Study guide for chapters 1 and 2

1. Know the difference between anatomy and physiology

Anatomy- The study of the body structure.
Physiology- The study of the body functions.
2. What is the study of disease called?
Pathology
3. Know the systems that exist within the body structure and what they do example
respiratory, integumentary etc.
Reproductive System- Sex Organs. Internal organs associated with production of
offspring.
Urinary System- Rid the Body of waste. (Kidneys, Blatter, urethra)
Respiratory System- Lungs and passages leading air to and from lungs.
Digestive System- Breaks down food to be used as energy. (Mouth, stomach, S&L
intestine, liver, gallbatter)
Lymphatic System- VESSELS THAT ASSIST in circulation by RETURNING FLUIDS from
tissues TO BLOOD.
Cardiovascular System- Heart&blood vessels. Pumps blood to body tissues bringing
nutrients, oxegen and other substances. ( Then carries waste away)
Endocrine System- Organs that share functions. Produce HORMONES, regulate growth,
reproduction.
Nervous System- Brain&spinal cord. SENSORY ORGANS. (Eyes, Ears, Mouth, Eyes)
Muscular System- Produce movement. Give body structure, protect organs and maintain
posture.
Skeletal System- Bodys framework
Integumetary- Skin. (fingernails, hair, sweat glands, and oil glands)
4. Understand negative feedback and why the body uses it
Negative Feedback- Maintains Homeostasis. Keeps body conditions within a set range by
reversing any upward or downward shift.
5. Know directional terms and body planes
Directional Terms
Medial and Lateral-
Medial: ( Middle, near imaginary line through midline)
Lateral: ( Farther away from midline)
Superior and Inferior-
Superior- (Above)
Inferior- (Below)
Proximal and Distal-
Proximal- Near the origin of structure, such as a limb or nearer to a given point such as
the beginning of a system.
Distal- Father from that point.
Anterior and Posterior-
Anterior- The belly surface/ front of the body.
Posterior- Nearer the back side.
Planes of Division
Frontal- Cut where in line with the ears and then down the middle. You would see Anterior
and Posterior sides.
Transverse- Cut that is between Superior and Inferior.
Sagittal- Split right down the middle. Sagital lagital

6. Know body cavities ie. Thoracic, dorsal, pelvic etc.
Ventral-
Diaphragm
Mediastinum
Abdominopelvic Cavity-
Pelvic Cavity
Abdominal Cavity

Dorsal-
Cranial
Spinal
7. What does the prefix homeo mean?
Homeo- Same
8. Understand anabolic, catabolic and metabolic reactions
Anabolic- Simple compounds ARE USED. BUILDING.
Catabolic- Complex substances are BROKEN DOWN into simpler compounds.
Metabolic- Reactions working together.

9. Know atoms, molecules, compounds, solute, solvent, solution, mixture
Atom- SMALLEST sub-unit of a chemical.

Molecules- Partical formed by chemical bonding of TWO OR MORE atoms. Smallest
SUB UNIT of a COMPOUND.

Compound- Substance composed of two or more chemical reactions.

Solute- Dissolving substance. Substance that is dissolved in another substance.

Solvent- What is dissolving that substance. Substance in which another substance
is dissolved.

Solution- Clear Mixture. Mixture in which another substance IS DISSOLVED.

Mixture- Combination of substances by the act of stirring them together.

10. Know the structure of an atom



11. Know what an isotope is example: cobalt 60
Isotope- Same two elements have different amount of neutrons, DIFFERENT
ATOMIC MASS AND NUMBER.


12. Know how to figure out the number of electrons, protons and neutrons in an atom
based on atomic number or atomic weight



13. Know what pH is and the pH of acids versus bases. What is the pH of a neutral (non-
acidic and non-alkaline) substance?