 by the institute now the National Authority for the
Environment under Law 41/article 67;
1994: Management plan adopted by Resolution 12-94;
2004: Enlarged and designated a National Park with a Special Zone of Marine
Protection, by Law 44.
Area
430,825 hectares (ha). Coiba National Park: 270,125 ha: terrestrialsector, 53,625
ha; marine sector, 216,500 ha. Special Zone of Marine Protection, 160,700 ha.
Altitude200 meters (m) below sea level to 416 m.

Darien National Park
Location
It is located in southernmost Panama in Darin province and its southern boundary
extends along 90% of the Panama Colombian border. It lies between the Serrana
del Darin range, which parallels the Caribbean Sea 16 km to the northeast, and
the Pacific Ocean coast. It is adjacent to the Los Katios National Park in Colombia.
74410N 773250W
Wildlife
Its most
common species include macaw, parrot,
and tapirs. The harpy eagle also calls
this national park home. It is noted for its
incredible genetic value. The park is
home to regional endemic species and
some that are so rare and endangered
that they are on the IUCN Red List.
These species include the Spotted
Paca, Guatemalan Black Howler, Night
Monkey, Black-headed Spider Monkey, Central American Agouti, American
Crocodile and the Capybara
Extension
In 1972 an area of 700,000 hectares (7,000 km
2
) became part of the Alto Darin
Protection Forest. In 1980 the area was declared a National Park. In 1983 an area
of 859,333 ha (8,593.33 km
2
) became a UNESCO biosphere reserve.
[2][3]
The park
covers 5,790 km
2
(579,000 ha).
Visiting the Park.
Due to its extreme isolation, the Darin National Park is not very accessible. There
are, however, two places where the park is often visited. Santa Cruz de Cana
(more simply known as Cana) is one of them. Set in the middle of the park near the
eastern slope of Cerro Pirre, Cana is one of Panama's most incredible outdoor
areas. It has been called one of the world's ten greatest bird watching spots. There
are several trails and a ranger station here.
[citation needed]

The second point of access is Pirre Station. This is an ANAM ranger station set on
the opposite side of Cerro Pirre. This area has primary forests and an abundance
of wildlife, including several types of monkeys, sloths, and all kinds of bird species.
There are several trails leading away from the ranger station that can be hiked.
Travelers can stay in a basic dormitory at the ranger statio
H. Sarigua national Park
Location
Sarigua National Park is located in Herrera Province, on the northeastern portion of
the Azuero peninsula
Extension
The Sarigua National Park occupies a coastal fringe on the Pacific Coast of
Panama between the mouths of the Rivers Maria and Parita. With an area of 8,000
hectares the park is divided into three different areas: 3,500 hectares of semi-
desert area, 3,000 hectares of sea and 1,500 hectares of fragmented soils. Inside
the park are the remains of the oldest Pre-Columbian Indian village in Panama,
which dates from around 9,500 to 7,000 BC. It was a settlement that belonged to a
fishing community.
Wildlife
Wildlife is scarce, in this desert-like environment, but along the coastal plain there
are sea birds including flocks of pelicans. 162 migratory birds have been recorded.
There are also kingfishers, sonarcas and butterflies.
How to arrive
Bus: Take a bus from the Grand Transportation Station in Panama City to Chitr,
where you will transfer to a bus or taxi to Parita. It takes half an hour walking from
Parita to reach the park entrance.
Plane: There are also daily flights from Panama to Chitr, and from there a taxi
can take you to Parita and Sarigua National Park

I. Metropoltan natural Park
Location
The Metropolitan Natural Park is located in Panama City, Ancon district
between Ascanio Villalaz Ave., the Amistad road and the Curundu river.

Wildlife
The Metropolitan Natural Park, while containing a healthy supply of animal species,
should not be viewed as a prime location to view wildlife. While monkeys, iguanas,
deer, and numerous bird species have all been reported, they are not very
commonly sighted.
Legislation
The park was created by Act 8 of July 5, 1985, the "Lungs of the Capital City"
named for its position on the west bank of the river Curund ancient Hondo River.
He emerged as a substrate land likely protected by deforested areas, islands or
refuges tropical forest, used as cattle ranches, whose roots are dug in 1974, when
plans for employment land Canal was carried out before the treaties were signed
Torrijos-Carter.
Information about this park
The park itself is open from 6:00 a.m.-5:30 p.m., however, the administration office
(tel. 232-5552) opens at 8:00 a.m. The park costs $2.00 per person to enter and a
map is provided. As well, there is a small bookstore/sourvenir shop where you can
purchase other items. Guided tours are available at a cost of $4.00 per person (a
minimum of 5 people), however, you must request the service well in advance. For
more information, we recommend you visit their web site
at http://www.parquemetropolitano.org/.






















CHAPTER III. ADVANCES IN THE
CONSERVATION OF SPECIES











As environmental progress include the following:
- Regarding the Valuation of Environmental Damage on 9 November 2004, at the
initiative of the General Administration of ANAM, Economics Unit was created
Environmental by Resolution No. AG-0643-2004. Among the most important legal
foundations to create this unity we can cite Articles 38 and 55 of the Act.
General of the Environment, relating to economic instruments, the valuation of
resources and environmental satellite accounts. In addition, there are practical
reasons and institutional order, which makes even more evident the need for the
consolidation of Environmental Economics Unit at the ANAM, including highlights:
(1) The need to modernize environmental management and make it increasingly
more efficient and (2) the need for coordination and appropriate institutional
developments produced in the field.
- As for Advances in Entitlement and Participation Process
Citizens there Decree 57 of 2000, Title V "From Complaints to the Law for
Administrative Offences" establishing mechanisms for citizen participation in the
processes of prevention and resolution of environmental conflicts.
In addition to Law 6 2002 Transparency Act regulates matters related to freedom
and access to information reporting obligation by the State, confidential and
exempt from disclosure, Habeas Data, penalties and personal responsibilities
officials, and citizen participation.
- Law on Natural Resources Fund, the Executive Decree 43 of 2004, which
regulates Law 24 of 1995, as Chapter IV, From National Wildlife Fund, Article 27
states: "The National Trust the
Wildlife created by Act 24 of 1995, aimed at the investment costs of the National
Service of Protected Areas and Wildlife, and encourage project management,
protection, conservation, development and education of wildlife. "

- As for the rating or Chance Adoption Measures
Remediation and Compliance, "General Environmental Law" includes monetary
penalties for violations of its provisions, giving power to
General Manager of the ANAM, to impose fines of up to B /. 1 million and the
National Council of Environment between B /. One to 1 million B/.10 million. These
sanctioning powers ANAM faculty are complemented by having to order the
offender to pay the cost of cleanup, mitigation and compensation of environmental
damage, without prejudice to the civil and criminal liability arising from these
actions. Moreover, Law 24 of 1995, "Wildlife Act" in
Title V, De Jurisdiction, Procedure and Responsibility, Chapter II,
Responsibility is established in Article 79: "The natural or legal persons causing
actual harm or environmental damage, or potential, must restore the damages."














Conclusion
Al Finish This Essay I Have Come To The Following Conclusions
The Chagres National Park is located in the narrow central region of
the Isthmus of Panama, between the Province of Panama and Colon.
The main species that inhabit the Darien National Park are the harpy
eagle (national bird), parrot, macaw, jaguar, capybara (the world's
largest rodent), wild dog, reptiles, among others.
The SOP has a high diversity of flora with about 900 plant species, of
which 143 are endemic, covering 12% of species endemic to Panama.
There is an area of conservation of endangered species like the jaguar
(Panthera onca), tapir (Tapirus bairdii), the poncho (Hydrochaeris),
marsh hawk (Busarellus nigricollis) and the national bird, the harpy
eagle (Harpy Eagle )
The Amistad International Park, popularly known as PILA, was
established by Resolution JD-022-88 of September 2, 1988.




Bibliography
http://www.pnuma.org/gobernanza/documentos/legislacionporpaises/P
ANAMA.pdf
www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/.../panamapdf
www.fabamm.com/.../PANAMA_S_SUBSTANTIVE...
naturaljustice.org/.../ICCALegalReviewAMERICAS


















Annexes





MAP OF NATIONAL PARKS










Panamas biodiversity is staggering the country is home to 218 mammal species, 226 species
of reptile, 164 amphibian species and 125 animal species found nowhere else in the world.
Panama also boasts 940 avian species, which is the largest number in Central America.
ATELOPUS
ZETEKI

Humid, tropical rainforest is the dominant vegetation in the canal area, along the Caribbean coast
and in most of the eastern half of the country


VEGETATION