Bianca Amisola

3Bio5
CHAPTER 6: INTEGUMENT

PREVIEW: SKIN OF THE EFT

RED EFT
-

aquatic urodele
stratified epithelium of the epidermis (multilayered)
columnar cells/germinal cells constantly undergo mitosis to

replace those lost in the surface

as cells approach the surface it become keratinized (or

cornified) and die

keratin is a scleroprotein that is in insoluble in water and

become flattened (squamous)

thin cornified layer as compared to craniates
dermis consists chiefly of connective tissue, glands, blood

vessels, lymphatics, small nerves and pigment cells

skin of larvae and aquatic adults: resembles that of fishes
skin of efts on land: like terrestrial amphibians

THE EPIDERMIS
-

it is glandular (most fishes & amphibians)

epidermal glands of fishes and larval amphibians: unicellular
epidermal glands of metamorphosed amphibians and
amniotes: multicellular

2 kinds of nonliving coverings that overlie living epidermis of craniates:

1. Mucus fishes, teleosts & aquatic amphibians
- continually being replenished
2. Stratum Corneum terrestrial craniates
- layer of dead, water-impervious cornified cells
- minimizes water loss through skin that is exposed to air

Epidermis of FISHES and AQUATIC AMPHIBIANS

-

predominant feature: abundance of epidermal glands

scales are not in the epidermis; they are beneath it

Epidermal Glands
FISHES
-

goblet cells -> mucus

goblet cells are integumentary glands; single layered
granular cells -> mucus + ingredients of unknown

function
multicellular glands are nut abundant in fishes
slimy mucus is secreted in quantity in response to stressful
external stimuli (i.e. hagfishes = slime eels)

AQUATIC AMPHIBIANS
-

epidermal glands are mostly multicellular/granular glands

semiaquatic amphibians have the largest number of
integumentary glands to keep skin moist on land

Photophores
- multi-cellular glands of deep sea teleosts
- light emitting organs
- for concealment, sex recognition, lure, warning
Keratin
- protects against desiccation
- keratin is a feature of terrestrial crniates, not fishes and
aquatic amphibians
Epidermis of TETRAPODS
-

stratified epitheliem

Epidermal Glands
1. Saccular alveoli
- complex expansions of the simple glands of dipnoans
and

amphibians
2. Tubular uncommon in the skin of nonmammals

- abundant in mammals
- ubiquitous (found everywhere) in digestive tract from
fishes to

human beings

Three Basic Categories:

1. Merocrine glands most common variety
-

secrete products via the cell membrane

cell remains intact
sweat glands of humans

2. Holocrine glands cells themselves constitute the secretion

- oil glands of birds and sebaceous glands of mammals
3. Apocrine glands intermediate condition
- secretion accumulates on the apical portion of the cell which is
then

pinched off along with some cytoplasm

- cell repairs itself
- mammary glands
*Goblet cells do not fall in any of the three categories
- rupture at the apex, and the mucus oozes out
- cells repairs itself numerous times before being

discarded
Mucous
-

Glands
mucus-secreting epidermal glands
disappeared among terrestrial tetrapods except in mammals
confined to sites where lubrication of a surface is essential
synthesis of mucus other than in limited quantities would
dehydrate a craniate, lacking access to drinking water or to
moisture that could be absorbed through skin

Granular Glands
- present in toads (terrestrial amphibians) & in reptiles
- absent in birds and mammals
- secrete toxic alkaloids
- source of many pheromones (substances that when
released into the environment affect the behavior or
-

physiology of other organisms of same or different species)

in toads are associated with warty skin

paratoid glands (behind eyes in toads) secrete pheromones

femoral glands (hind limbs in lizards) secrete a substance
that hardsens to form temporary spines that strain the

female during copulation

Avian Oil Glands
- birds have very few integumentary glands
- uropygial glands are secretions which are water repellant,
which are transferred to feathers during preening
Sebaceous Glands
- alveolar glands
- present where there is hair and sebum which is secreted to
-

hair follicles
ceruminous glands secrete serum in outer ear canal
meibomian glands assist in moistening the conjunctiva of

the eye w/c are embedded in each eyelid

Sudoriferous Glands
- sweat glands
- coiled tubular glands that extend deep into the dermis of
-

mammals
open to surface as pores
thermoregulatory
panglions; sirenians and cetaceans marine mammals;

echidnas monotremes all lack sweat glands

humans and most mammals have the largest number of

sweat glands
Scent Glands
- sebaceous and sudoriferous glands produce a variety of
scents w/c may be pheromones
- not all pheromones are products of pheromones
Mammary Glands
- compound alveolar glands that develop in both sexes from
-

milk lines
produce secretion that includes lipids
axillary, thoracic, abdominal and inguinal nipples
cistern in which milk accumulates after having been let

down from the lobes; sucking drains the cysterns

hormone oxytocin (from the pituitary gland) is responsible
for muscle contractions that cause milk to be letdown

Stratum Corneum
-

keratinization provides protection against desiccation on

land

becomes specialized in various regions of the body for

protection against abrasion, defense or offense and for

thermoregulation
early specialization scales, claws, and horny protuberances
were followed by hair and feathers

Epidermal Scales
- are repetitious thickenings of the stratum corneum found
-

only in amniotes
in squamates lizards and snakes is disposed in

overlapping folds of the epidermis

the continuity of the stratum corneum is demonstratable in
crocodilians w/c have small heavily cornified, nonoverlapping

scales
scutes are large, thin, quadratiral or polygonal scales used
for locomotion (i.e. snakes locomotion; turtles on plastron

& carapace)
Birds: develop where there are no feathers: facial, legs and

feet area
Armadillo: have hair and scales interspersed over the entire

body
Rats & Beavers: confined to legs and tail
Panglions: appear to be agglutinated hair and are of recent

origin
Lizards & Snakes: have 2 distinct layer of stratum corneum
inner layer: in the process of being depositied
outer layer: will be shed at the next molt

Claws, Hoofs, and Nails

- modification of the stratum corneum at the end of the digits
- claws evolved into nails in primates and into hoofs in
-

ungulates
all have same basic structure
2 curved parts:
ungis horny dorsal plate
subungis softer ventral plate

cuneus is a still softer calluslike, cornified pad

Feathers

cornified epidermal appendages of the integument

3 morphological varieties: contour feathers, down feathers

(plumules), and hairlike feathers (filoplumes)

Morphologic Varieties of Feathers

Contour Feathers conspicuous feathers that give a bird its contour or
general shape
-

consist of horny shaft and 2 flattened vanes

calamus (quill) is the base of shaft

rachis is the vane-bearing segment

each vane consists a parallel rows of barbs that have

barbules & flanges

barbules have hooklets that interlock with the flanges on

the next barb, stiffening the vain

when the feather is ruffled, the barbules have become

unhooked

preening rehooks the hooklets

superior umbilicus

Development of Feather
-

initiated by development of dermal papilla

feather primordium is an indication that feather is

organizing (pimplelike elevation)

feather follicle a pit lined with epidermis develops around

the feather primordiums base

inferior umbilicus is an opening

Origin of Feathers
-

arose from reptilian scales because early developmental

stages are familiar

Hair
-

keratinized appendages of the skin

dense, furry covering over the entire body

whales have only 2 bristles on the upper lip

has insulating effect when dense enough

sensitive tactile oragans

Morphology of Hair
-

grows from the hair follicle

elongates as a result of continuous mitosis in the bulb

root is the part within the follicle where hair is cornifying and
dying but has not separated from the follicular wall

shaft is the remainder of the hair

shaft is surrounded by sebum from the sebaceous gland

arrector pili is a tiny smooth muscle inserted on the wall of

each hair follicle (when it contracts resembles gooseflesh)

Development of a Hair
-

starts as the cylindrical ingrowth of epidermis to dermis

dermal papillae then organizes at the base of the ingrowth

dermal papilla grows deeper and deeper in the dermis

becomes cornified and hair begins to rise out of a hair follicle

hairs are not permanent

Origin of Hair
-

feather and hairs may not be neomorphs (structures that

have no ancestral precursor)

Horns and Antlers

-

horn means the surface is composed of keratin

Bovine Horns and Pronghorns

-

true horns

consists of dermal bone covered by a sheath of bone

Bovine horns: usually found in both sexes

Pronghorns: branched and the horny covering is shed

annually

Hair Horns
-

Rhinoceroses have hair hornes

Composed of agglutinated keratinized hairlike epidermal

fibers

Form a solid horn perched on a roughened area of the nasal

bone

Antlers and Giraffe Horns

-

deer family

not cornified structures but dermal bone attached to frontal

bone

in velvet means antlers are new growing

Baleen and Other Cornified Structures

-

baleen are horny sheets of oral epithelium

Rattlesnake rattles are rings of horny stratum corneum that

ramin attached to tail after each molt

Beaks are covered with a horny sheath and roosters combs

are covered with a thick, warty stratum corneum

Monkeys and apes sit on ischial callosities

camels kneel on knee pads

tori are epidermal pads that most mammas other than

ungulates walk on

apical pads are tori at the end of digits

corns and calluses are temporary thickenings of the

stratum corneum that has been subject to unusual friction

THE DERMIS
-

collagenous connective tissue

The Bony Dermis of Fishes

Lamellar bone compactly structures bone that has been
deposited in

successive layers, or lamellae

Spongy bone is penetrated by blood channels of macroscopic

size,

which give the bone a spongy appearance

Types of Plates and Scales

1.) Placoid Elasmobranchs
2.) Rhomboid Oteichthyes
Cosmoid fossil Sarcopterygians
Ganoid - Actinoptergians
3.) Elasmoid Teleosts, Latimeria, Amia, and Dipnoi
Ctenoid Teleosts (perciforms)
Cycloid Teleosts, Amia, Latimeria, and Dipnoi