Aulonalic BeinJovcenenl An Inpovlanl Iul Ignoved Concepl

AulIov|s) Mavgavel E. VaugIan and JacI L. MicIaeI

Souvce BeIaviovisn, VoI. 10, No. 2 |FaII, 1982), pp. 217-227
FuIIisIed I CanIvidge Cenlev Jov BeIaviovaI Sludies |CCBS)
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Aulonalic BeinJovcenenl
An Inpovlanl Iul Ignoved Concepl
Mavgavel
E.
VaugIan123
Weslevn
MicIigan Unvievsil
and
JacI L. MicIaeI
Weslevn
MicIigan Univevsil
I. Inlvoduclion Naluve oJ lIe FvoIIen and a FolenliaI SoIulion
TIe
consequences
oJ
an
IeIaviovaI
pIenonenon
nusl Iave a
pIace
in a
conpIele
descviplion
oJ lIe evenl.
Indeed, nan
Ieavning
lIeovisls conlend lIal
consequences
ave essenliaI Jov
eslaIIisIing
and
nainlaining
aII Ieavned IeIaviov
|vespondenl
ov
cIassicaII
condilioned IeIaviov
Ieing
a
genevaI exceplion).
OlIev
lIeovisls, Iovevev,
avgue
lIal lIeve
ave a nunIev oJ occasions vIen IeIaviov
cIanges
in
slvenglI
ov Jovn
in lIe aIsence oJ
an
oIvious
consequence.
TIe JieIds oJ
pscIoIinguislics
and
cognilive pscIoIog,
Jov
exanpIe,
ave
vepIele
vilI sludies said lo denonslvale lIal
veinJovcenenl
lIeov
is
inconpIele
iJ nol inaccuvale
|Banduva, 1971: CIonsI, 1959:
de ViIIievs & de
ViIIievs, 1978:
Fiagel, 1951).
Sludies
on
Ianguage acquisilion
iIIuslvale lIis
poinl |e.g.,
Bvovn &
HanIon, 1970).
In a
lpicaI slud, pavenls'
inlevaclions vilI lIeiv cIiIdven ave vecovded Jov exlended
peviods
oJ line. Il is Jound
lIal,
ovev
line,
cIiIdven
gvaduaII Iegin
lo ullev
covveclI
conslvucled senlences
adjeclives
IeJove
nouns,
Jov
exanpIe despile
lIe IacI oJ
an
oIvious exlevnaI veinJovcenenl Jov covvecl vovd ovdev.
TIus,
accovding
lo
pscIoIinguisls
and
cognilive pscIoIogisls,
lIe
acquisilion
oJ
gvannalicaI
IeIaviov
cannol Ie due lo
veinJovcenenl,
Iul valIev lo a slvucluve vilIin lIe
ovganisn
1
An eavIiev vevsion oJ lIis
papev
vas suInilled in
pavliaI
JuIJiIInenl oJ lIe
vequivenenls
Jov lIe FI. B.
degvee
in
FscIoIog,
Weslevn
MicIigan Univevsil, KaIanazoo, MicIigan
49008:
and vas lIe Iasis oJ a
laII
given
al lIe JiJlI annuaI convenlion oJ lIe Associalion Jov BeIaviov
AnaIsis, BeavIovn, MicIigan,
June,
1979.
2I lIanI FvoJessov B.F. SIinnev Jov Iis line in
discussing
vilI ne lIe
concepl
oJ aulonalic
veinJovcenenl and Jov Iis vaIuaIIe vvillen connenls on lIis
papev.
A
speciaI
lIanI
ou goes
lo FvoJessov
OevaId ZuviJJ Jov Iis cvilicaI
veading
oJ IolI lIis
papev
and an eavIiev dvaJl. His
nan insigIlJuI
connenls
IeIped
ne discovev vIal I Iad lo
sa,
and Jvon
lIal,
vIal I sIouIdn'l.
3Bequesls
Jov
vepvinls
sIouId Ie addvessed lo
Mavgavel
E.
VaugIan, Bepavlnenl
oJ
FscIoIog
and
SociaI
BeIalions,
Havvavd
Univevsil, CanIvidge,
MassacIusells 02138.
217
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Mavgavel
E.
VaugIan
and JacI L. MicIaeI
pIIogenelicaII
seIecled Jov
jusl
sucI a
puvpose. SiniIavI,
lIe IeIaviov oJ cIiIdven is
nol,
in
an
oIvious
sense,
veinJovced in
an
sslenalic
JasIion Iecause il conJovns lo
a
vegionaI diaIecl, el lIe usuaII acquive
diaIecls siniIav lo lIose oJ lIe aduIls in lIeiv
envivonnenl. IJ veinJovcenenl is nol al
vovI,
vIal is? Even nove
pvoIIenalic
is lIe
anaIsis
oJ
lIinIing
and
pvoIIen soIving.
Hov is lIis Iind oJ IeIaviov veinJovced?
TIe IacI oJ
an
innediale exlevnaI
consequence
Ias
again
Ied
peopIe
lo lIe veiJicalion
oJ
cognilive
slvucluves ov
IigIev
nenlaI
pvocesses
in
expIaining conpIex
Iunan
IeIaviov
|Banduva, 1971: Neissev, 1976:
Fiagel, 1951).
Can IeIaviov
anaIsls
do
an
Iellev? Ave ve
conpeIIed
lo
accepl IpolIelicaI
conslvucls as
expIanalions,
ov can ve Jind
a nove
pavsinonious expIanalion
in
exisling
Iavs oJ IeIaviov?
FevIaps
ve cannol
vIoII
avoid
nelapIov,
Iul a Iess
exlended
nelapIov
seens
pveJevaIIe
lo
nan
cuvvenl lIeovelicaI
anaIses.
TIe
concepl
oJ aulonalic veinJovcenenl
na pvovide jusl
sucI an
aIlevnalive.
B.F. SIinnev naIes nucI use oJ il in Iis vavious
vvilings, pavlicuIavI
lIose con
cevned vilI vevIaI IeIaviov and vilI inleIIecluaI
seIJ-nanagenenl.
TIe levn
appeavs
cIose lo 100 lines in Science and Hunan
BeIaviov,
VevIaI
BeIaviov,
TIe
AnaIsis oJ
BeIaviov
|vilI
J.O.
HoIIand), Conlingencies oJ BeinJovcenenl, TecInoIog oJ
TeacIing,
and AIoul BeIaviovisn.* Aulonalic does nol
appeav
lo Junclion as a
lecInicaI
nodiJiev,
IiIe
condilioned, uncondilioned,
ov inlevnillenl.5
|Il
is nol
indexed in
an
oJ Iis
vvilings,
and in lIe
pvogvanned
lexl,
TIe
AnaIsis oJ
BeIaviov,
il
appeavs
in Jvanes Iul nevev as an ansvev Jov
an Jvane.6) AppavenlI
il is used in lIe
ovdinav
sense oJ nol
vequiving
nedialion
I
anolIev
pevson.
Il is used
neveI
lo
enpIasize
lIe veIevance oJ veinJovcenenl in cases vIeve il
nigIl
Ie
easiI
ovevIooIed.
TIal
is,
il counlevacls
an lendenc
lo veslvicl lIe
concepl
oJ veinJovcenenl lo lIose
occasions
upon
vIicI il Ias Ieen
deIiIevaleI avvanged I
anolIev
pevson
ov
gvoup.
SIinnev's
usage cIeavI
avoids lIe
inpIicalion
oJ a lecInicaI
levn: nevevlIeIess,
lIe
concepl pIas
a cvilicaI voIe in Iis
anaIsis
oJ Iunan
IeIaviov,
vevIaI and nonvevIaI.
Yel,
suvpvisingI,
Jev olIev vvilevs in lIe IeIaviovaI avea naIe
an
use oJ lIe levn.
FossiII
olIev IeIaviovisls ave unavave oJ lIis
lpe
oJ
veinJovcenenl,
ov laIe il Jov
gvanled
in even lIe nosl
conpIex
cases.
TIe na
aIso
deIiIevaleI
avoid il Iecause il
is
possiII
civcuIav
ov
inJevenliaI. A nove
IiIeI possiIiIil
is lIal olIev IeIaviovaI
vvilevs Iave nol sIovn SIinnev's
viIIingness
lo
specuIale
aIoul lIe
lpes
oJ
conpIex
Iunan IeIaviov lIal oJlen seen lo
vequive
lIe
concepl.
In
an
case,
SIinnev's exlensive use oJ aulonalic veinJovcenenl
jusliJies
a cIosev
IooI. WIal ave lIe condilions undev vIicI il occuvs? Can
lIe
Ie cIassiJied in
an
useJuI
va?
Seclion II oJ lIis
papev allenpls
lo ansvev lIese
queslions.
In Seclion
III,
cvilicisns oJ SIinnev's
usage
ave
consideved,
and
JinaII,
Seclion IV
suvves
lIe
Ieuvislic vaIue oJ aulonalic veinJovcenenl. In
sunnav,
lIe
papev
as a vIoIe is an
allenpl
lo descviIe and
cIaviJ
lIe voIe oJ aulonalic veinJovcenenl in SIinnev's
vvilings
in ovdev lo delevnine ils
inpovlance
in
JuvlIeving
lIe
anaIsis
oJ
conpIex
Iunan IeIaviov.
inlevesled veadevs ave
encouvaged
lo vvile lo lIe Jivsl aulIov Jov a
conpIele
cilalion Iisl.
5A
poinl
lIal vas Jivsl vaised
I
FauI
WIilIe.
6A
poinl
lIal vas
IvougIl
lo ouv allenlion
I
Novnan Felevsen.
218
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Aulonalic
BeinJovcenenl
II. TIe Civcunslances
oJ Aulonalic BeinJovcenenl
In lIe nosl
genevaI
sense,
aulonalic veinJovcenenl is veinJovcenenl lIal is nol
nedialed
I
lIe deIiIevale aclion oJ anolIev
pevson
deIiIevale in lIe sense oJ
aclion laIen Iecause oJ lIe
consequences
Jov lIe olIev
pevson.
Il is
a naluvaI vesuIl
oJ IeIaviov vIen il
opevales upon
lIe IeIavev's ovn
Iod
ov lIe
suvvounding
vovId.7
In
genevaI,
lIe veinJovcenenl
na
Ie condilioned
ov
uncondilioned,
posilive
ov
negalive.
Moveovev,
lIe IeIaviov veinJovced
aulonalicaII na
Ie vevIaI ov
nonvevIaI.
To iIIuslvale lIe
uIiquilous
naluve oJ aulonalic veinJovcenenl in SIinnev's vvil
ing,
ve Iave Jound il inslvuclive lo
cIassiJ
lIe
exanpIes
as
consisling
oJ eilIev
pevceiving, pvoducing,
ov
pvoIIen-soIving
IeIaviov. In
addilion,
ve Iave suIdivided
lIis cIassiJicalion
accovding
lo vIelIev sucI IeIaviov
opevales
on lIe IeIavev
diveclI
nol
vequiving
envivonnenlaI
suppovl
ov
opevaling
on lIe IeIavev via lIe
exlevnaI envivonnenl.
AIlIougI
lIese divisions ave
I
no neans
puve, lIe
Iave
pvovided
us vilI a neans oJ
ovdeving
a
nviad
oJ
exanpIes.
We viII Jivsl considev
exanpIes
oJ
pevceiving, pvoducing
and
pvoIIen-soIving
IeIaviov vIicI invoIve
onI aulonalic-posilive
veinJovcenenl.
ExanpIes invoIving
aulonalic'-negalive
veinJovcenenl and aulonalic
punisInenl
viII Ie lvealed
sepavaleI
lo avoid
unnecessav
conJusion.
A. TIe IeIaviov oJ
pevceiving
TIe Jevesl
exanpIes
oJ aulonalic veinJovcenenl laIen Jvon SIinnev's
vvilings
JaII undev lIe
Ieading
oJ
pevcepluaI
IeIaviov
opevaling
on
lIe envivonnenl. Fov
exanpIe,
TIe
dog
Iovev is
aulonalicaII
veinJovced vIen Ie sees
dogs |1969 p. 252).
TIe veinJovcenenl is aulonalic
seeing
is lIe naluvaI vesuIl oJ
IooIing
al.
FevcepluaI
IeIaviov
na
aIso
opevale
on lIe IeIavev
diveclI
and devive
aulonalic veinJovcenenl.
[We
can
assune]
lIal vIen a
visuaI
oIjecl
is
aulonalicaII
veinJovcing,
lIe IeIaviov oJ
seeing
il
na
Iecone so
slvong
lIal il occuvs in lIe
aIsence oJ lIe
oIjecl |1968, p. 125).
Al a Ialev
dale,
SIinnev slales TIe vIoIe vovId
oJ
Janlas
is
pevcepluaI
IeIaviov vIicI is
aulonalicaII veinJovcing
...
|1974,
p. 141).
In IolI
cases,
veinJovcenenl does nol
depend
on lIe nedialion
I
anolIev
pevson: Ience,
il is aulonalic.
B. TIe IeIaviov oJ
pvoducing.
In lIe case oJ
pevcepluaI
IeIaviov
|e.g., Iislening
lo,
IooIing
al,
JeeIing
oJ)
lIe
IeIavev
engages
in nininaI aclion. TIeve ave olIev
cases, Iovevev,
vIeve lIe IeIavev
nusl
engage
in sone
aclivil pviov
lo
pevceiving
lIe
veinJovcing
slinuIus. SucI
exanpIes
invoIve vIal ve levn lIe IeIaviov oJ
pvoducing.
Il
na
Ie useJuI lo viev
lIe dislinclion Ielveen lIese lvo cIasses oJ IeIaviov
pevceiving
and
pvoducing
as lIe diJJevence Ielveen lIe
JeeIing
oJ
sonelIing
and lIe acl oJ
doing sonelIing
lo
7MacCovquodaIe |1969)
naIes lIe
JoIIoving poinl
in
descviIing
lIe
concepl
Il vouId Ie a nislaIe
lo
pavapIvase
aulonalic seIJ-veinJovcenenl
I saing
lIal sucI IeIaviov 'veinJovces ilseIJ.' Il
genevales
slinuIus
consequences
lIal vouId Ie
veinJovcing
iJ
lIe oviginaled
Jvon anolIev souvce, and does nol
veinJovce ilseIJ
an
nove lIan
an
olIev IeIaviov does.
|p. 835)
219
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Mavgavel
E.
VaugIan
and JacI L. MicIaeI
JeeI
il,
and lIe diJJevence Ielveen
Iislening
lo and lIe acl oJ
doing sonelIing
lo
Ieav,
and so on.
Aulonalic veinJovcenenl devived Jvon lIe IeIaviov oJ
pvoducing
naIes
up
lIe
najovil
oJ
exanpIes
Jound in SIinnev's vovI. TIe sludenl
na
Ie
aulonalicaII
veinJovced
as Ie
picIs
oul a JaniIiav lune on lIe
piano
even
lIougI
Ie Ias nol
vecenlI
Ieavd il
|1968, p. 209).
And in
Conlingencies oJ BeinJovcenenl,
SIinnev slales.
. .
vIen a cvaJlsnan
spends
a veeI in
conpIeling
a
given oIjecl,
eacI oJ lIe
pavls
pvoduced duving
lIe veeI is
IiIeI
lo Ie
aulonalicaII veinJovcing
Iecause oJ ils
pIace
in lIe
conpIeled oIjecl |1969, p. 18).
TIe veinJovcenenl in IolI oJ lIese
exanpIes
is
aulonalic il is a divecl vesuIl oJ one's ovn
IeIaviov,
and does nol invoIve anolIev
pevson.
AddilionaI
exanpIes
occuv in
anaIzing
lIe educalionaI
pvocess.
TIe Iellev lIe
cIiId can discvininale 'IiIe'
pallevns,
lIe nove
pvecise
lIe aulonalic diJJevenliaI
veinJovcenenl oJ Iis
dvaving
IeIaviov
|1961,
Sel
24,
Jvane
33). AIso,
in
Ieavning
Iov
lo vvile lIe
inpovlanl
veinJovcevs ave
IavgeI
aulonalic a senlence cones oul
vigIl,
il
sas sonelIing inlevesling,
il Jils anolIev senlence. IJ lIese aulonalic veinJovcevs ave
povevJuI enougI,
lIe sludenl
na
conlinue lo vvile and
inpvove
Iis
vviling
even
lIougI
Ie veceives Jev iJ
an
connenls
|p. 160). Mone, gvades,
and Ionovs nusl
Ie IusIanded
caveJuII,
Iul lIe aulonalic veinJovcenenl oJ
Ieing vigIl
and
noving
Jovvavd ave inexIausliIIe
|1968, p. 158).
In aII oJ lIese cases lIe
pvoducing vesponse opevales
on lIe
suvvounding
vovId and
is
slvenglIened lIvougI
aulonalic veinJovcenenl. TIe
Iavgesl suI-gvoup,
Iovevev,
consisls oJ
pvoducing vesponses
vIicI
opevale
on lIe IeIavev
diveclI.
Il
na
aIso Ie
lIe nosl
inlevesling
Iecause il incIudes IeIaviov oJlen
lIougIl
oJ as
invoIving IigIev
nenlaI
pvocesses.
TIeve ave
nan
aulonalic veinJovcenenls Jvon lIe eJJecl oJ lIe
IeIaviov
upon
lIe
speaIev
IinseIJ
|1957, p. 86).
And al a Ialev
poinl
SIinnev slales
InsoJav as Ie
aulonalicaII
veinJovces
IinseIJ,
Ie nusl Ie
vegavded
as an audience
aJJecling
lIe
slvenglI
oJ veIevanl
pavls
oJ Iis IeIaviov
|p. 179).
In
Jacl,
in VevIaI
BeIaviov Ie slales...
lIinIing
is
IeIaving
vIicI
aulonalicaII
aJJecls lIe IeIavev
and is
veinJovcing
Iecause il does so
|p. 438).8 Moveovev,
aulonalic veinJovcenenl
na pIa
a voIe in lIe
pvocess
oJ
ediling |1957, p. 380),
and
'Inoving
lIal
ou
Inov'
|1968, p. 156).
C. TIe IeIaviov oJ
pvoIIen soIving.
In SIinnev's
sslen,
lIe IeIaviov oJ
pevceiving and/ov pvoducing
a
veinJovcing
slinuIus is
aulonalicaII
veinJovced
I
lIe
pvesence
oJ lIe
veinJovcing
slinuIus. In
addilion,
a
discvininalive
slinuIus,
vIicI is a
conponenl
oJ an
aIvead
eslaIIisIed
conlingenc, na
Junclion as aulonalic veinJovcenenl. TIal
is,
pvoducing
a
cIange
in
lIe envivonnenl so lIal a
pveviousI
successJuI
vesponse
can occuv
na
Ie aulonali
caII veinJovcing.9
In
Conlingencies oJ BeinJovcenenl,
SIinnev slales TIe IeIaviov
8Il sIouId Ie noled lIal SIinnev
vejecls
lIis deJinilion oJ
lIinIing
Ialev in lIe sane
cIaplev
nol
Iecause il is
inaccuvale,
Iul Iecause il is loo navvov.
9TIe dislinclion ve ave
naIing
Ielveen lIe IeIaviov oJ
pvoducing
and lIe IeIaviov oJ
pvoIIen
soIving
is
pevIaps
a lenuous one.
Hovevev,
Jov lIe
puvposes
oJ lIis
papev
il seens useJuI lo
acInovIedge
nol
onI
lIe voIe oJ aulonalic veinJovcenenl as an end in
ilseIJ,
Iul aIso ils voIe as a neans lo an end.
220
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Aulonalic
BeinJovcenenl
oIsevved vIen a nan soIves a
pvoIIen
is
dislinguisIed I
lIe Jacl lIal il
cIanges
anolIev
pavl
oJ Iis IeIaviov and is veinJovced and
slvenglIened
vIen il does so.
FvesunaII
Ie is
veJevving
lo aulonalic
veinJovcenenl,
Jov al an
eavI
dale Ie slales
AnolIev souvce oJ aulonalic veinJovcenenl is seen in
'pvoIIen soIving,'
vIen lIe
speaIev genevales
slinuIi lo
suppIenenl
olIev IeIaviov
aIvead
in Iis
vepevloive
|1957, p. 442).
In lIis sane
passage
Ie
pvoceeds
lo
give
sevevaI
exanpIes
oJ IeIaviov
nainlained
I
aulonalic veinJovcenenl He
pvonpls
and
pvoIes
Iis ovn
IeIaviov,
as in
vecaIIing
a
IaIJ-Jovgollen
nane
. .
.:
ScienliJic IeIaviov
'pas-oJJ
even vIen
lIe scienlisl is
laIIing
lo
IinseIJ:
caIcuIaling
lIe odds al
poIev
. . .
counling
a
nunIev oJ
oIjecls
. . .
using
a
valcI
. . .
and
using speciaI
nnenonics ov
aIgovilIns
in lIe conslvuclion oJ nev vevIaI IeIaviov. In aII oJ lIese cases lIe
pvoIIen
soIvev is
opevaling
eilIev on lIe
Iod diveclI
ov on lIe
suvvounding
vovId and
deviving
veinJovcenenl
as a vesuIl.
TIus
Jav,
onI exanpIes
oJ
avionaixc-posilive
veinJovcenenl Iave Ieen consid
eved,
Iul SIinnev aIso veIies on
aulonalic-/7eg#//v
veinJovcenenl in
cIaviJing
Iis
anaIsis
oJ
punisInenl.
We nusl lIeveJove considev
B. TIe
speciaI
voIe oJ aulonalic veinJovcenenl in
undevslanding
lIe eJJecl oJ
punisInenl.
In Science and Hunan BeIaviov
|1953), punisInenl
is nol deJined
I
ils eJJecl
on
IeIaviov,
Iul valIev in levns oJ lIe
opevalions
invoIved.
B deJining
veinJovcenenl in
levns oJ lIe
pvesenlalion
oJ a
posilive
ov lIe vilIdvavaI oJ a
negalive
veinJovcev,
SIinnev lIen asIs WIal is lIe eJJecl oJ
vilIdvaving
a
posilive
veinJovcev ov
pvesenl
ing
a
negalive? |p. 185).
He lIen
pvoceeds
lo
anaIze
in sone delaiI lIvee eJJecls oJ
punisInenl |1)
lIe innediale eJJecl and nol
necessaviI
JoIIoved
I an cIange
in IeIaviov
upon
Ialev occasions is lIe eIicilalion oJ
vesponses
lIal ave
inconpali
IIe vilI lIe
punisIed
vesponse: |2)
undev siniIav civcunslances in lIe
Juluve,
one's
ovn IeIaviov
na suppI
condilioned
[avevsive]
slinuIi vIicI
. . .
evoIe
opposed
enolionaI
vesponses |p. 186-187):
and
|3)
nosl
inpovlanl,
and nosl veIevanl lo lIis
papev,
lIe avevsive slinuIalion
genevaled
in
|1)
and
|2) na
sevve as a
negalive
veinJovcev and
an
IeIaviov vIicI veduces lIis condilioned avevsive slinuIalion viII
Ie veinJovced
|p. 188). AIlIougI
lIe levn aulonalic veinJovcenenl is nol used
Ieve,
lIe
undevIing pvocess
is nevevlIeIess
pvesenl,
Jov in VevIaI BeIaviov Ie
pvovides
nan exanpIes
oJ lIis lIivd eJJecl oJ
punisInenl
vilI
Jvequenl
veJevence lo lIe
aulonalicaII veinJovcing
eJJecl oJ
veducing
condilioned-avevsive slinuIalion. WIen
consideving
lIe
pvoduclion
oJ vevIaI IeIaviov
and,
speciJicaII, vI
vevIaI IeIaviov
na
Ie
vejecled,
SIinnev
acInovIedges
lIe voIe oJ
punisInenl I enpIasizing
lIe
voIe oJ
aulonalic-negalive
veinJovcenenl.
. . .
punisInenl
does nol
diveclI
veaIen
IeIaviov:
il
neveI slvenglIens
inconpaliIIe
Jovns. A cIiId
acquives
an oIscene
[vevIaI] vesponse
al
scIooI,
enils il in Iis
Ione,
and is
punisIed.
TIe eJJecl is nol lo veduce lIe
pvoIaIiIil
oJ lIal
vesponse,
Iul lo naIe
il,
as veII as lIe civcunslances undev vIicI il is
IiIeI
lo Ie
enilled,
a condilioned avevsive slinuIus. WIen lIe
vesponse
is
again slvenglIened
lo lIe
poinl
oJ
enission,
il
genevales
avevsive slinuIalion.
221
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Mavgavel
E.
VaugIan
and JacI L. MicIaeI
. . .
TIis
speciaI consequence
aIlevs lIe
appavenl slvenglI
oJ lIe vevIaI
opevanl,
Iul il Ias anolIev
dislinguisIaIIe
eJJecl in
genevaling
a Iind oJ
IeIaviov
convenienlI
caIIed
vejeclion. Bejecling
a
vesponse
veduces lIe con
dilioned avevsive slinuIalion
genevaled I
il and is veinJovced Iecause il does
so.
|1957, p. 371)
Fov
exanpIe, IJ,
as lIe vesuIl oJ Iis ovn
No!,
lIe cIiId ceases lo IeIave in lIe
speciJied
va,
Ie
na
Ie
aulonalicaII
veinJovced
I
lIe veduclion oJ condilioned
avevsive slinuIalion
|1957, pp. 323-324).
TIese
exanpIes
nol
onI cIaviJ
SIinnev's
inlevpvelalion
oJ
punisInenl
Iul oJ
aulonalic-negalive
veinJovcenenl as veII. Il is nov
possiIIe
lo considev one JinaI use
oJ lIe levn aulonalic.
.
Aulonalic
punisInenl
Oiven lIe aIove
discussion,
il is
eas
lo
appveciale
lIe voIe oJ aulonalic
punisI
nenl. Heve SIinnev is
veJevving
lo lIe Jivsl lvo eJJecls oJ
punisInenl,
in vIicI lIe
avevsive slinuIalion is
genevaled I
a
punisIing
slinuIus ov
I
lIe
vev
IeIaviov
ilseIJ,
vilI IolI
Iaving
an
innediale
suppvesssive
eJJecl.
VevIaI IeIaviov
na
Ie
aulonalicaII seIJ-punisIing.
TIe nanes oJ dis
IiIed
pevsons
and
vesponses appvopviale
lo
enIavvassing, dangevous,
ov
gvuesone
episodes genevale punisIing consequences
in lIe
pvocess
oJ
Ieing
enilled.
|1957, p. 375)
And al anolIev
poinl
SIinnev slales
TIe individuaI is
slvongI disposed
lo
engage
in IeIaviov vIicI acIieves
sucI veinJovcenenls as sexuaI conlacl ov lIe inJIiclion oJ
danage upon
olIevs.
TIese Iinds oJ
IeIaviov, Iovevev,
ave
pveciseI
lIe sovl nosl
IiIeI
lo Ie
punisIed.
As
a
vesuIl lIe individuaI nol
onI
does nol
ovevlI engage
in sucI
IeIaviov,
Ie cannol
engage
in il
covevlI
ov see IinseIJ
engaging
in il
covevlI
vilIoul aulonalic avevsive seIJ-slinuIalion.
|1953, pp. 293-294)
III. TIeovelicaI Issues and Cvilicisns Baised I lIe Concepl
Il is cIeav lIal aulonalic veinJovcenenl10
pIas
a
najov
voIe in SIinnev's
anaIsis
oJ
conpIex
Iunan IeIaviov. TIe nolion oJ veinJovcenenl
avising
Jvon one's ovn
IeIaviov enaIIed SIinnev lo exlend an
opevanl anaIsis
lo IeIaviov lIal
appeaved
lo
IacI
conspicuous
veinJovcenenl nol
Iovevev,
vilIoul cvilicisn
|CIonsI,
1959:
Haes, 1977)
ov conJusion
|SIinnev, 1977).11
I0Fov
puvposes
oJ
cIavil
and ease in
vviling,
ve
again
nenlion
onI
aulonalic
veinJovcenenl,
Iul lIe
sane
poinls
ave veIevanl lo aulonalic
punisInenl.
TIis viII aIso Ie lIe case in lIe nexl Seclion.
11
SIinnev sonelines uses lIe
expvession
seIJ-veinJovcenenl in
vviling
aIoul aulonalic veinJovce
nenl
|e.g.,
VevIaI
BeIaviov, p. 164).
Move
vecenlI,
lIe levn seIJ-veinJovcenenl Ias cone lo veJev lo a
seIJ-nanagenenl goaI,
Jov
exanpIe, giving
oneseIJ a nev ilen oJ
cIolIing
vIen one JinisIes
vviling
a
levn
papev.
SIinnev nevev inlends lIis
usage
in
an
oJ Iis veJevences lo aulonalic veinJovcenenl. In
Jacl,
Ie is
quile sIeplicaI
oJ lIe
veinJovcing
eJJecl oJ sucI a
pvaclice
and discussed lIe
diJJicuIl
oJ lIis
lpe
oJ
seIJ-conlvoI in Science and Hunan BeIaviov
|pp. 237-239). TIus,
cvilicisns oJ lIis non-SIinnevian
Jovn oJ seIJ-veinJovcenenl ave nol deaIl vilI in lIis
papev.
222
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Aulonalic
BeinJovcenenl
A. TIe
pvoIIen
oJ
inlevpvelalion.
ExpIanalions
oJ IeIaviov in levns oJ aulonalic veinJovcenenl Iave Ieen
ques
lioned. Il is
avgued lIal,
given
a
slvong
IeIieJ lIal nosl IeIaviov is
genevaled
and
nainlained
I veinJovcenenl,
one is Ied lo invenl a souvce oJ veinJovcenenl vIen il
is nol oIvious. TIe issue does nol avise in
expevinenlalion,
vIeve slinuIi can Ie
descviIed in
pIsicaI
levns and lIeiv eJJecl on IeIaviov
veIiaII
delevnined
|Mac
CovquodaIe, 1970). Hovevev,
in
inlevpvelive anaIses
lIe
pvesuned conlvoIIing
vavi
aIIes Iave nol Ieen ov cannol Ie
nanipuIaled.
To nove
Ieond inlevpvelalion,
and denonslvale a lvue JunclionaI
veIalion,
cevlain
nelIodoIogicaI
cvilevia nusl Ie nel. ScInaillev
|1978)
Iisls six
1) speciJicalion
oJ a
vesponse
in sucI a
va
lIal inslances oJ il can Ie
veIiaII
idenliJied: 2) speciJica
lion oJ a slinuIus in sucI a
va
lIal ils occuvvence can Ie
veIiaII delevnined:
3)
neasuvenenl oJ a IaseIine
vesponse vale,
neeling
sone
speciJied cvilevion:
4) avvangenenl
oJ a
conlingenc
Ielveen
|1)
and
|2)
vilI vale oJ
vesponse
neeling
a
second cvilevion oJ
slaIiIil: 5)
aIoIisInenl oJ lIe
conlingenc
and ils veeslaIIisInenl
in sucI a
va
as lo denonslvale lIal lIe
cIange
in
vesponse
vale is a
Junclion oJ lIe
cIanging conlingenc:
and
JinaII, 6)
lIe
vale-conlvoIIing pvopevlies
oJ lIe
conlingenl
vesponse-slinuIus
veIalion ave delevnined
I
an
addilionaI lIivd vaviaIIe
|e.g.,
Jood
depvivalion).
He concIudes
I slaling
TIese connilnenls ave
ideaIs
lIal,
on
IaIance, oplinize pvediclion
and
conlvoI,
Iul
lIe
ave oJlen
conpvonised
in vavious
vas
in lIe
puvsuil
oJ
pavlicuIav
IeIaviovaI
anaIses.
WIen sucI
conpvonises
ave
nade, Iovevev,
lIe
anaIsis na
Ialev Ie
queslioned, |p. 6)
Is lIe use oJ aulonalic
veinJovcenenl, lIen,
a
conpvonise?
To ansvev lIis
queslion,
lIe vaviaIIes in
queslion
nusl Ie
nanipuIaled
in sucI a
va
as lo sIov a
JunclionaI
veIalion Ielveen lIe IeIaviov and ils
pvoducl.
TIe Jacl lIal IillIe
sslenalic
veseavcI Ias Ieen conducled lo lesl lIe nolion oJ
aulonalic veinJovcenenl does nol
inpI
lIal il is
inpossiIIe |Nole 1).
Considev lIe
exanpIe
TIe
dog
Iovev is
aulonalicaII
veinJovced vIen
seeing dogs |SIinnev,
1969, p. 252). Fivsl,
lIe
vesponse IooIing
al
dogs
couId Ie idenliJied as
luvning pages
in a IooI
on
dogs,
vilI lIe
veinJovcing
slinuIus,
a
picluve
oJ
dogs, appeaving
on
eacI
page.
AJlev
oIlaining
a IaseIine on vale oJ
vesponses |e.g.,
lIe nunIev oJ
pages
luvned in
Science),
a
conlingenc
couId lIen Ie
avvanged
Ielveen lIe aIove
speciJied
slinuIus and
vesponse.
TIe
conlingenc
couId lIen Ie IvoIen so lIal
luvning pages
did nol vesuIl in
seeing dogs,
vilI lIe
conlingenc
veeslaIIisIed al sone Ialev line.
FinaII,
lIe
depvivalion
slale couId Ie
nanipuIaled
so
lIal,
Jov
exanpIe,
lIe
suIjecl
vas
Iepl
Jvon
seeing dogs
Jov sevevaI
das pviov
lo lIe
expevinenl,
ov
vequived
lo
spend
Jive
das
in a IenneI
pviov
lo lIe
expevinenl,
lo lesl lIe
veinJovcing
vaIue oJ
seeing dogs.
TIus,
cevlain
exanpIes
in SIinnev's
vvilings
do seen
Iegilinale accovding
lo lIe
cvilevia Iisled
I
ScInaillev
naneI,
lIose cases vIeve lIe IeIavev
opevales
on lIe
suvvounding
vovId.
Hovevev,
olIev
exanpIes
do nol Iend lIenseIves lo lIe sane
expevinenlalion naneI,
lIose cases vIeve lIe IeIavev acls
diveclI
on
lIe
Iod.
223
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Mavgavel
E.
VaugIan
and JacI L. MicIaeI
Undev lIese condilions il is
vivluaII inpossiIIe
lo sevev lIe IeIaviov Jvon ils
pvoducl,
and lIus
inpossiIIe
lo
nanipuIale
lIe vaviaIIe oJ vIicI lIe IeIaviov is consideved
a
Junclion. TIis
nelIodoIogicaI inpass
Ias Iead cvilics lo
avgue
lIal lIe
concepl
oJ
aulonalic veinJovcenenl is useIess Iecause il is civcuIav and unoIsevvaIIe. BolI oJ
lIese veIaled issues desevve allenlion.
A civcuIav slalenenl is one in vIicI lIe cause
given
Jov sone evenl is inJevved Jvon
lIe
vev
evenl lIal il is said lo
expIain.
In lIis
conlexl,
lIe
vesponse pvoducl sevving
as
aulonalic veinJovcenenl nusl Ie inJevved Jvon ils eJJecl on IeIaviov valIev lIan
deJined
I
a univevsaI
pvopevl independenl
oJ ils eJJecl. Il is
douIIe-jeopavd
vIen
ve
specuIale
aIoul unoIsevved veinJovcenenl Jov unoIsevved IeIaviov
|e.g.,
lIinI
ing).
Bul lo Iesilale in
exlending
lo a IeveI lIal is unoIsevvaIIe lIe
pvocess I
vIicI
sone
slinuIus-cIange
laIes on condilioned
veinJovcing
vaIue vouId Ieave
Iavge gaps
in an accounl oJ Iunan IeIaviov. No one
queslions
sludies
sIoving
Iov oIsevvaIIe
slinuIus-cIanges,
once
neulvaI,
laIe on
veinJovcing
vaIue Iecause oJ lIeiv associalion
vilI olIev veinJovcenenl. TIe issue is vIelIev
ve can
specuIale
aIoul a siniIav
pvocess
al a IeveI
Iavving
inlev-oIsevvev
veIiaIiIil.
SIinnev's
posilion
on lIis
nallev,
given
aInosl Jouv decades
ago,
seens lo Ie lIe nosl
cogenl
TIe uIlinale cvilevion Jov lIe
goodness
oJ a
concepl
is nol vIelIev lvo
peopIe
ave
IvougIl
inlo
agveenenl
Iul vIelIev lIe scienlisl vIo uses lIe
concepl
can
opevale successJuII upon
Iis naleviaI aII
I
IinseIJ iJ need Ie. WIal
nallevs lo BoIinson Cvusoe is nol vIelIev Ie is
agveeing
vilI IinseIJ Iul
vIelIev Ie is
gelling anvIeve
vilI Iis conlvoI ovev naluve.
Agveenenl
is nol
lIe
Ie
lo
vovIaIiIil.
On lIe
conlvav,
il is lIe olIev
va
avound.
|1945
p. 285)
TIus,
iJ lIe Junclion oJ
inlevpvelalion
is lo
encouvage
JuvlIev exlensions oJ IeIaviovaI
anaIsis I pvoviding
a
pIausiIIe
accounl vilIin lIe IeIaviovaI
JvanevovI,
and
Ience,
lo
genevale
JuvlIev
expevinenlaI,
lecInicaI,
and lIeovelicaI
deveIopnenls,
lIen
lIe nolion oJ aulonalic veinJovcenenl vouId seen lo Ie vaIuaIIe.
As in olIev
sciences,
ve oJlen IacI lIe inJovnalion
necessav
Jov
pvediclion
and conlvoI and nusl Ie salisJied vilI
inlevpvelalion,
Iul ouv
inlevpvelalions
viII Iave lIe
suppovl
oJ lIe
pvediclion
and conlvoI vIicI Iave Ieen
possiIIe
undev olIev condilions.
|SIinnev, 1974, p. 176)
B. Is SIinnev
SeIJ-Conlvadiclov?12
SIinnev's
posilion
on
vesponse pvoducls
vIicI sevve as
veinJovcing
slinuIi Ias
Ieen,
lo sone
peopIe,
inconsislenl. TIe conJusion avises
as a vesuIl oJ SIinnev's
vesponse
lo Hevvnslein's
|1977) avlicIe,
TIe EvoIulion oJ BeIaviovisn. Hevvnslein
avgued
lIal IeIaviov
na
Ie JoIIoved
I
consunaIIe
oIjecls
exlevnaI lo lIe
ovganisn
|e.g., Jood)
ov
veinJovcing
slinuIi
avising
Jvon lIe IeIaviov ilseIJ
|e.g., sex).
TIe
Iallev,
Ie
conlends,
Iave Ieen ovevIooIed
I
nosl IeIaviovisls. TIal
is,
SIinnevians assune
IeIaviov is
IedonicaII
neulvaI. He
pvovides
a nunIev oJ
exanpIes
lo iIIuslvale lIe
voIe oJ IeIaviov's inlvinsic
povev
lo veinJovce
|p. 601).
12We lIanI
Bogev
ScInaillev Jov
suggesling
lIis
suI-Ieading
lilIe.
224
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Aulonalic
BeinJovcenenl
WIen a
vesponse
is lo
an degvee seIJ-veinJovcing,
lo lIal
degvee
il ceases lo Ie
avIilvav.
Ils Jovn is lIen diclaled
I
IuiIl-in
conlingencies
oJ
veinJovcenenl,
nol
easiI sIaped I
a IeIaviovaI
engineev, |p. 601)
WIen a
pvedalov
slaIIs ils
pve,
lIe veinJovcev seens lo invoIve
slaIIing
and
capluving.
TIe nouse as Jood veinJovcev
pvecipilales
oul al sone Ialev
poinl
in
ils encounlev vilI
a cal. Fviov lo
lIal,
lIe nouse
pvoIaII pvovides
lIe
occasion Jov veinJovcevs enIodied in lIe cal's ovn IeIaviov,
|p. 600)
In Iis
vepI,
SIinnev
|1977)
looI issue vilI sucI an
anaIsis.
He
avgued
lIal one
need
nol
expIain
IeIaviov in levns oJ seIJ-veinJovcenenl vIen il is
cIeavI
lvaceaIIe lo
naluvaI seIeclion
|p. 1011).
TIe
slaIIing
IeIaviov oJ a cal
appeavs
lo Ie
IavgeI inIeviled,
lIougI
lIe
lopogvapI
no douIl
cIanges
undev veinJovcenenl as a nouse is slaIIed.
Hevvnslein vanls lo
expIain
aII lIe IeIaviov as due lo seIJ-veinJovcenenl
veinJovcenenl nol
I
lIe veaclions oJ lIe nouse Iul
I
lIe
vev
IeIaviov
ilseIJ,
|p. 1011)
SIinnev
|1966)
conlends lIal
Favls oJ lIe IeIaviov oJ an
ovganisn
concevned vilI lIe inlevnaI
econon,
as
in
vespivalion
ov
digeslion,
Iave
aIvas
Ieen
accepled
as
inIeviled,
and
lIeve is no veason
vI
sone
vesponses
lo lIe exlevnaI envivonnenl sIouId nol
aIso cone
vead-nade
in lIe sane sense,
|p. 1205)
He adds lIal
ve nov Inov a
gveal
deaI aIoul
sIaping
IeIaviov and can Ie
JaivI
suve
lIal cevlain
IeIaviov, naneI
IeIaviov lvaceaIIe lo
pIIogenic conlingencies,
occuvs
loo Jasl and is loo
conpIex
lo Ie
genevaled I conlingencies
oJ veinJovcenenl.
TIus,
SIinnev is nol
avguing againsl
lIe nolion lIal IeIaviov
can Ie Ieavned and
nainlained
lIvougI
aulonalic veinJovcenenl. In lIe
exanpIe
aIove SIinnev
suggesls
lIal lIe nouse
pIas
a cvilicaI voIe in
delevnining
lIe
speciJic lopogvapI
oJ lIe cal's
IeIaviov
|e.g.,
vIelIev il luvns
vigIl
ov
IeJl,
noves Jovvavd ov
IacIvavd,
and so
on).
Oiven lIe
nouse,
lIeve is no need lo
suppose
lIal lIe cal is
pvoviding
ils ovn
veinJovcenenl:
lIe nouse is
pvoviding pIenl.
Bul lIis does nol veaIen lIe voIe oJ
innale
IeIaviov:
lIe
conlingencies
oJ veinJovcenenl
neveI suppIenenl
sucI IeIav
iov. BolI
pIIogenic
and
onlogenic conlingencies na
and oJlen do inlevacl. In cases
vIeve IeIaviov is
nol, Iovevev,
lvaceaIIe lo
pIIogenic conlingencies,
and lIeve ave
no envivonnenlaI
cIanges occuvving
as a Junclion oJ lIe
IeIaviov,
il is nol unveason
aIIe lo IooI lo lIe slinuIi
avising
Jvon lIe IeIaviov Jov lIe
veinJovcing consequences.
Il is undev lIese condilions lIal SIinnev naIes veJevence lo aulonalic veinJovcenenl.
IV. TIe Heuvislic VaIue oJ Aulonalic BeinJovcenenl
A
diclionav
oJ nodevn
lIougIl puIIisIed
in
EngIand
deJines
opevanl
condilion
ing
as A Jovn oJ
condilioning
in vIicI IeIaviov is conlvoIIed
lIvougI sslenalic
nanipuIalion
oJ lIe
consequences
oJ
pvevious
IeIaviov.13
WI sslenalic nanipu
13We lIanI B.F. SIinnev Jov
Ivinging
lIis deJinilion lo ouv allenlion.
225
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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
Mavgavel
E.
VaugIan
and JacI L. MicIaeI
Ialion? Is lIis nol a IillIe IiIe
deJining vespivalion
as a
pvoceduve
in vIicI lIe
oxgen
concenlvalion oJ a
pevson's Iod
is conlvoIIed
lIvougI
lIe
sslenalic nanipu
Ialion oJ lIe
quanlil
oJ aiv
enleving
lIe
Iungs? Opevanl condilioning,
IiIe
vespiva
lion, goes
on
conlinuousI
as
Iong
as lIe
ovganisn
is in conlacl vilI lIe envivonnenl.
Favl oJ lIal envivonnenl is
conposed
oJ olIev
peopIe
vIo ave
necessaviI nodiJ
ing
lIe IeIaviov oJ olIevs. Bul IeIaviov occuvs and is nodiJied in lIe aIsence oJ olIev
peopIe
as veII. TIe nodiJicalion oJ non-vevIaI IeIaviov causes no
diJJicuIl
Iecause
lIe veinJovcenenl is lIe vesuIl
oJ,
and is in a divecl veIalion
lo,
lIe aclion laIen. TIe
veinJovcenenl is
usuaII
nol nedialed. Bul vevIaI IeIaviov Ias no
naluvaI,
necIani
caI
slvenglIening
eJJecl. VevIaI
IeIaviov, I
ils
vev deJinilion,
vequives
nedialed
veinJovcenenl:
an audience is a
necessav
condilion. WIen lIe veinJovcenenl is
nedialed
I
soneone
eIse,
il is oJlen conlvived
|cJ.
lIe educalionaI
sslen).
Bul
vIen,
as a Junclion oJ
Ieavning
Iov lo
speaI
as veII as
Iislen,
ve
Iegin
lo laII lo ouvseIves
and veacl lo lIis vevIaI
IeIaviov,
lIe
consequences
ave
necessaviI
aulonalic.
TIe
inpIicalions
oJ sucI a seIJ-conlained
sslen
ave
exlvaovdinav.
On lIe
one
Iand,
Jov
exanpIe, peopIe
couId devive aulonalic veinJovcenenl Jvon
seIJ-deceplion,
unveaIislic
Janlasies,
ov aulislic IeIaviov. On lIe
olIev,
peopIe
couId devive aulonalic
veinJovcenenl Jov Ieen
lIinIing, conpIicaled pvoIIen soIving,
and so on. SucI
a
sslen
oJ veinJovcenenl laIes
advanlage
oJ lIe Jacl lIal eacI
pevson
is lIeiv ovn Iesl
audience.
TIis
papev Iegan I asIing
Can IeIaviovisls do
an
Iellev lIan
cognilive
pscIoIogisls
in
anaIzing conpIex
Iunan IeIaviov? AJlev
vevieving
lIe
exanpIes
oJ
aulonalic veinJovcenenl
pvovided I
SIinnev in Iis
nan vvilings,
ve IeIieve lIe
ansvev is
es. B incovpovaling
lIe
concepl
oJ aulonalic
veinJovcenenl, conpIex
Iunan IeIaviov nol
genevaling conspicuous
envivonnenlaI
cIanges
can nov Ie
anaIzed.
Indeed,
il
na
Ie lIe nain
lpe
oJ veinJovcenenl used in
inlevpveling
IigIev
nenlaI
pvocesses.
Moveovev,
il
encouvages IooIing
Jov suIlIe Jovns oJ
non-conlvived
veinJovcenenl:
ve no
Iongev
need lo asI vIo is
avvanging
lIe
veinJovcenenl.
IJ
conpIex
vevIaI IeIaviov is
iniliaII
a Junclion oJ conlvived veinJovcenenl and
onI lIvougI
a vicI
condilioning Iislov
cones undev lIe conlvoI oJ aulonalic
veinJovcenenl,
lIen SIinnev Ias
pvovided
a
pvagnalic
JvanevovI lo
Iegin
lo
slud,
anaIze,
and leacI lIe IeIaviov nosl diJJicuIl in
undevslanding
and
deveIoping.
TIe
anaIsis
na
Ie
specuIalive,
Iul il is nevevlIeIess ained al lIe
vigIl lavgel,
and
aulonalic
consequences na
Ie
an
essenliaI
aspecl
oJ lIe
inlevpvelalion.
BEFEBENCE NOTES
M.
SundIevg. UnpuIIisIed nanuscvipl, Bepavlnenl
oJ
FscIoIog,
Weslevn
MicIigan Univevsil,
1980.
BEFEBENCES
Banduva,
A.
FscIoIogicaI nodeIing. CIicago AIdine,
1971.
Bvovn, B,,&C.
HanIon. BevivalionaI
conpIexil
and ovdev oJ
acquisilion
in cIiId
speecI.
In J.B.
Haes
|ed.). Cognilion
and lIe
deveIopnenl oJ Ianguage.
Nev YovI
WiIe,
1970.
CIonsI,
N. Beviev oJ VevIaI IeIaviov
I
B.F. SIinnev.
Language, 1959, 35, 26-58.
226
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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
Aulonalic
BeinJovcenenl
de
ViIIievs,
J. & F. de ViIIievs.
Language acquisilion. CanIvidge,
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Univevsil Fvess,
1978.
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nodevn
lIougIl.
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1977.
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J.
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111.
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Fvess,
1978.
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B.J. TIe evoIulion oJ IeIaviovisn. Anevican
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IeIaviov. Nev YovI
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1961.
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oJ
lIe
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IeIaviov, 1969, 12, 831-841.
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K. On
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veviev oJ SIinnev's VevIaI IeIaviov. JouvnaI
oJ
lIe
expevinenlaI
anaIsis oJ
IeIaviov, 1970, 13,
83-99.
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U.
Cognilion
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veaIil.
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Fveenan,
1976.
Fiagel,
J.
FIa,
dveans and inilalion in cIiIdIood. Nev YovI
Novlon,
1962.
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B. Fvivale causes.
BeIaviovisn, 1978,6,
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SIinnev,
B.F. TIe
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oJ
pscIoIogicaI
levns.
FscIoIogicaI
veviev, 1945, 52, 270-277
291-294.
SIinnev,
B.F. Science and Iunan IeIaviov. Nev YovI TIe Fvee
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B.F. VevIaI IeIaviov. Nev YovI
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1957.
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B.F. TIe
pIIogen
and
onlogen
oJ IeIaviov.
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SIinnev,
B.F. TIe
lecInoIog
oJ
leacIing. EngIevood CIiJJs,
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Fvenlice-HaII,
1968.
SIinnev,
B.F.
Conlingencies oJ veinJovcenenl
A lIeovelicaI
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CIiJJs,
N.J. Fvenlice
HaII,
1969.
SIinnev,
B.F. AIoul IeIaviovisn. Nev YovI AIJved A.
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227
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